BiologyQ1–100 of 228 questions
Page 1 of 3 · English
1
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Who proposed the Binomial Nomenclature System?
A
Whittaker
B
Mendel
C
Carolus Linnaeus
D
Tippo
Solution
(C) The Binomial Nomenclature System was proposed by Carolus Linnaeus.
This system provides a distinct scientific name to each organism,consisting of two components: the generic name (genus) and the specific epithet (species).
This system provides a distinct scientific name to each organism,consisting of two components: the generic name (genus) and the specific epithet (species).
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2
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Linnaeus is credited for the introduction of:
A
Binomial system of nomenclature
B
The principle of independent assortment
C
The concept of inheritance of acquired characters
D
The law of limiting factors
Solution
(A) The 'Binomial system of nomenclature' was introduced by Carl Linnaeus in his book 'Species Plantarum' in $1753$.
According to this system,the scientific name of any organism consists of two components: the first represents the 'genus' and the second represents the 'species'.
According to this system,the scientific name of any organism consists of two components: the first represents the 'genus' and the second represents the 'species'.
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3
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
The binomial nomenclature system of Linnaeus means that every organism has:
A
One name given by two scientists
B
Two names,one Latin and the other of a person
C
Two names,one scientific and the other popular
D
One scientific name consisting of a generic name and a specific epithet
Solution
(D) Binomial nomenclature is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts.
$1$. The first part is the generic name (genus).
$2$. The second part is the specific epithet (species).
This system was proposed by Carolus Linnaeus. Therefore,every organism has one scientific name consisting of a generic name and a specific epithet.
$1$. The first part is the generic name (genus).
$2$. The second part is the specific epithet (species).
This system was proposed by Carolus Linnaeus. Therefore,every organism has one scientific name consisting of a generic name and a specific epithet.
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4
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Who was the first to isolate a plant virus?
A
$W$. $M$. Stanley
B
$E$. $C$. Stakman
C
$A$. $K$. Smith
D
$D$. Ivanowski
Solution
(A) $W$. $M$. Stanley was the first to isolate a plant virus (Tobacco Mosaic Virus) in crystalline form in $1935$.
He demonstrated that these crystals were largely composed of proteins and remained infectious even after crystallization.
He demonstrated that these crystals were largely composed of proteins and remained infectious even after crystallization.
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5
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
Algal viruses are known as
A
Binal viruses
B
Cyanophages
C
Mycophages
D
Phycophages
Solution
(D) Viruses that infect algae are known as $Phycophages$.
$Cyanophages$ are viruses that infect cyanobacteria.
$Mycophages$ are viruses that infect fungi.
$Binal$ $viruses$ refer to viruses with a complex symmetry,such as $T4$ bacteriophage.
$Cyanophages$ are viruses that infect cyanobacteria.
$Mycophages$ are viruses that infect fungi.
$Binal$ $viruses$ refer to viruses with a complex symmetry,such as $T4$ bacteriophage.
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6
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Viruses usually infect the whole plant except the
A
Stem apex
B
Cortex
C
Pith
D
Phloem
Solution
(A) Viruses usually infect the whole plant except the stem apex (shoot apical meristem).
This is because the apical meristematic cells have a high concentration of growth hormones,such as auxins,which inhibit viral replication and movement.
Additionally,the rapid rate of cell division in the apical meristem often outpaces the spread of the virus,keeping these regions virus-free.
This is because the apical meristematic cells have a high concentration of growth hormones,such as auxins,which inhibit viral replication and movement.
Additionally,the rapid rate of cell division in the apical meristem often outpaces the spread of the virus,keeping these regions virus-free.
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7
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
In $Escherichia$ $coli$,which of the following is true?
A
An organized nucleus is present.
B
One chromosome is present.
C
One $DNA$ molecule is present.
D
One $RNA$ molecule is present.
Solution
(B) $Escherichia$ $coli$ ($E.$ $coli$) is a prokaryotic organism.
Prokaryotes lack a well-defined,membrane-bound nucleus.
They possess a single,circular,double-stranded $DNA$ molecule that acts as their chromosome.
Therefore,the presence of one chromosome (which is essentially one $DNA$ molecule) is the correct characteristic among the given options.
Prokaryotes lack a well-defined,membrane-bound nucleus.
They possess a single,circular,double-stranded $DNA$ molecule that acts as their chromosome.
Therefore,the presence of one chromosome (which is essentially one $DNA$ molecule) is the correct characteristic among the given options.
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8
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Which of the following groups of plants are highly useful in increasing soil fertility?
A
Red algae
B
Fungi
C
Bacteria
D
Bryophytes
Solution
(C) The correct answer is $(c)$. Bacteria are highly useful in increasing soil fertility because many species of bacteria,such as $Rhizobium$,$Azotobacter$,and $Azospirillum$,are capable of biological nitrogen fixation. They convert atmospheric nitrogen $(N_2)$ into ammonia $(NH_3)$,which can be absorbed by plants,thereby enriching the soil with essential nutrients.
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9
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
All fungi can be called as
A
Heterotrophs
B
Autotrophs
C
Saprophytes
D
Parasites
Solution
(A) All fungi are $Heterotrophs$.
Fungi lack $chlorophyll$,which means they cannot perform photosynthesis to produce their own food.
They obtain their nutrition by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment to break down complex organic matter and then absorbing the resulting nutrients.
This mode of nutrition is known as heterotrophic nutrition,and organisms that exhibit this are called $Heterotrophs$.
Fungi lack $chlorophyll$,which means they cannot perform photosynthesis to produce their own food.
They obtain their nutrition by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment to break down complex organic matter and then absorbing the resulting nutrients.
This mode of nutrition is known as heterotrophic nutrition,and organisms that exhibit this are called $Heterotrophs$.
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10
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Meiosis in $Ulothrix$ takes place during
A
Zoospore formation
B
Gamete formation
C
Zygote germination
D
Zoospore germination
Solution
(C) In $Ulothrix$,the life cycle is haplontic.
The zygote $(2n)$ is the only diploid stage in the life cycle.
During favourable conditions,the zygote undergoes meiosis (reduction division) to produce haploid zoospores or aplanospores.
Therefore,meiosis occurs during the germination of the zygote.
The zygote $(2n)$ is the only diploid stage in the life cycle.
During favourable conditions,the zygote undergoes meiosis (reduction division) to produce haploid zoospores or aplanospores.
Therefore,meiosis occurs during the germination of the zygote.
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11
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
The zygospore of $Spirogyra$ produces:
A
$2$ zoospores
B
$4$ zoospores
C
$2-4$ zoospores
D
None of the above
Solution
(D) In $Spirogyra$,the zygote (zygospore) undergoes meiosis to form $4$ haploid nuclei. Out of these $4$ nuclei,$3$ degenerate and only $1$ remains functional. This functional nucleus develops into a new $Spirogyra$ filament. Therefore,it does not produce zoospores. Thus,the correct option is $(d)$.
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12
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Gametophytic generation is dominant in
A
Pteridophyta
B
Bryophyta
C
Angiosperms
D
Gymnosperms
Solution
(B) In the life cycle of plants,the dominant phase is the one that is independent and photosynthetic.
In $Bryophyta$,the main plant body is a haploid gametophyte,which is independent and photosynthetic.
In contrast,in $Pteridophyta$,$Gymnosperms$,and $Angiosperms$,the dominant phase is the diploid sporophyte.
In $Bryophyta$,the main plant body is a haploid gametophyte,which is independent and photosynthetic.
In contrast,in $Pteridophyta$,$Gymnosperms$,and $Angiosperms$,the dominant phase is the diploid sporophyte.
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13
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
The first land-inhabiting plants are
A
Angiosperms
B
Gymnosperms
C
Bryophytes
D
Pteridophytes
Solution
(C) Bryophytes are considered the first land-inhabiting plants,often referred to as the amphibians of the plant kingdom.
They are the most simple and primitive group of embryophytes.
They include approximately $840$ genera and $23,500$ species.
They are the most simple and primitive group of embryophytes.
They include approximately $840$ genera and $23,500$ species.
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14
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Which of the following is of considerable economic importance?
A
Riccia
B
Funaria
C
Marchantia
D
Sphagnum
Solution
(D) $Sphagnum$ is of considerable economic importance.
$1$. It provides peat,which has long been used as fuel.
$2$. Because of its high water-holding capacity,it is used as packing material for the trans-shipment of living material (like plant roots) to prevent them from drying out.
$3$. It is also used in seed beds due to its excellent water retention properties.
$1$. It provides peat,which has long been used as fuel.
$2$. Because of its high water-holding capacity,it is used as packing material for the trans-shipment of living material (like plant roots) to prevent them from drying out.
$3$. It is also used in seed beds due to its excellent water retention properties.
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15
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
In gymnosperms,pollination is exclusively by
A
Animals
B
Wind
C
Water
D
Insects
Solution
(B) In gymnosperms,pollination occurs exclusively through the agency of wind,a process known as $Anemophily$.
Unlike angiosperms,which utilize various biotic agents like insects or animals,gymnosperms rely on wind currents to carry pollen grains from the male cones to the female ovules.
Unlike angiosperms,which utilize various biotic agents like insects or animals,gymnosperms rely on wind currents to carry pollen grains from the male cones to the female ovules.
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16
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
In $Pinus$,only the lower part of the oospore is concerned with the development of the embryo. Such development is known as:
A
Meroblastic
B
Periblastic
C
Mesoblastic
D
None of these
Solution
(A) In $Pinus$,the zygote or oospore undergoes free nuclear divisions.
Following this,the embryo develops only from the lower part of the oospore,while the upper part remains inactive or contributes to the suspensor.
This type of embryogeny,where only a portion of the zygote participates in the formation of the embryo proper,is termed as $Meroblastic$ development.
Following this,the embryo develops only from the lower part of the oospore,while the upper part remains inactive or contributes to the suspensor.
This type of embryogeny,where only a portion of the zygote participates in the formation of the embryo proper,is termed as $Meroblastic$ development.
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17
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Which one of the following animals possesses nerve cells but no nerves?
A
Hydra
B
Tapeworm
C
Earthworm
D
Frog's tadpole
Solution
(A) $Hydra$ belongs to the phylum $Cnidaria$ (or $Coelenterata$).
In $Hydra$,the nervous system consists of a network of nerve cells (neurons) distributed throughout the body,but these cells are not organized into distinct nerves or a central nervous system.
This is known as a diffuse or nerve net type of nervous system.
In contrast,organisms like $Tapeworms$,$Earthworms$,and $Frog's$ $tadpoles$ possess more complex nervous systems that include organized nerves and ganglia.
In $Hydra$,the nervous system consists of a network of nerve cells (neurons) distributed throughout the body,but these cells are not organized into distinct nerves or a central nervous system.
This is known as a diffuse or nerve net type of nervous system.
In contrast,organisms like $Tapeworms$,$Earthworms$,and $Frog's$ $tadpoles$ possess more complex nervous systems that include organized nerves and ganglia.
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18
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Planaria,liver fluke,and Taenia solium are:
A
All segmented
B
All found in the gut
C
All have coelom
D
All are flatworms
Solution
(D) $Planaria$ (Dugesia),liver fluke ($Fasciola$ $hepatica$),and $Taenia$ $solium$ (tapeworm) all belong to the phylum $Platyhelminthes$.
These organisms are characterized by a dorso-ventrally flattened body,which is why they are commonly known as flatworms.
They are acoelomate (lack a body cavity),triploblastic,and bilaterally symmetrical animals.
These organisms are characterized by a dorso-ventrally flattened body,which is why they are commonly known as flatworms.
They are acoelomate (lack a body cavity),triploblastic,and bilaterally symmetrical animals.
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19
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
What is true about $Taenia$ $saginata$?
A
Life history has pig as intermediate host
B
There are two large suckers on scolex
C
Rostellar hooks are absent
D
Rostellum has double circle of hooks
Solution
(C) $Taenia$ $saginata$ (beef tapeworm) is characterized by the absence of rostellar hooks on its scolex. In contrast, $Taenia$ $solium$ (pork tapeworm) possesses a rostellum with a double circle of hooks. Furthermore, $Taenia$ $saginata$ uses cattle as its intermediate host, not pigs.
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20
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
Which one of the following assists in locomotion?
A
Trichocysts in Paramecium
B
Pedicellariae of Starfish
C
Clitellum in Pheretima
D
Posterior sucker in Hirudinaria
Solution
(D) The posterior sucker of $Hirudinaria$ (leech) is a specialized structure that assists in both locomotion (looping movement) and attachment to the host.
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21
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Which trait is common among Earthworm, Leech, and Centipede?
A
Absence of legs
B
Hermaphrodite nature
C
Ventral nerve cord
D
Malpighian tubules
Solution
(C) Earthworms and Leeches belong to the phylum $Annelida$, while Centipedes belong to the phylum $Arthropoda$.
All three organisms (Earthworm, Leech, and Centipede) are invertebrates that possess a $Ventral$ $nerve$ $cord$ as part of their nervous system.
$Absence$ $of$ $legs$ is incorrect because Centipedes have many legs.
$Hermaphrodite$ $nature$ is not common to all, as Centipedes are dioecious (separate sexes).
$Malpighian$ $tubules$ are excretory organs found in $Arthropods$ like Centipedes, but not in $Annelids$.
All three organisms (Earthworm, Leech, and Centipede) are invertebrates that possess a $Ventral$ $nerve$ $cord$ as part of their nervous system.
$Absence$ $of$ $legs$ is incorrect because Centipedes have many legs.
$Hermaphrodite$ $nature$ is not common to all, as Centipedes are dioecious (separate sexes).
$Malpighian$ $tubules$ are excretory organs found in $Arthropods$ like Centipedes, but not in $Annelids$.
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22
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
Spiders and scorpions are included in which class?
A
Arachnida
B
Echarida
C
Actinozoa
D
Anthozoa
Solution
(A) Spiders and scorpions belong to the phylum $Arthropoda$ and the class $Arachnida$.
Members of the class $Arachnida$ are characterized by having four pairs of walking legs and a body divided into two main regions: the $cephalothorax$ and the $abdomen$.
Members of the class $Arachnida$ are characterized by having four pairs of walking legs and a body divided into two main regions: the $cephalothorax$ and the $abdomen$.
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23
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Adult $Culex$ and $Anopheles$ can be distinguished with the help of:
A
Mouth parts/colour
B
Sitting posture
C
Antennae/wings
D
Feeding habits
Solution
(B) $Anopheles$ and $Culex$ mosquitoes can be easily distinguished by their resting or sitting posture.
$Anopheles$ mosquitoes sit at an angle to the surface,appearing as if they are standing on their heads.
In contrast,$Culex$ mosquitoes sit parallel to the surface,keeping their bodies horizontal.
$Anopheles$ mosquitoes sit at an angle to the surface,appearing as if they are standing on their heads.
In contrast,$Culex$ mosquitoes sit parallel to the surface,keeping their bodies horizontal.
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24
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
$A$ larval stage occurs in the life history of all members of the group:
A
Frog,Lizard and Cockroach
B
Ascaris,Housefly and Frog
C
Housefly,Earthworm and Mosquito
D
Butterfly,Frog and Mosquito
Solution
(D) In the life cycle of organisms,a larval stage is an intermediate stage between the egg and the adult.
$1$. Butterfly: Undergoes complete metamorphosis (Egg $\rightarrow$ Larva/Caterpillar $\rightarrow$ Pupa $\rightarrow$ Adult).
$2$. Frog: The larval stage is known as a tadpole.
$3$. Mosquito: Undergoes complete metamorphosis (Egg $\rightarrow$ Larva/Wriggler $\rightarrow$ Pupa $\rightarrow$ Adult).
Therefore,all members of the group in option $D$ possess a distinct larval stage in their life history.
$1$. Butterfly: Undergoes complete metamorphosis (Egg $\rightarrow$ Larva/Caterpillar $\rightarrow$ Pupa $\rightarrow$ Adult).
$2$. Frog: The larval stage is known as a tadpole.
$3$. Mosquito: Undergoes complete metamorphosis (Egg $\rightarrow$ Larva/Wriggler $\rightarrow$ Pupa $\rightarrow$ Adult).
Therefore,all members of the group in option $D$ possess a distinct larval stage in their life history.
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25
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
The difference between male and female $Anopheles$ occurs in:
A
Proboscis
B
Wings
C
Antennae
D
Size
Solution
(C) $Anopheles$ exhibits sexual dimorphism. The primary morphological differences between male and female $Anopheles$ mosquitoes are observed in their antennae and maxillary palps. In males,the antennae are plumose (bushy with long hairs),whereas in females,they are pilose (with short,sparse hairs). This allows for easy identification of the sexes.
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26
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Tracheae of cockroach and mammal are similar in having
A
Paired nature
B
Non-collapsible walls
C
Ciliated inner lining
D
Origin from head
Solution
(B) The correct answer is $B$.
In cockroaches,the tracheal tubes are lined with spiral thickenings of cuticle known as intima,which prevents the tracheal tubes from collapsing.
Similarly,the trachea of mammals is supported by $C$-shaped cartilaginous rings,which also ensure that the tracheal walls remain non-collapsible,allowing for continuous airflow during respiration.
In cockroaches,the tracheal tubes are lined with spiral thickenings of cuticle known as intima,which prevents the tracheal tubes from collapsing.
Similarly,the trachea of mammals is supported by $C$-shaped cartilaginous rings,which also ensure that the tracheal walls remain non-collapsible,allowing for continuous airflow during respiration.
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27
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
Sea lilies are the members of which class?
A
Ophiuroidea
B
Asteroidea
C
Crinoidea
D
Echinoidea
Solution
(C) The members of the class $Crinoidea$ are commonly called feather stars or sea lilies because of their lily flower-like appearance. These organisms are characterized by a central disc and branched arms that resemble the petals of a lily flower.
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28
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
The only poisonous mammal is:
A
Ornithorhynchus
B
Echidna
C
Guinea pig
D
Snake
Solution
(A) The correct answer is $Ornithorhynchus$ (also known as the Platypus).
Male platypuses have spurs on their hind limbs that are connected to venom glands,which they use for defense or during mating competition.
$Echidna$ is a monotreme but is not venomous.
$Guinea$ $pig$ is a rodent and is not venomous.
$Snake$ is a reptile,not a mammal.
Male platypuses have spurs on their hind limbs that are connected to venom glands,which they use for defense or during mating competition.
$Echidna$ is a monotreme but is not venomous.
$Guinea$ $pig$ is a rodent and is not venomous.
$Snake$ is a reptile,not a mammal.
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29
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
Pulses are obtained from which family?
A
Fabaceae
B
Asteraceae
C
Poaceae
D
Solanaceae
Solution
(A) All pulses belong to the family $Fabaceae$.
This family is widely known for producing protein-rich pulses,which are a primary source of plant-based protein in human diets.
This family is widely known for producing protein-rich pulses,which are a primary source of plant-based protein in human diets.
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30
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
$K_{2+2} C_{4} A_{2+4} G_{\underline{(2)}}$ is the floral formula of:
A
Allium cepa
B
Solanum nigrum
C
Helianthus annuus
D
Brassica nigra
Solution
(D) The floral formula $K_{2+2} C_{4} A_{2+4} G_{\underline{(2)}}$ represents the family $Brassicaceae$ (formerly $Cruciferae$).
$K_{2+2}$ indicates four sepals arranged in two whorls of two each.
$C_{4}$ indicates four petals arranged in a cruciform manner.
$A_{2+4}$ indicates six stamens arranged in two whorls (tetradynamous condition).
$G_{\underline{(2)}}$ indicates a bicarpellary,syncarpous,superior ovary.
Among the given options,$Brassica$ $nigra$ (Black mustard) belongs to the family $Brassicaceae$.
$K_{2+2}$ indicates four sepals arranged in two whorls of two each.
$C_{4}$ indicates four petals arranged in a cruciform manner.
$A_{2+4}$ indicates six stamens arranged in two whorls (tetradynamous condition).
$G_{\underline{(2)}}$ indicates a bicarpellary,syncarpous,superior ovary.
Among the given options,$Brassica$ $nigra$ (Black mustard) belongs to the family $Brassicaceae$.
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31
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Which of the following will decay faster if exposed freely?
A
Soft wood
B
Heart wood
C
Sap wood
D
Wood with lots of fibres
Solution
(C) Sap wood is the peripheral part of the secondary xylem that is physiologically active and contains living cells,stored food materials,and high water content. Due to the presence of these nutrients and moisture,it is highly susceptible to microbial attack and decay when exposed freely. In contrast,heart wood is the central,non-functional part of the secondary xylem,which is filled with tannins,resins,oils,and gums,making it resistant to decay.
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32
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
The ciliated epithelium in our body may be found in
A
Ureter
B
Trachea
C
Stomach
D
Uterine tube
Solution
(B) The correct answer is $B$.
Ciliated epithelium is found in the inner surface of hollow organs like bronchioles and fallopian tubes (uterine tubes).
In the trachea,the lining is specifically a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium,which contains long ciliated columnar cells and short cuboidal cells.
Since both $B$ and $D$ contain ciliated epithelium,in the context of standard biology questions,$B$ (Trachea) is a primary site for this tissue type.
Ciliated epithelium is found in the inner surface of hollow organs like bronchioles and fallopian tubes (uterine tubes).
In the trachea,the lining is specifically a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium,which contains long ciliated columnar cells and short cuboidal cells.
Since both $B$ and $D$ contain ciliated epithelium,in the context of standard biology questions,$B$ (Trachea) is a primary site for this tissue type.
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33
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
The connective tissue of the vertebrate body is built up from fibres of the protein collagen,embedded in a polysaccharide matrix to form:
A
Cartilage
B
Blood vessel
C
Heart
D
Lung
Solution
(A) Connective tissues are characterized by cells embedded in an extracellular matrix. In cartilage,the matrix is composed of a firm,pliable polysaccharide substance (chondroitin sulfate) in which collagen fibers are embedded. This structure provides both support and flexibility to the tissue. Therefore,the correct answer is $A$ (Cartilage).
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34
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
The bone cells present in the matrix are called
A
Chondroclasts
B
Osteoclasts
C
Osteoblasts
D
Osteocytes
Solution
(D) Bone tissue is a specialized connective tissue that consists of a hard and non-pliable ground substance rich in calcium salts and collagen fibers which give bone its strength.
These bone cells are present in spaces called lacunae.
The mature bone cells that reside within the matrix of the bone tissue are known as $Osteocytes$.
$Osteoblasts$ are bone-forming cells,while $Osteoclasts$ are cells that break down bone tissue.
These bone cells are present in spaces called lacunae.
The mature bone cells that reside within the matrix of the bone tissue are known as $Osteocytes$.
$Osteoblasts$ are bone-forming cells,while $Osteoclasts$ are cells that break down bone tissue.
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35
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
$A$ femur is kept in dilute $HCl$ for three days,it becomes
A
Brittle
B
Soft and elastic
C
Remains as it is
D
Harder
Solution
(B) When a bone is placed in dilute $HCl$ for a few days,the calcium salts (calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate) present in the bone matrix are dissolved by the acid.
This process is known as decalcification.
As a result,the bone loses its hardness and becomes soft,flexible,and elastic,as only the organic collagen fibers remain.
This process is known as decalcification.
As a result,the bone loses its hardness and becomes soft,flexible,and elastic,as only the organic collagen fibers remain.
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36
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
The skeletal tissue consists of an organic matrix called as
A
Hyaline
B
Chondrin
C
Osteoblast
D
Chondroblast
Solution
(B) The skeletal tissue,specifically cartilage,consists of an organic matrix known as $Chondrin$.
$Chondrin$ is a proteinaceous substance that forms the ground substance of the cartilage matrix.
$Hyaline$ is a type of cartilage,not the matrix itself.
$Osteoblast$ and $Chondroblast$ are cells responsible for forming bone and cartilage,respectively,not the matrix.
$Chondrin$ is a proteinaceous substance that forms the ground substance of the cartilage matrix.
$Hyaline$ is a type of cartilage,not the matrix itself.
$Osteoblast$ and $Chondroblast$ are cells responsible for forming bone and cartilage,respectively,not the matrix.
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37
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Cytosomes are found in
A
Chloroplasts
B
Bacteria
C
Mitochondria
D
All of these
Solution
(D) The term $Cytosomes$ refers to the specialized structures or bodies found within the cytoplasm of a cell.
In prokaryotic organisms like $Bacteria$,the cytoplasm contains various inclusions and structures often referred to as cytosomes.
In eukaryotic cells,organelles such as $Chloroplasts$ and $Mitochondria$ contain their own internal compartments and structures that are sometimes classified under this broad terminology.
Therefore,$Cytosomes$ can be associated with all the mentioned structures depending on the biological context.
In prokaryotic organisms like $Bacteria$,the cytoplasm contains various inclusions and structures often referred to as cytosomes.
In eukaryotic cells,organelles such as $Chloroplasts$ and $Mitochondria$ contain their own internal compartments and structures that are sometimes classified under this broad terminology.
Therefore,$Cytosomes$ can be associated with all the mentioned structures depending on the biological context.
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38
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
Bulk drinking of fluid by cells is termed as
A
Phagocytosis
B
Pinocytosis
C
Cyclosis
D
Osmosis
Solution
(B) Pinocytosis,often referred to as 'cell drinking',is a process of endocytosis where cells ingest extracellular fluid and dissolved solutes by forming small vesicles at the cell membrane.
Phagocytosis is the process of 'cell eating' where the cell engulfs large solid particles.
Cyclosis refers to the streaming movement of cytoplasm within a cell.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential.
Phagocytosis is the process of 'cell eating' where the cell engulfs large solid particles.
Cyclosis refers to the streaming movement of cytoplasm within a cell.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential.
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39
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Which of the following is a correct pair?
A
$DNA$ synthesis — Ribosomes
B
Protein synthesis — Smooth $E.R.$
C
Aerobic respiration — Cristae
D
Suicidal sacs — Dictyosomes
Solution
(C) The correct pair is $Aerobic \text{ respiration} - \text{Cristae}$.
$1$. $DNA$ synthesis occurs in the nucleus, not in ribosomes.
$2$. Protein synthesis occurs in rough $E.R.$ (due to ribosomes), not smooth $E.R.$
$3$. Aerobic respiration involves the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, which take place on the cristae of the mitochondria.
$4$. Suicidal sacs are lysosomes, not dictyosomes (Golgi apparatus).
$1$. $DNA$ synthesis occurs in the nucleus, not in ribosomes.
$2$. Protein synthesis occurs in rough $E.R.$ (due to ribosomes), not smooth $E.R.$
$3$. Aerobic respiration involves the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, which take place on the cristae of the mitochondria.
$4$. Suicidal sacs are lysosomes, not dictyosomes (Golgi apparatus).
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40
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Which of the following pairs is correct?
A
Svedberg unit — Biomembranes
B
Polyribosomes — $RNA$
C
Dictyosomes — Suicidal sacs
D
Cisternae — Mitochondria
Solution
(B) The correct pair is $Polyribosomes - RNA$.
$Polyribosomes$ (or $polysomes$) are a cluster of ribosomes associated with a single $mRNA$ molecule,which helps in the translation of $mRNA$ into proteins.
$Svedberg$ unit is a measure of sedimentation rate used for ribosomes,not biomembranes.
$Dictyosomes$ are the individual stacks of the $Golgi$ apparatus,whereas 'suicidal sacs' refers to $lysosomes$.
$Cisternae$ are found in the $Golgi$ apparatus and $Endoplasmic$ $Reticulum$,not in $mitochondria$.
$Polyribosomes$ (or $polysomes$) are a cluster of ribosomes associated with a single $mRNA$ molecule,which helps in the translation of $mRNA$ into proteins.
$Svedberg$ unit is a measure of sedimentation rate used for ribosomes,not biomembranes.
$Dictyosomes$ are the individual stacks of the $Golgi$ apparatus,whereas 'suicidal sacs' refers to $lysosomes$.
$Cisternae$ are found in the $Golgi$ apparatus and $Endoplasmic$ $Reticulum$,not in $mitochondria$.
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41
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Nucleoli are rich in
A
$DNA$ and $RNA$
B
$DNA$,$RNA$ and proteins
C
$DNA$
D
$RNA$ and proteins
Solution
(D) The nucleolus is a non-membrane-bound structure present within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
It is the site for active ribosomal $RNA$ $(rRNA)$ synthesis.
Therefore,the nucleolus is primarily composed of $RNA$ and proteins,which are required for the assembly of ribosomes.
While it is associated with the nucleolar organizer regions of chromosomes (which contain $DNA$),the nucleolus itself is chemically rich in $RNA$ and proteins.
It is the site for active ribosomal $RNA$ $(rRNA)$ synthesis.
Therefore,the nucleolus is primarily composed of $RNA$ and proteins,which are required for the assembly of ribosomes.
While it is associated with the nucleolar organizer regions of chromosomes (which contain $DNA$),the nucleolus itself is chemically rich in $RNA$ and proteins.
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42
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
The nucleus has
A
One membrane with pores
B
Two membranes with pores
C
Two membranes with pores through which substances do not pass
D
Two membranes with pores through which macromolecules may pass
Solution
(D) The nucleus is enclosed by a nuclear envelope,which consists of two parallel membranes with a space between them called the perinuclear space.
These membranes are interrupted by minute pores,known as nuclear pores.
These pores are formed by the fusion of the two nuclear membranes.
Nuclear pores allow the movement of $RNA$ and protein molecules in both directions between the nucleus and the cytoplasm,thus facilitating the passage of macromolecules.
These membranes are interrupted by minute pores,known as nuclear pores.
These pores are formed by the fusion of the two nuclear membranes.
Nuclear pores allow the movement of $RNA$ and protein molecules in both directions between the nucleus and the cytoplasm,thus facilitating the passage of macromolecules.
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43
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Cell division is initiated by
A
Centrosome
B
Centriole
C
Centromere
D
Chromomere
Solution
(A) The centrosome is an organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center $(MTOC)$ of the animal cell. During cell division, the centrosome duplicates and the two centrosomes move to opposite poles of the cell, where they organize the mitotic spindle apparatus. This apparatus is essential for the separation of chromosomes during mitosis. Therefore, the centrosome plays a critical role in initiating and regulating cell division.
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44
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
Clinostat is employed in the study of
A
Osmosis
B
Growth movements
C
Photosynthesis
D
Respiration
Solution
(B) $Clinostat$ (also known as a $kinostat$) is a scientific instrument used to study the effects of gravity on plant growth.
It works by slowly rotating a plant,which effectively cancels out the unilateral influence of gravity.
This allows researchers to observe growth movements,such as $geotropism$,by eliminating the directional pull of gravity.
It works by slowly rotating a plant,which effectively cancels out the unilateral influence of gravity.
This allows researchers to observe growth movements,such as $geotropism$,by eliminating the directional pull of gravity.
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45
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
$A$ pair of small lymphatic tissue present at the sides of the root of the tongue is called as:
A
Thyroid
B
Tonsils
C
Epiglottis
D
Adenoids
Solution
(B) The lymphatic tissue located at the sides of the root of the tongue is known as the palatine tonsils.
These are a pair of soft tissue masses that form part of the immune system and help in defending the body against infections entering through the mouth or nose.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.
These are a pair of soft tissue masses that form part of the immune system and help in defending the body against infections entering through the mouth or nose.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.
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46
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
The function of the tongue is to
A
Help in the act of swallowing
B
Help in mixing saliva with the food
C
Help in speaking
D
All the above
Solution
(D) The tongue is a freely movable muscular organ attached to the floor of the oral cavity by the frenulum.
It performs several vital functions:
$1$. It helps in the act of swallowing (deglutition) by pushing the food bolus towards the pharynx.
$2$. It helps in mixing saliva with the food to form a bolus,which facilitates digestion.
$3$. It plays a crucial role in speech production by manipulating the shape of the oral cavity.
Therefore,all the given options are correct functions of the tongue.
It performs several vital functions:
$1$. It helps in the act of swallowing (deglutition) by pushing the food bolus towards the pharynx.
$2$. It helps in mixing saliva with the food to form a bolus,which facilitates digestion.
$3$. It plays a crucial role in speech production by manipulating the shape of the oral cavity.
Therefore,all the given options are correct functions of the tongue.
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47
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
Peyer's patches are found on the ileum in
A
Fishes
B
Reptiles
C
Birds
D
Mammals
Solution
(D) Peyer's patches are small masses of lymphatic tissue found throughout the ileum region of the small intestine.
These structures are a characteristic feature of the mammalian digestive system and play a crucial role in the immune surveillance of the intestinal lumen.
These structures are a characteristic feature of the mammalian digestive system and play a crucial role in the immune surveillance of the intestinal lumen.
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48
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
Which word best describes the action of bile on fats?
A
Neutralises
B
Digests
C
Emulsifies
D
Absorbs
Solution
(C) Bile contains bile salts (such as sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate) which break down large fat globules into smaller droplets. This process is known as emulsification of fats. Emulsification increases the surface area of fats,allowing lipase enzymes to act more efficiently during digestion.
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49
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
The disease due to inflammation of the vermiform appendix of the digestive system is known as:
A
Amoebic dysentery
B
Intestinal cancer
C
Appendicitis
D
None of the above
Solution
(C) In humans,a narrow,finger-like tubular projection called the vermiform appendix arises from the caecum.
Inflammation or infection of this vermiform appendix is medically termed as appendicitis.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.
Inflammation or infection of this vermiform appendix is medically termed as appendicitis.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.
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50
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
The breakdown product of haemoglobin is called as
A
Iron
B
Bilirubin
C
Haemocyanin
D
Skatole
Solution
(B) Bilirubin is an orange-yellow pigment that is one of the primary end products of haemoglobin breakdown.
When red blood cells are destroyed,the haemoglobin is broken down in the liver and spleen.
The haem part is converted into biliverdin and then into bilirubin,which is then excreted as a waste material in bile.
When red blood cells are destroyed,the haemoglobin is broken down in the liver and spleen.
The haem part is converted into biliverdin and then into bilirubin,which is then excreted as a waste material in bile.
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51
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Transformation experiments using Pneumococcus bacteria led to the hypothesis that
A
$DNA$ is the genetic material
B
Bacteria have sexual reproduction
C
Chromosomes are made up of $DNA$
D
$RNA$ is the transfer link
Solution
(A) Frederick Griffith's transformation experiments conducted in $1928$ using $Streptococcus$ $pneumoniae$ (also known as $Pneumococcus$) demonstrated that a 'transforming principle' from heat-killed virulent bacteria could transform non-virulent bacteria into virulent ones.
Later,Avery,MacLeod,and McCarty built upon this work to identify that this transforming principle was $DNA$,thereby leading to the hypothesis that $DNA$ is the genetic material.
Later,Avery,MacLeod,and McCarty built upon this work to identify that this transforming principle was $DNA$,thereby leading to the hypothesis that $DNA$ is the genetic material.
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52
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Farmers have reported over $50\%$ higher yields of rice by using which of the following biofertilizer?
A
Mycorrhiza
B
Azolla pinnata
C
Cyanobacteria
D
Legume-Rhizobium symbiosis
Solution
(B) $Azolla pinnata$ is a small aquatic fern that has a symbiotic relationship with the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium $Anabaena azollae$.
When used as a biofertilizer in rice fields,it provides a significant amount of nitrogen to the soil.
Farmers have reported that the application of $Azolla$ can increase rice yields by over $50\%$ due to its nitrogen-fixing capabilities and its role as a green manure.
When used as a biofertilizer in rice fields,it provides a significant amount of nitrogen to the soil.
Farmers have reported that the application of $Azolla$ can increase rice yields by over $50\%$ due to its nitrogen-fixing capabilities and its role as a green manure.
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53
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
If all ponds and puddles are destroyed,the organism likely to be destroyed is
A
Leishmania
B
Trypanosoma
C
Ascaris
D
Plasmodium
Solution
(D) The organism likely to be destroyed is $Plasmodium$.
$Plasmodium$ is a protozoan parasite that requires a vector,specifically the female $Anopheles$ mosquito,to complete its life cycle.
The mosquito breeds in stagnant water bodies like ponds and puddles.
If these water bodies are destroyed,the breeding grounds of the mosquito are eliminated,which in turn disrupts the life cycle of $Plasmodium$,leading to its destruction.
$Plasmodium$ is a protozoan parasite that requires a vector,specifically the female $Anopheles$ mosquito,to complete its life cycle.
The mosquito breeds in stagnant water bodies like ponds and puddles.
If these water bodies are destroyed,the breeding grounds of the mosquito are eliminated,which in turn disrupts the life cycle of $Plasmodium$,leading to its destruction.
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54
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
Budding is a normal mode of asexual reproduction in
A
Starfish and Hydra
B
Hydra and sponges
C
Tapeworm and Hydra
D
Sponges and starfish
Solution
(B) Budding is a type of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site.
In $Hydra$,the bud develops into a new individual and eventually detaches from the parent body.
In sponges (Porifera),budding is also a common method of asexual reproduction,often involving the formation of internal buds called gemmules or external buds.
Starfish reproduce primarily through fragmentation or sexual reproduction,and tapeworms are hermaphrodites that typically reproduce sexually.
Therefore,$Hydra$ and sponges are the correct organisms that exhibit budding.
In $Hydra$,the bud develops into a new individual and eventually detaches from the parent body.
In sponges (Porifera),budding is also a common method of asexual reproduction,often involving the formation of internal buds called gemmules or external buds.
Starfish reproduce primarily through fragmentation or sexual reproduction,and tapeworms are hermaphrodites that typically reproduce sexually.
Therefore,$Hydra$ and sponges are the correct organisms that exhibit budding.
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55
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
Filariasis is caused by
A
Wuchereria
B
Culex
C
Trichinella
D
Schistosoma
Solution
(A) Filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, is a chronic disease caused by parasitic filarial worms.
Specifically, the species $Wuchereria \text{ } bancrofti$ and $Wuchereria \text{ } malayi$ are the primary causative agents of this disease in humans.
These worms reside in the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, leading to inflammation and obstruction of the lymphatic system.
$Culex$ mosquitoes act as vectors that transmit the infection, but they do not cause the disease themselves.
Specifically, the species $Wuchereria \text{ } bancrofti$ and $Wuchereria \text{ } malayi$ are the primary causative agents of this disease in humans.
These worms reside in the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, leading to inflammation and obstruction of the lymphatic system.
$Culex$ mosquitoes act as vectors that transmit the infection, but they do not cause the disease themselves.
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56
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
$Archaeopteryx$,called a connecting link,carried the characters of:
A
Reptile and bird
B
Reptile and mammal
C
Fish and amphibian
D
Amphibian and reptile
Solution
(A) $Archaeopteryx$ is considered a connecting link between reptiles and birds.
It exhibits reptilian characteristics such as teeth in jaws,a long tail,and claws on digits.
It also exhibits avian characteristics such as the presence of feathers and wings.
Therefore,the presence of both reptilian and avian traits indicates that birds have evolved from reptiles.
It exhibits reptilian characteristics such as teeth in jaws,a long tail,and claws on digits.
It also exhibits avian characteristics such as the presence of feathers and wings.
Therefore,the presence of both reptilian and avian traits indicates that birds have evolved from reptiles.
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57
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Seeds develop from:
A
Ovules
B
Ovaries
C
Anthers
D
Pistils
Solution
(A) After fertilization,the ovule undergoes significant physiological and structural changes to transform into a seed.
$1$. The fertilized ovule develops into the seed.
$2$. The ovary develops into the fruit.
$3$. The integuments of the ovule harden to form the seed coat (testa and tegmen).
$4$. Therefore,the correct answer is $A$ (Ovules).
$1$. The fertilized ovule develops into the seed.
$2$. The ovary develops into the fruit.
$3$. The integuments of the ovule harden to form the seed coat (testa and tegmen).
$4$. Therefore,the correct answer is $A$ (Ovules).
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58
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
In beri-beri,
A
The coagulation time increases
B
Dermatitis in organs exposed to sun rays
C
The depigmentation of skin and hair starts
D
The effect over peripheral nervous system,gastro-intestinal tract and cardiovascular system is pronounced
Solution
(D) Beri-beri is a disease caused by a deficiency of Vitamin $B_1$ (Thiamine).
It primarily affects the peripheral nervous system,leading to symptoms like muscle weakness and nerve damage (polyneuritis).
It also significantly impacts the gastro-intestinal tract,causing loss of appetite and indigestion.
Furthermore,it affects the cardiovascular system,which can lead to heart failure in severe cases (wet beri-beri).
It primarily affects the peripheral nervous system,leading to symptoms like muscle weakness and nerve damage (polyneuritis).
It also significantly impacts the gastro-intestinal tract,causing loss of appetite and indigestion.
Furthermore,it affects the cardiovascular system,which can lead to heart failure in severe cases (wet beri-beri).
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59
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
$A$ disease characterised by raised levels of blood glucose as well as increased fat and protein metabolism is
A
Diabetes
B
Cancer
C
Ulcer
D
Enlargement of pancreas
Solution
(A) Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia (raised blood glucose levels) due to a deficiency or resistance to insulin.
When insulin is insufficient,the body cannot utilize glucose for energy.
Consequently,the body shifts to the breakdown of fats and proteins to meet its energy requirements,leading to increased fat and protein metabolism.
When insulin is insufficient,the body cannot utilize glucose for energy.
Consequently,the body shifts to the breakdown of fats and proteins to meet its energy requirements,leading to increased fat and protein metabolism.
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60
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
The pollen grain is
A
An immature male gametophyte
B
$A$ mature male gametophyte
C
Partially developed male gametophyte
D
Last stage of male gametophyte
Solution
(C) The pollen grain is considered a partially developed male gametophyte.
This is because the development of the male gametophyte begins within the microsporangium (pollen sac) but is not completed there.
The remaining development occurs on the stigma of the carpel after pollination,where the pollen grain germinates to produce a pollen tube containing two male gametes.
This is because the development of the male gametophyte begins within the microsporangium (pollen sac) but is not completed there.
The remaining development occurs on the stigma of the carpel after pollination,where the pollen grain germinates to produce a pollen tube containing two male gametes.
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61
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
The anther wall consists of four wall layers. Which of the following statements is correct regarding their arrangement?
A
Endothecium lies inner to middle layers
B
Tapetum lies just inner to endothecium
C
Tapetum lies next to epidermis
D
Middle layers lie between endothecium and tapetum
Solution
(D) The anther wall consists of four layers arranged from the outside to the inside as follows:
$1$. Epidermis (outermost layer)
$2$. Endothecium
$3$. Middle layers
$4$. Tapetum (innermost layer)
Therefore,the middle layers are located between the endothecium and the tapetum.
$1$. Epidermis (outermost layer)
$2$. Endothecium
$3$. Middle layers
$4$. Tapetum (innermost layer)
Therefore,the middle layers are located between the endothecium and the tapetum.
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62
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
The female gametophyte of a typical dicot at the time of fertilization is
A
$8$ celled
B
$7$ celled
C
$6$ celled
D
$4$ celled
Solution
(B) In a mature female gametophyte (embryo sac) of a typical angiosperm, there are $3$ antipodal cells at the chalazal end, $2$ synergids and $1$ egg cell at the micropylar end, and $1$ large central cell containing $2$ polar nuclei.
Although it contains $8$ nuclei, the fusion of the $2$ polar nuclei into a single diploid secondary nucleus results in a total of $7$ cells.
Therefore, the mature embryo sac is $7$-celled and $8$-nucleated.
Although it contains $8$ nuclei, the fusion of the $2$ polar nuclei into a single diploid secondary nucleus results in a total of $7$ cells.
Therefore, the mature embryo sac is $7$-celled and $8$-nucleated.
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63
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
In agamospermy,the embryo sac is diploid because it is formed without meiosis. Such an embryo sac may develop from:
A
Megaspore mother cell
B
Microspore mother cell
C
Megaspores
D
Microspores
Solution
(A) In agamospermy,the process of meiosis is bypassed during the formation of the embryo sac.
Specifically,in diplospory (a type of agamospermy),the megaspore mother cell $(MMC)$ undergoes mitosis instead of meiosis.
As a result,the $MMC$ directly develops into a diploid embryo sac without the reduction of chromosome number.
Therefore,the correct origin of such a diploid embryo sac is the megaspore mother cell.
Specifically,in diplospory (a type of agamospermy),the megaspore mother cell $(MMC)$ undergoes mitosis instead of meiosis.
As a result,the $MMC$ directly develops into a diploid embryo sac without the reduction of chromosome number.
Therefore,the correct origin of such a diploid embryo sac is the megaspore mother cell.
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64
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
In angiosperms,the oospore on development produces
A
Seed
B
Embryo
C
Protonema
D
Endosperm
Solution
(B) In angiosperms,the zygote is also known as the oospore.
Embryogeny is the process of the development of a mature embryo from the zygote or oospore after fertilization.
Embryogeny is the process of the development of a mature embryo from the zygote or oospore after fertilization.
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65
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Which of the following statements is correct for the pollen tube?
A
It shows chemotactic movement
B
It shows only tip growth
C
It is composed of three non-cellular zones
D
It shows radial cytoplasmic streaming
Solution
(A) The growth of the pollen tube towards the embryo sac through the style is a classic example of chemotactic movement. This movement is directed by chemical signals (chemotropism) released by the synergids in the ovule. The pollen tube secretes pectinases and other hydrolytic enzymes to digest the tissues of the style,creating a passage for its growth.
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66
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
The immature stage of eggs is called as:
A
Microlecithal
B
Oogenesis
C
Oocyte
D
Zygote
Solution
(C) The immature stage of an egg cell,which undergoes meiosis to eventually form a mature ovum,is known as an $Oocyte$.
$Oogenesis$ is the process of formation of female gametes.
$Microlecithal$ refers to eggs with a very small amount of yolk.
$Zygote$ is the diploid cell formed after the fusion of male and female gametes.
$Oogenesis$ is the process of formation of female gametes.
$Microlecithal$ refers to eggs with a very small amount of yolk.
$Zygote$ is the diploid cell formed after the fusion of male and female gametes.
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67
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
The eggs of a rabbit and a human are:
A
Microlecithal
B
Megalecithal
C
Telolecithal
D
Isolecithal
Solution
(A) The eggs of eutherian mammals,such as rabbits and humans,are classified as $Alecithal$ or $Microlecithal$.
These eggs contain a very small or negligible amount of yolk because the developing embryo receives nutrition directly from the mother through the placenta.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.
These eggs contain a very small or negligible amount of yolk because the developing embryo receives nutrition directly from the mother through the placenta.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.
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68
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
The rolling of endodermal and mesodermal cells from the surface of the embryo into its interior is called
A
Ingression
B
Invagination
C
Involution
D
Inversion
Solution
(C) . Involution is the process of rolling or turning in of the surface cells into the interior of the embryo. This movement is characteristic of gastrulation and occurs notably in the $frog$ blastula.
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69
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
The shortest gestation period is seen in
A
Man
B
Elephant
C
Cat
D
Mouse
Solution
(D) The gestation period is the time between conception and birth. Among the given options,the mouse has the shortest gestation period,which is approximately $19-20$ days. In contrast,cats have a gestation period of about $63-65$ days,humans have about $270-280$ days,and elephants have the longest,lasting about $18-22$ months.
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70
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Embryologists can presume the future organs of the embryo in
A
Blastula
B
Early gastrula
C
Morula
D
Post gastrula
Solution
(A) The presumptive areas (the regions of the embryo that will develop into specific organs or tissues) are first mapped and become evident during the $Blastula$ stage.
During the $Gastrula$ stage,these cells undergo morphogenetic movements to form the three germ layers ($Ectoderm$,$Mesoderm$,and $Endoderm$).
In the $Post-gastrula$ stage,the process of $Organogenesis$ begins,where these germ layers differentiate into specific organs.
Therefore,embryologists can identify the future fate of cells (presumptive organs) in the $Blastula$ stage.
During the $Gastrula$ stage,these cells undergo morphogenetic movements to form the three germ layers ($Ectoderm$,$Mesoderm$,and $Endoderm$).
In the $Post-gastrula$ stage,the process of $Organogenesis$ begins,where these germ layers differentiate into specific organs.
Therefore,embryologists can identify the future fate of cells (presumptive organs) in the $Blastula$ stage.
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71
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
The attachment of the mammalian blastocyst to the uterine wall is known as:
A
Incest
B
Implantation
C
Intromission
D
Incorporation
Solution
(B) The process of attachment of the blastocyst to the endometrium of the uterus is called implantation.
This process typically occurs about $6-7$ days after fertilization.
Once attached,the blastocyst becomes embedded in the uterine wall,which leads to pregnancy.
This process typically occurs about $6-7$ days after fertilization.
Once attached,the blastocyst becomes embedded in the uterine wall,which leads to pregnancy.
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72
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
In Klinefelter's syndrome,what is generally the set of sex chromosomes?
A
$XX$
B
$XY$
C
$XXY$
D
$XYY$
Solution
(C) Klinefelter's syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra $X$ chromosome in males.
This condition results from the nondisjunction of sex chromosomes during meiosis.
Therefore,the sex chromosome complement in individuals with Klinefelter's syndrome is typically $XXY$.
This condition results from the nondisjunction of sex chromosomes during meiosis.
Therefore,the sex chromosome complement in individuals with Klinefelter's syndrome is typically $XXY$.
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73
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
The number of chromosomes in Turner's syndrome is
A
$45$
B
$43$
C
$44$
D
$42$
Solution
(A) Turner's syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by the absence of one of the $X$ chromosomes in females.
In this condition,the individual has a $45, XO$ genotype.
Therefore,the total number of chromosomes is $44 + 1 = 45$.
In this condition,the individual has a $45, XO$ genotype.
Therefore,the total number of chromosomes is $44 + 1 = 45$.
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74
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Barr bodies are:
A
Chromatin negative
B
Not influenced by stains
C
Chromatin positive
D
Poorly staining
Solution
(C) Barr bodies are the inactive $X$ chromosomes in the somatic cells of female mammals.
They appear as condensed,dark-staining masses of chromatin located at the periphery of the nucleus.
Because they stain intensely with basic dyes,they are referred to as chromatin-positive.
They appear as condensed,dark-staining masses of chromatin located at the periphery of the nucleus.
Because they stain intensely with basic dyes,they are referred to as chromatin-positive.
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75
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
An organism which receives identical alleles of a particular gene from both parents is called:
A
Heterozygote
B
Holometabolous
C
Homo sapiens
D
Homozygote
Solution
(D) An organism that receives identical alleles of a particular gene from both parents is known as a $Homozygote$.
$Homozygotic$ individuals are considered 'true-breeders'.
When crossed with each other,they produce only one type of gamete because they possess two identical alleles for a specific trait.
$Homozygotic$ individuals are considered 'true-breeders'.
When crossed with each other,they produce only one type of gamete because they possess two identical alleles for a specific trait.
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76
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
The segregation of paired hereditary factors that Mendel postulated occurs during
A
Anaphase of first meiotic division
B
Metaphase of second meiotic division
C
During interphase between two meiotic divisions
D
Prophase of first meiotic division
Solution
(A) Mendel's Law of Segregation states that the two alleles of a gene pair segregate from each other during the formation of gametes.
This process occurs during the $Anaphase-I$ of meiosis,where homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles,ensuring that each gamete receives only one of the two alleles.
This process occurs during the $Anaphase-I$ of meiosis,where homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles,ensuring that each gamete receives only one of the two alleles.
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77
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Bacteria were grown in a medium containing a heavy isotope of nitrogen $(^{15}N)$ for many generations,and all their $DNA$ contained only heavy nitrogen. $A$ bacterium of this type was transferred to a normal medium and allowed to duplicate. After two divisions,the distribution of heavy $DNA$ is likely to be:
A
Only one daughter cell will have heavy $DNA$.
B
Two daughter cells have normal $DNA$ and the other two have both normal and heavy $DNA$.
C
All daughter cells have heavy $DNA$.
D
Half the daughter cells have heavy $DNA$ and the other half have normal $DNA$.
Solution
(B) The $DNA$ replication in bacteria is semiconservative.
Initially,the $DNA$ is $^{15}N-^{15}N$.
After the first division in $^{14}N$ medium,the two resulting $DNA$ molecules are hybrid $(^{15}N-^{14}N)$.
After the second division,each of the two hybrid $DNA$ molecules replicates again.
This results in four $DNA$ molecules: two hybrid $(^{15}N-^{14}N)$ and two normal $(^{14}N-^{14}N)$.
Therefore,two daughter cells contain hybrid $DNA$ (one heavy and one normal strand) and two daughter cells contain only normal $DNA$.
Initially,the $DNA$ is $^{15}N-^{15}N$.
After the first division in $^{14}N$ medium,the two resulting $DNA$ molecules are hybrid $(^{15}N-^{14}N)$.
After the second division,each of the two hybrid $DNA$ molecules replicates again.
This results in four $DNA$ molecules: two hybrid $(^{15}N-^{14}N)$ and two normal $(^{14}N-^{14}N)$.
Therefore,two daughter cells contain hybrid $DNA$ (one heavy and one normal strand) and two daughter cells contain only normal $DNA$.
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78
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Isolation and purification of a specific $DNA$ segment from a living organism was achieved by
A
Crick
B
Nirenberg
C
Khorana
D
Beckwith and his colleagues
Solution
(D) The isolation and purification of a specific $DNA$ segment (the $lac$ operon) from a living organism was first achieved by Jonathan Beckwith and his colleagues in $1969$. They used specialized transducing phages to isolate the $lac$ genes from $Escherichia \text{ } coli$.
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79
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
Tjio and Levan's contribution is very significant because they
A
Gave the correct number of human chromosomes
B
Pointed out mutational changes
C
Identified Barr bodies
D
Detected sex linkage
Solution
(A) Joe Hin Tjio and Albert Levan,in $1956$,established that the correct number of human chromosomes is $46$ ($23$ pairs). This discovery was a landmark in human cytogenetics,as previous studies had incorrectly estimated the number to be $48$.
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80
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
'Dengue fever' is caused by
A
Bacteria
B
Plasmodium
C
Virus
D
Entamoeba histolytica
Solution
(C) Dengue fever is a viral disease caused by the $Dengue$ virus $(DENV)$.
It is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected $Aedes$ $aegypti$ mosquito.
Since it is caused by a virus,option $C$ is the correct answer.
It is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected $Aedes$ $aegypti$ mosquito.
Since it is caused by a virus,option $C$ is the correct answer.
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81
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Filarial larva can be collected from man's
A
Smears of intestinal contents
B
Peripheral blood at midnight
C
Smears of spleen
D
Biopsy of liver
Solution
(B) $Wuchereria bancrofti$ is a human parasitic roundworm that causes filariasis. The microfilariae are found mainly in the peripheral blood and can be found at peak amounts from $10 pm$ to $4 am$. They migrate between the deep and the peripheral circulation, exhibiting unique diurnal periodicity. During the day, they are present in the deep veins, and during the night, they migrate to the peripheral circulation. Therefore, to collect the filarial larvae, the peripheral blood should be collected during the night.
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82
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Dilation of blood vessels,increase in fat synthesis,low blood sugar and inflammation of stomach are due to the consumption of
A
Tobacco
B
Drug addiction
C
Alcohol
D
Tobacco and drug addiction
Solution
(C) The consumption of alcohol leads to several physiological changes in the body.
$1$. Dilation of blood vessels: Alcohol acts as a vasodilator,which causes the blood vessels to widen,leading to a flushed appearance.
$2$. Increase in fat synthesis: Alcohol metabolism promotes the synthesis of fatty acids in the liver,often leading to fatty liver disease.
$3$. Low blood sugar (Hypoglycemia): Alcohol inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver,which can cause a drop in blood glucose levels.
$4$. Inflammation of the stomach (Gastritis): Alcohol is an irritant to the gastric mucosa,causing inflammation of the stomach lining.
Therefore,all these symptoms are associated with the consumption of alcohol.
$1$. Dilation of blood vessels: Alcohol acts as a vasodilator,which causes the blood vessels to widen,leading to a flushed appearance.
$2$. Increase in fat synthesis: Alcohol metabolism promotes the synthesis of fatty acids in the liver,often leading to fatty liver disease.
$3$. Low blood sugar (Hypoglycemia): Alcohol inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver,which can cause a drop in blood glucose levels.
$4$. Inflammation of the stomach (Gastritis): Alcohol is an irritant to the gastric mucosa,causing inflammation of the stomach lining.
Therefore,all these symptoms are associated with the consumption of alcohol.
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83
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
Silk is the secretion of
A
Cephalic glands
B
Gastric glands
C
Buccal glands
D
Salivary glands
Solution
(D) Silk is the secretion of silk glands,which are modified salivary glands found in the larvae or caterpillars of the insect $Bombyx$ $mori$,popularly known as the Chinese or mulberry silk moth.
These glands produce a proteinaceous fluid that hardens upon contact with air to form silk fibers.
These glands produce a proteinaceous fluid that hardens upon contact with air to form silk fibers.
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84
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
The pyramid of number is based on
A
Unit per area
B
Food per individual
C
Individuals in trophic level
D
None of these
Solution
(C) The pyramid of number represents the number of individuals at each trophic level in an ecosystem.
It depicts the relationship between the number of producers,primary consumers,secondary consumers,and tertiary consumers.
Therefore,the correct basis for this pyramid is the count of individuals at each trophic level.
It depicts the relationship between the number of producers,primary consumers,secondary consumers,and tertiary consumers.
Therefore,the correct basis for this pyramid is the count of individuals at each trophic level.
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85
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
Soil conservation is the process where
A
Sterile soil is converted to fertile soil
B
Soil is aerated
C
Soil erosion is allowed
D
Soil is protected against loss
Solution
(D) Soil conservation is a set of management strategies for the prevention of soil erosion and the degradation of the earth's soil surface. Its primary goal is to protect the soil against loss caused by natural factors like wind and water,or human activities like deforestation and overgrazing. Therefore,option $(d)$ is the correct answer.
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86
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
The American water plant that has become a troublesome water weed in India is:
A
Cyperus rotundus
B
Eichhornia crassipes
C
Trapa latifolia
D
Trapa bispinosa
Solution
(B) $Eichhornia \text{ } crassipes$, commonly known as water hyacinth, is an invasive species native to South America. It was introduced to India for its beautiful flowers, but it has become a major environmental problem. It grows rapidly in water bodies, causing clogging of waterways, depletion of dissolved oxygen, and harm to aquatic biodiversity, earning it the name 'Terror of Bengal'.
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87
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
Stratum germinativum is found in
A
Epidermis of skin
B
Around the bones
C
Large intestine
D
Oesophagus
Solution
(A) The $Stratum$ $germinativum$,also known as the $stratum$ $basale$,is the deepest layer of the $epidermis$ of the skin.
It consists of a single layer of cuboidal or columnar stem cells that are actively dividing by $mitosis$ to produce new keratinocytes.
These cells continuously migrate upward to replace the cells shed from the surface of the skin.
It consists of a single layer of cuboidal or columnar stem cells that are actively dividing by $mitosis$ to produce new keratinocytes.
These cells continuously migrate upward to replace the cells shed from the surface of the skin.
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88
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
Secretion of sebaceous glands helps to keep:
A
Hair and skin waterproof
B
Only hair greasy
C
Lubricates the hair and makes the skin waterproof
D
None of the above
Solution
(C) Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance called sebum. This secretion lubricates the hair shafts and forms a protective layer on the skin,which makes the skin waterproof and prevents it from drying out.
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89
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
The characteristic protein of the horny parts of the skin of terrestrial vertebrates, such as hairs, feathers, nails, and hoofs, is:
A
Cuticle
B
Keratin
C
Spicule
D
Cartilage
Solution
(B) $Keratin$ is a specialized, insoluble, fibrous structural protein found in the epidermis of terrestrial vertebrates. It is the primary component of horny tissues such as hairs, feathers, nails, claws, and hoofs, providing them with strength and protection.
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90
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
Pulses belong to which family?
A
Papilionaceae
B
Solanaceae
C
Malvaceae
D
Gramineae
Solution
(A) Pulses are leguminous plants that belong to the family $Fabaceae$,which was formerly known as $Papilionaceae$. Members of this family are characterized by their root nodules containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria and their characteristic papilionaceous flowers.
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91
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Which plant yields several utilizable products including fibre, oil, and animal food?
A
Sun hemp
B
Jute
C
Cotton
D
Sunflower
Solution
(C) The $Cotton$ plant $(Gossypium)$ is a versatile crop that yields several utilizable products.
$1$. Fibres are obtained from the seed surface (lint).
$2$. Fatty oil is extracted from the kernels.
$3$. The oil cake remaining after oil extraction is used as high-protein animal feed.
$4$. Additionally, it is used in the production of plastics, rayon, and explosives.
$1$. Fibres are obtained from the seed surface (lint).
$2$. Fatty oil is extracted from the kernels.
$3$. The oil cake remaining after oil extraction is used as high-protein animal feed.
$4$. Additionally, it is used in the production of plastics, rayon, and explosives.
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92
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
Which of the following is an oil seed crop?
A
Sunflower
B
Rose
C
Marigold
D
Chrysanthemum
Solution
(A) An oil seed crop is a plant grown primarily for the oil contained in its seeds.
Among the given options, $Sunflower$ ($Helianthus$ $annuus$) is a major oil seed crop, as its seeds are rich in vegetable oil.
Rose, Marigold, and Chrysanthemum are primarily grown as ornamental flowers.
Among the given options, $Sunflower$ ($Helianthus$ $annuus$) is a major oil seed crop, as its seeds are rich in vegetable oil.
Rose, Marigold, and Chrysanthemum are primarily grown as ornamental flowers.
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93
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
$A$ plant introduced from the New World to the Old World is:
A
Rice
B
Sugarcane
C
Potato
D
Wheat
Solution
(C) The term $New \text{ World}$ refers to the Americas, while the $Old \text{ World}$ refers to Africa, Asia, and Europe.
$Potato$ $(Solanum \text{ tuberosum})$ originated in the Andes region of South America $(New \text{ World})$ and was introduced to Europe $(Old \text{ World})$ during the $16^{th}$ century.
Rice, Sugarcane, and Wheat are crops that originated in the $Old \text{ World}$ (Asia and the Middle East).
$Potato$ $(Solanum \text{ tuberosum})$ originated in the Andes region of South America $(New \text{ World})$ and was introduced to Europe $(Old \text{ World})$ during the $16^{th}$ century.
Rice, Sugarcane, and Wheat are crops that originated in the $Old \text{ World}$ (Asia and the Middle East).
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94
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
An $ECG$ gives information of
A
Brain
B
Ventricle
C
Auricle
D
Both $(b)$ and $(c)$
Solution
(D) An $ECG$ (Electrocardiogram) is a graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart during a cardiac cycle.
It records the electrical impulses generated by both the atria (auricles) and the ventricles.
The $P$-wave represents the electrical excitation (depolarization) of the atria,while the $QRS$ complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles.
Therefore,an $ECG$ provides information about the electrical activity of both the auricles and the ventricles.
It records the electrical impulses generated by both the atria (auricles) and the ventricles.
The $P$-wave represents the electrical excitation (depolarization) of the atria,while the $QRS$ complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles.
Therefore,an $ECG$ provides information about the electrical activity of both the auricles and the ventricles.
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95
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
$A$ change in the amount of yolk and its distribution in the egg will affect
A
pattern of cleavage
B
number of blastomeres produced
C
fertilization
D
formation of zygote.
Solution
(A) : Cleavage is a series of rapid mitotic cell divisions by which a single fertilized egg cell (zygote) is transformed into a multicellular structure called the blastula.
During cleavage,there is no significant growth in the size of the embryo,and the shape remains largely unchanged except for the formation of a central cavity known as the blastocoel.
The ratio of nuclear material $(DNA)$ to cytoplasm increases with each division.
The pattern or mode of cleavage is primarily determined by the amount of yolk present in the egg and its distribution (pattern of yolk deposition).
Based on the yolk content,cleavage is classified as holoblastic (total) or meroblastic (partial).
During cleavage,there is no significant growth in the size of the embryo,and the shape remains largely unchanged except for the formation of a central cavity known as the blastocoel.
The ratio of nuclear material $(DNA)$ to cytoplasm increases with each division.
The pattern or mode of cleavage is primarily determined by the amount of yolk present in the egg and its distribution (pattern of yolk deposition).
Based on the yolk content,cleavage is classified as holoblastic (total) or meroblastic (partial).
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96
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
$Escherichia$ $coli$ $(E. coli)$ is widely used in biological research because:
A
It can be easily cultured.
B
It is easily available.
C
Its maintenance is simple.
D
It can easily multiply in the host.
Solution
(A) $Escherichia$ $coli$ $(E. coli)$ is a preferred model organism in biological research,particularly in molecular biology and genetics,primarily because it can be easily cultured in the laboratory. It has a very short generation time (approximately $20$ minutes under optimal conditions),allowing for rapid growth and experimentation. Furthermore,its genome is relatively simple and well-understood,making it an ideal candidate for genetic manipulation and studies.
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97
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Which organism is most likely to be eliminated if all ponds and puddles are destroyed?
A
Leishmania
B
Trypanosoma
C
Ascaris
D
Plasmodium
Solution
(D) The organism most likely to be eliminated is $Plasmodium$.
$Plasmodium$ is a protozoan parasite that requires a vector for its transmission,specifically the female $Anopheles$ mosquito.
The life cycle of the $Anopheles$ mosquito involves an aquatic stage where eggs are laid in stagnant water bodies like ponds and puddles.
If all ponds and puddles are destroyed,the mosquito population will decline significantly,thereby breaking the transmission cycle of $Plasmodium$ and leading to its elimination from that environment.
$Leishmania$ is transmitted by sandflies,$Trypanosoma$ by tsetse flies or kissing bugs,and $Ascaris$ is a soil-transmitted helminth,none of which depend primarily on ponds or puddles for their life cycle completion.
$Plasmodium$ is a protozoan parasite that requires a vector for its transmission,specifically the female $Anopheles$ mosquito.
The life cycle of the $Anopheles$ mosquito involves an aquatic stage where eggs are laid in stagnant water bodies like ponds and puddles.
If all ponds and puddles are destroyed,the mosquito population will decline significantly,thereby breaking the transmission cycle of $Plasmodium$ and leading to its elimination from that environment.
$Leishmania$ is transmitted by sandflies,$Trypanosoma$ by tsetse flies or kissing bugs,and $Ascaris$ is a soil-transmitted helminth,none of which depend primarily on ponds or puddles for their life cycle completion.
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98
BiologyMediumMCQAIPMT · 1993
Identify the correctly matched pair of the disease and its causative agent/vector.
A
Anopheles - Malaria
B
Leishmania - Sleeping sickness
C
Glossina - Kala-azar
D
Wuchereria - Filariasis
Solution
(D) The correct match is $Wuchereria - Filariasis$.
$Wuchereria$ $bancrofti$ is a filarial worm that causes filariasis (elephantiasis) in humans.
$Anopheles$ is the vector for $Plasmodium$ (malaria), not the causative agent itself.
$Leishmania$ $donovani$ causes Kala-azar, while $Trypanosoma$ causes sleeping sickness.
$Glossina$ (tsetse fly) is the vector for $Trypanosoma$ (sleeping sickness), not Kala-azar.
$Wuchereria$ $bancrofti$ is a filarial worm that causes filariasis (elephantiasis) in humans.
$Anopheles$ is the vector for $Plasmodium$ (malaria), not the causative agent itself.
$Leishmania$ $donovani$ causes Kala-azar, while $Trypanosoma$ causes sleeping sickness.
$Glossina$ (tsetse fly) is the vector for $Trypanosoma$ (sleeping sickness), not Kala-azar.
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99
BiologyEasyMCQAIPMT · 1993
In asexual reproduction,the budding method is common in $..........$.
A
Starfish and Hydra
B
Hydra and Sponges
C
Tapeworm and Hydra
D
Sponges and Starfish
Solution
(B) Budding is a form of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site.
In the animal kingdom,this process is commonly observed in $Hydra$ (a cnidarian) and $Sponges$ (Porifera).
In $Hydra$,the bud develops into a miniature individual and eventually detaches from the parent body.
In $Sponges$,internal buds called $gemmules$ are formed,which help in asexual reproduction.
In the animal kingdom,this process is commonly observed in $Hydra$ (a cnidarian) and $Sponges$ (Porifera).
In $Hydra$,the bud develops into a miniature individual and eventually detaches from the parent body.
In $Sponges$,internal buds called $gemmules$ are formed,which help in asexual reproduction.
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100
BiologyDifficultMCQAIPMT · 1993
Which technique is required to study the binding of specific proteins to $DNA$ sequences?
A
Ultracentrifugation
B
Electron microscopy
C
Light microscopy
D
$X$-ray crystallography
Solution
(D) To study the binding of specific proteins to $DNA$ sequences,$X$-ray crystallography is the most appropriate technique.
This method allows researchers to determine the three-dimensional structure of biological molecules,including $DNA$-protein complexes,at the atomic level.
By analyzing the diffraction pattern of $X$-rays passed through a crystallized sample,scientists can map the precise interactions between amino acid residues of the protein and the nucleotide bases of the $DNA$.
This method allows researchers to determine the three-dimensional structure of biological molecules,including $DNA$-protein complexes,at the atomic level.
By analyzing the diffraction pattern of $X$-rays passed through a crystallized sample,scientists can map the precise interactions between amino acid residues of the protein and the nucleotide bases of the $DNA$.
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