Mix Examples- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Questions in English

(C) $1$. Sonalika is a high-yielding, semi-dwarf variety of wheat developed during the Green Revolution.
$2$. Ratna is a semi-dwarf variety of rice developed by mutation breeding.
$3$. Pusa Swarnim is a variety of Brassica (mustard), not cauliflower, which is resistant to white rust.
$4$. Black rot of crucifers is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris, making it a bacterial disease.
Therefore, option $C$ is incorrect.

(B) According to the data provided in the $NCERT$ biology textbook under the chapter 'Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production',more than $840$ million people in the world do not have adequate food to meet their daily food and nutritional requirements. This highlights the global challenge of food security and the importance of agricultural advancements.

(D) According to the data provided in the $NCERT$ textbook for Biology (Class $12$,Chapter: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production),it is stated that India and China together possess more than $70\%$ of the world's livestock population. However,it is important to note that the contribution of these countries to the world's farm produce is only $25\%$. Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(A) The correct matches are as follows:
$(a)$ Apiculture is the rearing of honeybees for the production of honey and wax. Thus,$(a-1)$.
$(b)$ Pisciculture is the breeding,rearing,and transplantation of fish. Thus,$(b-2)$.
$(c)$ Green revolution refers to the significant increase in agricultural production,particularly food grains. Thus,$(c-3)$.
$(d)$ White revolution (Operation Flood) is associated with the increase in milk production. Thus,$(d-4)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(a-1), (b-2), (c-3), (d-4)$.

(C) The International Rice Research Institute $(IRRI)$ is a non-profit agricultural research and training organization.
It was established in $1960$ and is headquartered in Los Baños,Philippines.
Its primary goal is to reduce poverty and hunger,improve the health of rice farmers and consumers,and ensure environmental sustainability of rice farming.

(D) The correct answer is $D$.
$A$: Outcrossing is the practice of mating animals of the same breed that have no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to $4-6$ generations. It is the best breeding method for animals that are below average in milk production or growth rate in beef cattle,and it helps in overcoming inbreeding depression.
$B$: Cross-breeding allows the desirable qualities of two different breeds to be combined. The progeny hybrid animals may be used for commercial production. For example,Hisardale is a new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by crossing Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams.
$C$: Interspecific hybridization involves mating male and female animals of two different related species. The progeny may combine desirable features of both parents. For example,the mule is produced from a cross between a male donkey and a female horse.
$D$: Artificial Insemination is a technique where semen from a selected male is collected and injected into the reproductive tract of the selected female. $FSH$ injection is part of the Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer $(MOET)$ technology,not Artificial Insemination.

(B) The question follows the pattern of matching a crop with a common disease that affects it.
Brown rust is a well-known fungal disease of wheat caused by $Puccinia$ $triticina$.
Similarly,late blight is a devastating fungal disease of potato caused by $Phytophthora$ $infestans$.
Therefore,the correct analogy is Wheat : brown rust :: potato : late blight.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$(a)$ Cross breeding: In this method,superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed. Example: $Hirsadale$ (a sheep breed developed by crossing Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams).
$(b)$ Interspecific hybridization: This involves crossing between two different species of the same genus. Example: Mule (produced by crossing a male donkey and a female horse).
$(c)$ Better-yielding semi-dwarf varieties: These are high-yielding varieties of rice developed during the Green Revolution. Examples: Jaya and Ratna.
$(d)$ South Indian variety of sugarcane: $Saccharum officinarum$ is a thick-stemmed,high-sugar-content variety grown in South India.
Therefore,the correct matching is: $(a-z, b-w, c-x, d-v)$.

(D) The Green Revolution was a period of significant increase in agricultural production,particularly in developing countries,during the mid-$20^{th}$ century.
It relied on three main pillars to boost crop yields:
$1.$ Improved crop varieties: The development and use of high-yielding varieties $(HYVs)$ of seeds,such as those of wheat and rice.
$2.$ Agro-chemicals: The increased use of chemical fertilizers to provide essential nutrients and pesticides/herbicides to protect crops from pests and diseases.
$3.$ Better management practices: The implementation of modern irrigation systems,improved soil management,and scientific farming techniques.
Since all three factors were essential for the success of the Green Revolution,the correct option is $I, II,$ and $III$.

(A) Greenhouse crops are plants grown in a controlled environment to optimize their growth,yield,and quality.
Tomatoes and bell peppers are classic examples of crops that are commonly grown in greenhouses to provide them with the necessary light,temperature,and carbon dioxide levels for enhanced photosynthesis and productivity.
Rice,banana,wheat,and Neem are typically grown in open fields rather than in greenhouse conditions.

(A) $Sesbania$ and $Trifolium$ belong to the family $Fabaceae$. These plants are widely cultivated and used as fodder for livestock. $Fabaceae$ is known for its economic importance,providing pulses,edible oils,dyes,fibers,and fodder.

(A) Vitamin $B_{12}$ (cobalamin) is primarily found in animal products. Goat liver is an excellent source of vitamin $B_{12}$ due to its role in storage. Spirulina,a cyanobacterium,is also known to be a rich source of vitamin $B_{12}$ and is often used as a dietary supplement for vegetarians.

(B) Most of our modern cereal crops,such as wheat $(Triticum \ aestivum)$,are $allopolyploids$.
An $allopolyploid$ is an organism that contains two or more sets of chromosomes derived from different species.
These crops were developed through hybridization between different species followed by chromosome doubling,which allowed for the combination of desirable traits from multiple ancestors.

(B) Long-term cultural evolution in humans is primarily driven by the ability to sustain larger populations through advancements in agriculture. The transition from hunting-gathering to settled agriculture allowed for a significant increase in food production. This surplus food provided the stability required for the development of complex societies,technologies,and cultural structures. Therefore,the scale of food production is the fundamental basis for long-term cultural evolution.

(D) The top five cereals in the world based on annual production are Maize,Wheat,Rice,Barley,and Sorghum.
All these five cereals belong to the botanical family 'Gramineae' (now officially known as 'Poaceae').
Therefore,all five cereals are members of the same family,Poaceae.
Thus,the correct option is $D$.

(A) Many vegetables and crops that are now common in India were introduced by Europeans (specifically the Portuguese). Potatoes,tomatoes,and green chillies were not native to India and were brought by the Europeans during their colonial presence.

(A) Many crops were introduced to India from the New World (the Americas) by explorers and traders. These include $Cashew$, $Potato$, $Rubber$, $Tomato$, $Chilli$, $Maize$, and $Tobacco$. Among the given options, $Cashew$, $Potato$, and $Rubber$ are crops that originated in the New World and were introduced to India.

(A) The three major crops that contribute most to global food grain production are wheat ($Triticum$ $aestivum$),rice ($Oryza$ $sativa$),and maize ($Zea$ $mays$).
These crops are the primary sources of calories and nutrition for a large portion of the global human population.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(B) Monoculture is the agricultural practice of growing a single crop species in a given area.
One of the primary advantages of monoculture is that it allows for uniform management practices,such as irrigation,fertilization,and harvesting,because all plants have the same requirements.
Since the crop is uniform,it is free from intraspecific competition for resources like light,water,and nutrients,as all plants are of the same species and have similar growth patterns.

(B) Poultry diseases can be caused by viruses,bacteria,fungi,or parasites.
$A$. Coryza is a bacterial disease caused by $Avibacterium paragallinarum$.
$B$. Newcastle disease is a highly contagious viral disease affecting many species of domestic and wild birds.
$C$. Pasteurellosis (Fowl Cholera) is a bacterial disease caused by $Pasteurella multocida$.
$D$. Salmonellosis is a bacterial disease caused by $Salmonella$ species.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(C) Organic farming is a system of farming that maintains,enhances,and restores the ecological balance.
$I.$ $Bt$ cotton is a genetically modified organism $(GMO)$,which is generally not permitted in certified organic farming.
$II.$ Organic farming relies on the use of organic manures and composts,which is correct.
$III.$ It strictly prohibits the use of synthetic chemical fertilizers like urea and synthetic pesticides,which is correct.
$IV.$ While organic food is often considered healthier,the primary definition of organic farming focuses on the method of cultivation (avoiding chemicals) rather than specifically guaranteeing higher vitamin or mineral content compared to conventional crops.
Therefore,statements $II$ and $III$ are the core principles of organic farming.

(D) The practice of alternating leguminous crops with forage crops (grasses) to improve soil structure and fertility is known as $Ley$ $farming$.
Leguminous crops fix atmospheric nitrogen into the soil,while forage crops help in maintaining soil structure and preventing erosion.
This system is highly effective in sustainable agriculture to maintain soil health.

(A) $1$. The graph shows the relationship between the weight of the Khapra beetle larvae and the concentration of cholesterol in their diet.
$2$. At $0 \, \mu g/g$ cholesterol,the growth is minimal or zero,indicating that cholesterol is necessary for the development of these larvae.
$3$. As the concentration of cholesterol increases,the weight of the larvae increases,showing that cholesterol is an essential dietary requirement for the Khapra beetle.
$4$. Option $A$ is the most accurate interpretation because the graph demonstrates that without cholesterol,the larvae do not grow,confirming it is an essential nutrient.

(B) Ranikhet disease, also known as Newcastle disease, is a highly contagious viral disease affecting poultry birds.
Anthrax is a bacterial disease caused by $Bacillus \text{ } anthracis$.
Coccidiosis is a protozoan disease caused by $Eimeria$ species.

(B) The Assertion is correct because fertilizers provide essential nutrients like $N, P,$ and $K$ to the soil,which significantly boosts crop yield.
The Reason is also correct because irrigation ensures the timely and adequate supply of water,which is vital for plant growth and metabolic processes.
However,irrigation is a separate agricultural practice from the application of fertilizers. Therefore,the Reason does not explain why fertilizers enhance productivity. Both statements are independent facts regarding agricultural enhancement.

(A) Fish meal is a high-protein supplement produced from the non-edible parts of fish,such as fins,tails,and bones,which are byproducts of the fish processing industry.
Because these parts are rich in proteins,minerals,and vitamins,fish meal serves as an excellent nutritional supplement for livestock,including cattle and poultry.
Therefore,the Assertion is correct because fish meal is indeed a rich source of protein,and the Reason correctly explains that it is derived from the non-edible parts of fish.

(A) Cattle breeds can be improved by superovulation and embryo transfer technique,which is known as Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology $(MOET)$.
In this method,a cow is administered hormones with $FSH$-like activity to induce superovulation.
Instead of one egg,which they normally yield per cycle,they produce $6-8$ eggs.
The animal is then mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated.
The fertilized eggs at $8-32$ cell stages are removed non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers.
This allows the genetic mother to be available for another round of superovulation,thus improving the breed.

(A) In case of vegetatively propagated crops,pure-line selection is not required because these plants are clones and genetically identical.
Pure-line selection is a method used primarily for self-pollinating,sexually reproducing plants to isolate homozygous lines.
Hybrid vigour (heterosis) is indeed most profitably used in vegetatively propagated crops because the hybrid traits can be maintained indefinitely through vegetative propagation without the risk of segregation or loss of superiority that occurs in sexual reproduction.
Therefore,both the Assertion and the Reason are correct,and the Reason provides a valid explanation for why pure-line selection is unnecessary in these crops.

(B) wide range of fungal,bacterial,and viral pathogens affect the yield of cultivated crop species,especially in tropical climates.
Crop losses can often be significant,up to $20-30$ percent,or sometimes even total.
In this situation,breeding and development of cultivars resistant to disease enhances food production. This also helps reduce the dependence on the use of fungicides and bactericides.
Resistance of the host plant is the ability to prevent the pathogen from causing disease and is determined by the genetic constitution of the host plant.
Before breeding is undertaken,it is important to know about the causative organism and the mode of transmission.
Some of the diseases caused by fungi are rusts,e.g.,brown rust of wheat,red rot of sugarcane,and late blight of potato; by bacteria,black rot of crucifers; and by viruses,tobacco mosaic,turnip mosaic,etc.

(B) Hidden hunger refers to the deficiency of essential micronutrients in the diet,even when the person consumes enough calories to satisfy hunger.
In India,a large population relies on staple foods like rice and wheat,which are rich in carbohydrates (calories) but lack essential micronutrients such as iron,vitamin $A$,iodine,and zinc.
This deficiency leads to various health issues,including anemia,blindness,and impaired cognitive development,which is why it is termed 'hidden hunger'.

(N/A) $(1)$ $\text{MOET}$: $\text{Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer}$ $\text{Technology}$
$(2)$ $\text{IRRI}$: $\text{International Rice Research Institute}$
$(3)$ $\text{IARI}$: $\text{Indian Agricultural Research Institute}$
$(4)$ $\text{SCP}$: $\text{Single Cell Protein}$
$(5)$ $\text{FSH}$: $\text{Follicle Stimulating Hormone}$

(B) Millions of chickens were culled (killed) in West Bengal,Orissa,and Maharashtra.
These chickens were found to be infected with the $H_{5}N_{1}$ virus,which is the causative organism of Bird Flu (Avian Influenza).
Culling is a standard public health measure to prevent the spread of highly contagious viral diseases in poultry populations.

(B) Hidden hunger refers to the consumption of food that is deficient in essential nutrients,particularly micronutrients,proteins,and vitamins.
Even if an individual consumes enough calories to satisfy hunger,they may still suffer from malnutrition if their diet lacks these critical micronutrients,leading to various health issues.

(N/A) Limitations of the Green Revolution:
$(i)$ The Green Revolution succeeded in increasing the food supply,but it was still not enough to feed the growing human population.
$(ii)$ Increased yields were partly due to the use of improved crop varieties,but mainly due to the use of better management practices and the use of agrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides).
$(iii)$ However,for farmers in the developing world,agrochemicals are often too expensive,and further increases in yield with existing varieties are not possible using conventional breeding.
$(iv)$ The use of agrochemicals causes eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems and biomagnification in terrestrial ecosystems.
$(v)$ Waterlogging and soil salinity are some of the problems that have emerged as a consequence of the Green Revolution.

(A) Race is a group of individuals who share similar and distinct physical characteristics. For example,Mongoloid,Caucasoid,and Negroid races of humans.
$A$ group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters like general appearance,features,size,and configuration are said to belong to a breed. For example,Jersey,Sindhi,and Holstein breeds of cattle.
$A$ cultivar is a plant or grouping of plants selected for desirable characteristics that can be maintained by propagation. For example,Pusa Gaurav of mustard.
$A$ taxonomic category that ranks below species,where members differ from others of the same species in minor but heritable characteristics,is called a variety. For example,cauliflower and cabbage.

(D) The duties of a veterinary doctor in a poultry farm include:
$(i)$ Diagnosis and treatment of diseases or injuries in birds.
$(ii)$ Prophylactic treatment to prevent the occurrence of diseases in the future.
$(iii)$ Administration of vaccines against common poultry diseases to ensure flock health.
$(iv)$ Monitoring public health and preventing the transmission of zoonotic diseases (diseases that spread from animals to humans).

(N/A) Mutation is the process:
$(i)$ In which genetic variations are created through changes in the base sequence within genes,resulting in the creation of a new character or trait not found in the parental type.
$(ii)$ It is possible to induce mutations artificially through the use of chemicals or radiations (like gamma radiations) and selecting and using the plants that have the desirable character as a source in breeding.
$(iii)$ This process is called mutation breeding.
$(iv)$ In mung bean,resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew were induced by mutations.
$(b)$ Plant breeding:
$(i)$ It is the purposeful manipulation of plant species to create desired plant types that are better suited for cultivation,give better yields,and are disease-resistant.
$(ii)$ With advancements in genetics,molecular biology,and tissue culture,plant breeding is now increasingly being carried out by using molecular genetic tools.

(N/A) With the ever-increasing population of the world, the enhancement of food production is a major necessity. This is achieved by applying biological principles to animal husbandry and plant breeding.
Following are the three options to increase food production:
$(a)$ Single Cell Proteins $(SCP)$: The biomass obtained from microorganisms can be treated or processed in industry to be used as food. Example: $Spirulina$.
Merits of $SCP$: $(i)$ It uses organic and industrial waste, which reduces pollution. $(ii)$ It is a rich source of protein, fulfilling the dietary demands of human beings.
Demerits of $SCP$: $(i)$ It may sometimes cause allergic reactions. $(ii)$ Some microbes produce toxic substances.
$(b)$ Biofortification: This is the method of developing crops with higher levels of vitamins, minerals, healthier fats, and proteins to improve public health. Example: Golden rice.
Merits of Biofortification: $(i)$ It can increase yields on the same or less acreage. $(ii)$ It significantly improves nutritional value.
Demerits of Biofortification: $(i)$ Successful implementation requires safe delivery systems, stable policies, and appropriate social infrastructure. $(ii)$ It requires continuous financial support.
$(c)$ Tissue Culture: It is an $in$ $vitro$ technique for the regeneration of an entire plant from any part of the plant by culturing it on a nutrient medium under aseptic conditions. It is also called micropropagation.
Merits of Tissue Culture: $(i)$ Many genetically identical plants can be grown in a short period. $(ii)$ Through meristem culture, virus-free plants can be produced. $(iii)$ Seedless plants can be produced. $(iv)$ Plants that fail to reproduce sexually can be grown through somatic hybridization.
Demerits of Tissue Culture: $(i)$ It is an expensive technique. $(ii)$ It requires special expertise. $(iii)$ It requires a hardening process for plants to adapt to the external environment.

(A) The correct matches for disease-resistant crop varieties are as follows:
$(a)$ Wheat is affected by Hill bunt,which is caused by the fungus Tilletia indica. Thus,$(a-4)$.
$(b)$ Sugarcane is affected by Red stripe,caused by the bacterium Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae. Thus,$(b-1)$.
$(c)$ Potato is affected by Septoria leaf spot,caused by the fungus Septoria lycopersici. Thus,$(c-2)$.
$(d)$ Crucifer is affected by Black rot,caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. Thus,$(d-3)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(a-4, b-1, c-2, d-3)$.

(A) The correct matches based on biofortified crops mentioned in $NCERT$ are:
$(a)$ Carrot is rich in Vitamin $A$ $(3)$.
$(b)$ Bitter gourd is rich in Vitamin $C$ $(1)$.
$(c)$ Spinach is rich in Iron $(5)$.
$(d)$ Peas are rich in Protein $(2)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(a-3, b-1, c-5, d-2)$.

(D) The population of India is very large in comparison to its geographical area. As a result,food supply,particularly in terms of quality,cannot be provided sufficiently to such a large population.
Almost $3$ crore people suffer from micronutrient,protein,and vitamin deficiencies.
These individuals cannot afford to buy nutrient-rich foods such as vegetables,pulses,fish,and meat.
Consequently,a large number of people in India become victims of 'hidden hunger',which refers to the deficiency of essential micronutrients.

(A) Wind breakers are rows of trees or shrubs planted to protect agricultural fields from strong winds,which can cause soil erosion and damage crops.
Common examples of plants used as wind breakers include $Casuarina$ and $Eucalyptus$.
These plants are preferred because they grow tall,have dense foliage,and are sturdy enough to withstand high wind speeds.

(D) To identify the marine fishes from the given list:
$1$. $Hilsa$: Marine fish.
$2$. $Catla$: Freshwater fish.
$3$. $Sardine$: Marine fish.
$4$. $Pomfret$: Marine fish.
$5$. $Rohu$: Freshwater fish.
$6$. $Mackerel$: Marine fish.
The marine fishes are $Hilsa$,$Sardine$,$Pomfret$,and $Mackerel$.
There are $4$ marine fishes in total.
Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(C) $Saccharum$ $barberi$ is a species of sugarcane that was originally grown in North India. It is characterized by having a low sugar content and low yield. In contrast,$Saccharum$ $officinarum$,which was grown in South India,had thicker stems and higher sugar content. Therefore,the statement that $Saccharum$ $barberi$ has a high yield in South India is incorrect,as it is a North Indian variety with low productivity.

(D) According to the $NCERT$ textbook 'Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production',agriculture accounts for approximately $33\%$ of India's $GDP$ and employs nearly $62\%$ of the population. Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(A) The Green Revolution in India led to a significant increase in food grain production.
Specifically,wheat production increased from $11$ million tonnes in $1960$ to $75$ million tonnes in $2000$ due to the introduction of high-yielding varieties.
Therefore,$X = 11$ and $Y = 75$.

(B) $IR-8$,$Jaya$,and $Ratna$ are well-known high-yielding semi-dwarf varieties of rice developed in India.
$Sonalika$ is a high-yielding,disease-resistant variety of wheat,not rice.

(D) The correct answer is $D$.
$A$, $B$, and $C$ are examples of plant diseases caused by fungi that are commonly managed through plant breeding for disease resistance.
$A$ (Brown rust of wheat) is caused by $Puccinia \, triticina$.
$B$ (Late blight of potato) is caused by $Phytophthora \, infestans$.
$C$ (Red rot of sugarcane) is caused by $Colletotrichum \, falcatum$.
$D$ (Black rust of crucifers) is an incorrect term; the disease affecting crucifers is typically 'White rust of crucifers' caused by $Albugo \, candida$. Therefore, $D$ is the odd one out.