Animal breeding Questions in English

(C) The process of mating between individuals that are closely related (within the same breed for $4-6$ generations) is known as inbreeding. This practice increases homozygosity and is used to develop pure lines in animals.

(B) The Free Martin condition is a phenomenon observed in cattle. It occurs when a female calf is born as a twin to a male calf. Due to the fusion of placental membranes,the hormones from the male fetus (specifically anti-$M$üllerian hormone) circulate in the female fetus,leading to the abnormal development of the female reproductive tract,rendering her sterile. Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(C) The mule is a hybrid animal produced by the interspecific hybridization between a male donkey (jack) and a female horse (mare). This crossbreeding results in an offspring that typically exhibits hybrid vigor but is sterile.

(A) mule is a hybrid sterile offspring produced by the cross-breeding of a female horse (mare) and a male donkey.
It is an example of interspecific hybridization,where two different species are crossed to produce an offspring that typically exhibits characteristics of both parents but is sterile.

(B) Super-ovulation and embryo transplantation are advanced breeding techniques used for the genetic improvement of cattle and other livestock.
In this process,a cow is administered hormones (like $FSH$) to induce the production of more than one egg (super-ovulation) during a single cycle.
These eggs are then fertilized and the resulting embryos are transferred to surrogate mothers to produce high-yielding offspring.

(B) mule is the hybrid offspring produced by the mating of a male donkey $(Jack)$ and a female horse $(mare)$.
While it inherits the stamina of the donkey and the size of the horse,it is biologically sterile and cannot reproduce.

(B) Natural breeding refers to the process where mating occurs without human intervention or through natural selection processes. In nature,breeding can be random (as seen in many wild populations) or controlled by specific environmental or behavioral factors. Therefore,both random and controlled breeding are considered part of the natural method of breeding.

(D) In artificial insemination, the semen collected from superior bulls is used immediately or can be frozen for later use.
To preserve the viability of the sperms for long periods, they are stored in liquid nitrogen at a temperature of $-196^{\circ}C$.
This process is known as cryopreservation.

(D) The correct answer is $(d)$. The world's first buffalo calf produced by artificial insemination was born at the Allahabad Agricultural Institute on August $21, 1943$.

(D) Superovulation and embryo transplantation ($MOET$ - Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer technology) are advanced breeding techniques used to increase the herd size in a short time.
These techniques are successfully applied to improve the genetic quality and productivity of various livestock,including cows,sheep,and goats.
Therefore,these methods are used for improving the breeds of all the mentioned animals.

(D) Cryopreservation is a technique used to preserve biological materials at extremely low temperatures, typically $-196^{\circ}C$ using liquid nitrogen.
This process allows for the indefinite storage of various biological samples, including tissues, embryos, animal cells, and spermatozoa (such as semen from high-quality bulls).
When needed, the cryopreserved material can be revived using specialized techniques.
Therefore, all the options mentioned are correct applications of cryopreservation.

(A) Exotic breeds are foreign breeds of animals that are introduced into a country. These breeds are often used for cross-breeding programs to improve the genetic potential of local breeds,such as increasing milk production or meat quality,by combining desirable traits from both parents.

(A) $Hinny$ is a sterile hybrid produced by crossing a male horse $(stallion)$ and a female donkey $(jenny)$.
In contrast,a $Mule$ is the offspring of a male donkey $(jack)$ and a female horse $(mare)$.

(C) The $Holstein-Friesian$ breed is a dairy cattle breed originating from the Netherlands and Northern Germany. It is globally recognized for having the highest milk production capacity among all dairy cattle breeds. While $Sahiwal$, $Red \text{ } Sindhi$, and $Deoni$ are important indigenous Indian breeds known for their hardiness and milk yield, $Holstein-Friesian$ is specifically noted for its exceptionally high milk yield per lactation period.

(B) Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer $(MOET)$ is a method used for herd improvement in livestock.
In this technique,a cow is administered hormones,with $FSH$-like activity,to induce follicular maturation and superovulation instead of one egg per cycle,which produces $6-8$ eggs.
The animal is either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated.
The embryos at $8-32$ celled stages are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers.
This technology has been demonstrated for cattle,sheep,rabbits,etc.

(C) $MOET$ stands for Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer technology.
It is a program for herd improvement in animals like cattle.
In this method,a cow is administered hormones,with $FSH$-like activity,to induce follicular maturation and superovulation instead of one egg,which they normally yield per cycle,they produce $6-8$ eggs.
The animal is either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated.
The embryos at $8-32$ celled stages are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers.
This technology has been demonstrated for cattle,sheep,rabbits,etc.

(A) The $Hisardale$ is a new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by crossing $Bikaneri$ ewes and $Merino$ rams.
This cross-breeding program was aimed at improving the quality and quantity of wool production in Indian sheep breeds.
Therefore,the correct cross is $Bikaneri$ ewe and $Merino$ ram.

(D) Hisardale is a new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by crossing Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams.
It is a classic example of cross-breeding used to improve the quality and quantity of wool production.
Sunandini is a cross-breed of cattle,while Holstein and Brown Swiss are exotic breeds of cattle.

(B) surrogate mother is a female animal that carries an embryo transferred from another individual (the donor) to term.
This technique is widely used in animal husbandry,particularly in cattle,to increase the number of offspring from high-yielding or genetically superior females.
The embryo is collected from the donor and transferred into the uterus of the surrogate mother,which then acts as the host for the development of the fetus until birth.
Therefore,the surrogate mother serves as the future mother for the transferred embryo.

(B) $MOET$ stands for Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer technology.
It is a program for herd improvement in animals like cattle.
In this method,a cow is administered hormones (like $FSH$) to induce follicular maturation and superovulation instead of one egg,which is normal,they produce $6-8$ eggs.
The animal is either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated.
The embryos at $8-32$ celled stages are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers.
This technology has been demonstrated for cattle,sheep,rabbits,etc.

(D) To obtain cows with high milk production,multiple breeding strategies are employed:
$1$. Artificial insemination using semen from genetically superior bulls ensures that the offspring inherit high-yielding traits.
$2$. Superovulation involves inducing a cow to produce more eggs than normal,which are then fertilized and collected.
$3$. Embryo transplantation (Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer - $MOET$) allows these embryos to be transferred to surrogate mothers,significantly increasing the number of high-quality offspring produced in a short time.
Therefore,all these methods are used to enhance milk production.

(C) The $IVRI$ (Indian Veterinary Research Institute), located in Izatnagar, Bareilly, is a premier research institution in India.
It is primarily dedicated to research and development in the field of veterinary sciences and animal health.
Among the given options, it is most closely associated with $Animal$ breeding and the improvement of livestock health, which is a fundamental aspect of animal husbandry and breeding programs.

(C) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations. The breeding strategy involves mating animals of the same breed that have no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to $4-6$ generations. Continued inbreeding,especially close inbreeding,usually reduces fertility and productivity. This is called inbreeding depression. To overcome this,selected animals of the inbreeding population should be mated with unrelated superior animals of the same breed. This helps in the development of a pure line or inbred line.

(D) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations.
It increases homozygosity,which is necessary if we want to evolve a pure line in any animal.
Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection.
It also helps in the accumulation of superior genes and the elimination of less desirable genes,thereby allowing for the expression of all desired traits in a pure line.

(C) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations.
$1$. It increases homozygosity,which is essential for developing a pure line.
$2$. It helps in the accumulation of desirable genes and elimination of less desirable genes.
$3$. Continued inbreeding,especially close inbreeding,usually reduces fertility and productivity,a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression.
$4$. Mating between males and females of two different species is known as interspecific hybridization,not inbreeding. Therefore,option $C$ is not associated with inbreeding.

(D) Interspecific hybridization involves mating animals of two different related species. This process is used to combine desirable features of both parents into the progeny. In some cases,the progeny may combine the desirable features of both parents (e.g.,the mule,which is a cross between a male donkey and a female horse). Additionally,due to the combination of different genetic backgrounds,the progeny may sometimes exhibit traits that are entirely different or unique compared to either parent. Therefore,both statements $A$ and $B$ are correct.

(D) Interspecific hybridization involves mating between male and female animals of two different related species.
This process allows the combination of desirable features from both parents into the progeny.
However,the resulting progeny from interspecific hybridization are often sterile (e.g.,a mule,which is a cross between a male donkey and a female horse).
Therefore,the statement that it increases the fertility of the progeny is incorrect.

(A) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations.
Continued inbreeding,especially close inbreeding,usually reduces fertility and even productivity. This phenomenon is known as inbreeding depression.
Inbreeding increases homozygosity. This exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection,but if continued,it leads to the accumulation of these deleterious recessive alleles,which negatively affects the fitness and fertility of the offspring.
Therefore,both the assertion and the reason are correct,and the reason provides the correct explanation for the assertion.

(B) Santa Gertrudis is a breed of cattle developed in the United States. It was created by crossing the $Brahman$ (Bos indicus) and the $Shorthorn$ (Bos taurus) breeds. This breed was specifically developed to thrive in hot,humid climates while maintaining good meat production characteristics. Therefore,it is a hybrid breed of cattle.

(D) Interspecific hybridization is a breeding method where male and female animals of two different related species are mated. This process allows the combination of desirable features from both species into the progeny. An example of this is the mating between a male donkey and a female horse to produce a mule.

(B) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations. The strategy of inbreeding is used to increase homozygosity. If we want to evolve a pure line in any animal,inbreeding is necessary. It exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection. It also helps in the accumulation of superior genes and the elimination of less desirable genes.

(D) The Santa Gertrudis breed of cattle was developed by crossing Shorthorn cattle with Brahman cattle.
This process of mating animals of two different breeds is known as cross-breeding.
Cross-breeding allows the desirable qualities of two different breeds to be combined into the progeny.
Therefore,the correct answer is $D$.

(A) mule is a hybrid animal produced by the cross-breeding of a male donkey ($Equus$ $asinus$) and a female horse ($Equus$ $caballus$). This process is known as interspecific hybridization,where two different species of the same genus are crossed to produce offspring that often exhibit hybrid vigor but are typically sterile.

(C) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations.
Continued inbreeding usually reduces fertility and productivity.
This is known as inbreeding depression.
It occurs because inbreeding increases the homozygosity of harmful recessive genes,which are then expressed in the phenotype,leading to reduced biological fitness.

(C) Interspecific hybridization is a breeding method where male and female animals of two different related species are mated. The progeny resulting from this cross often exhibits desirable traits from both parents but is usually sterile (e.g.,a mule,which is a cross between a male donkey and a female horse). Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(A) Interspecific hybridization is a breeding method where individuals of two different species are crossed to combine desirable features in the progeny.
When a female horse ($Equus$ $caballus$) is crossed with a male donkey ($Equus$ $asinus$),the resulting offspring is a mule.
Since the parents belong to two different species,this process is classified as interspecific hybridization.

(C) Outcrossing is a type of outbreeding where animals of the same breed are mated,but they have no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to $4-6$ generations. This practice is helpful in overcoming inbreeding depression.

(D) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations. It increases homozygosity,which helps in evolving a pure line in any animal. However,continued inbreeding usually reduces fertility and even productivity. Outbreeding is the breeding of the unrelated animals,which may be between individuals of the same breed (but having no common ancestors for $4-6$ generations) or between different breeds (cross-breeding) or different species. Outbreeding is an important strategy for animal husbandry because it helps in overcoming inbreeding depression and increases genetic variation within a population. Therefore,all these methods contribute to the genetic makeup and variation within domesticated animal populations.

(A) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations.
Continuous inbreeding increases homozygosity.
This process exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection.
However,if inbreeding is continued without selection,it leads to inbreeding depression,which reduces fertility and productivity,as harmful recessive alleles accumulate in the homozygous state.

(D) The statement 'Inbreeding leads to the accumulation of desirable genes' is false.
Inbreeding increases homozygosity,which helps in the accumulation of superior genes and the elimination of less desirable genes. However,it also leads to the accumulation of harmful recessive genes that are exposed by selection.
Continued inbreeding,especially close inbreeding,usually reduces fertility and productivity,a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression.
Therefore,while it helps in selecting desirable traits,it does not exclusively lead to the accumulation of desirable genes without the risk of inbreeding depression.

(D) $Santa \text{ } Gertrudis$ is a breed of cattle developed by crossing $Brahman$ bulls $(Bos \text{ } indicus)$ with $Shorthorn$ cows $(Bos \text{ } taurus)$.
This process of mating animals of two different breeds is known as cross-breeding.
Cross-breeding allows the desirable qualities of two different breeds to be combined into the progeny.

(D) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed. The primary consequences are as follows:
$1$. It helps in the accumulation of desirable genes and the elimination of less desirable genes.
$2$. It increases homozygosity,which is necessary for the development of a pure line.
$3$. Continued inbreeding,especially close inbreeding,usually reduces fertility and productivity,a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression.
Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(C) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations.
$1$. It helps in the accumulation of superior genes and the elimination of less desirable genes by increasing homozygosity.
$2$. Continued inbreeding usually reduces fertility and productivity,a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression.
$3$. It does not increase heterozygosity; rather,it increases homozygosity.
Therefore,the statement that it increases the level of heterozygosity is incorrect.

(A) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations.
This process increases homozygosity,which is essential for developing a pure line in any animal.
It exposes harmful recessive genes that are then eliminated by selection.
Therefore,inbreeding is the correct method to increase the level of homozygosity.

(A) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations.
Continuous inbreeding increases homozygosity.
This process exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection and helps in the accumulation of superior genes.
However,it also leads to 'inbreeding depression' if continued for a long time,as harmful recessive alleles are expressed in the homozygous state.

(B) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations.
Continued inbreeding,especially close inbreeding,usually reduces fertility and even productivity.
This phenomenon is known as inbreeding depression.
To overcome this,selected animals of the breeding population should be mated with unrelated superior animals of the same breed,which helps in restoring fertility and yield.

(A) Outcrossing is a type of outbreeding where animals of the same breed are mated, but they have no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to $4-6$ generations.
This practice is the best breeding method for animals that are below average in productivity in milk production, growth rate in beef cattle, etc.
It helps to overcome inbreeding depression.

(B) Interspecific hybridization is a breeding method where male and female animals of two different related species are mated. This process allows for the combination of desirable traits from two different species into a single progeny. For example,the mule is produced by the mating of a male donkey and a female horse,combining the strength of the horse with the endurance of the donkey.

(A) Interspecific hybridization is a breeding method where males and females of two different related species are mated together. The resulting progeny may combine desirable features of both parents and are often used directly as hybrids for commercial purposes. For example,a mule is produced by the mating of a male donkey and a female horse.

(D) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations.
This process increases homozygosity,which is essential for evolving a pure line in any animal.
It exposes harmful recessive genes that are then eliminated by selection.
Consequently,it helps in the accumulation of superior genes and the elimination of less desirable genes,thereby allowing for the concentration of all desired traits in the offspring.