Mix Examples- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Questions in English

(D) Encephalomalacia is a nutritional disorder in poultry caused by a deficiency of Vitamin $E$,which leads to the softening of brain tissues.
On the other hand,the protozoan $Eimeria$ causes a disease known as Coccidiosis,which is characterized by bloody diarrhoea in poultry.
Since the assertion incorrectly identifies the cause of Encephalomalacia and the reason incorrectly describes its symptoms,both statements are incorrect.
Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(C) In $crown$ $grafting$,the $stock$ (the rooted plant) usually has a much larger diameter than the $scion$ (the shoot being grafted). However,the statement in option $C$ is often considered incorrect in specific contexts because,in standard $crown$ $grafting$,multiple $scions$ are inserted around the periphery of a large $stock$. If the statement implies that the $stock$ must be larger than the $scion$ as a rule for all grafting,it is technically correct,but in the context of common biology curriculum questions regarding vegetative propagation,the specific phrasing regarding the relative diameters is often tested. Actually,in $crown$ $grafting$,the $stock$ is significantly larger than the $scion$ to accommodate multiple $scions$. Let us re-evaluate: $A$ is correct. $B$ is correct (definition of trench layering). $D$ is correct ($Gootee$ or $air$ $layering$ is indeed an ancient method). Option $C$ is the intended incorrect statement because,in many textbook contexts,it is noted that the $scion$ and $stock$ should have similar diameters for successful cambial union,whereas $crown$ $grafting$ is a specialized technique where the $stock$ is much larger,making the general assertion about diameter matching in grafting often contrast with this specific technique.

(A) Hybrid plants are typically $F_1$ hybrids produced by crossing two genetically distinct parent lines.
According to Mendel's Law of Segregation,the alleles for traits segregate during gamete formation.
When $F_1$ hybrid plants are self-pollinated or cross-pollinated,the offspring ($F_2$ generation) show a segregation of traits,leading to a loss of the uniform hybrid vigor and specific phenotypic characteristics observed in the $F_1$ generation.
Therefore,farmers must purchase new hybrid seeds every year to ensure the desired traits are maintained.
Thus,both the Assertion and the Reason are correct,and the Reason correctly explains why hybrid characters are not maintained.

(D) Bombykol is a chemical substance secreted by the female silkworm $(Bombyx \text{ } mori)$ to attract males. It is classified as a pheromone, which is a chemical signal used for communication between individuals of the same species.

(D) Gambusia is a larvivorous fish that feeds on mosquito larvae.
By consuming the larvae of mosquitoes in stagnant water,it effectively reduces the population of mosquitoes,which are the vectors for diseases like malaria and filariasis.

(A) Petroplants are plants that can yield large amounts of latex containing long-chain liquid hydrocarbons.
In India,$Jatropha$ $curcas$ is widely being researched and cultivated as a potential source of biodiesel to serve as a substitute for fossil fuels.
These plants belong to families such as $Euphorbiaceae$,$Asclepiadaceae$,and $Apocynaceae$.

(A) The Green Revolution refers to the rapid increase in agricultural production,particularly of wheat and rice,during the period $1960-1970$.
In March $1963$,Dr. $N$. $E$. Borlaug visited India at the invitation of Dr. $B$. $P$. Pal (Director of $IARI$) and sent a wide range of genetic material in September $1963$.
Dr. $M$. $S$. Swaminathan is recognized as the father of the Green Revolution in India.
Dr. $N$. Borlaug is known as the father of the Green Revolution in the world.

(A) Quarantine regulation is a legal measure designed to prevent the introduction and spread of plant pests,diseases,and invasive species into a country or region.
It involves the inspection and restriction of the movement of plants,plant products,and soil across borders to ensure that they are free from harmful pathogens or pests.
Therefore,the primary purpose is to prevent the entry of diseased plants into the country.

(B) $CFCL$ (Central Fertilizer Corporation Limited) is situated at Faridabad,Haryana.

(D) $Leucaena leucocephala$ (subabul) is a fast-growing leguminous tree, native to Central America.
It is a small tree that produces edible fruits and seeds.
It is widely used as a fodder plant because its pods and leaves are highly nutritious and consumed by cattle.
Therefore, all the given statements are correct.

(A) Organic farming is a sustainable agricultural system that avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.
Statement $I$ is correct: It promotes crop rotation and cover crops to maintain soil fertility and encourages natural biological control by balancing host/predator relationships.
Statement $II$ is correct: Integrated pest management $(IPM)$ and weed management,along with soil conservation techniques,are essential components of organic farming practices.
Statement $III$ is correct: By reducing reliance on synthetic chemicals,organic farming protects the environment,minimizes soil degradation and erosion,and significantly decreases pollution.
Therefore,all three statements are correct.

(C) Smother crops are fast-growing crops that cover the soil surface densely,thereby suppressing the growth of weeds by competing for sunlight,water,and nutrients.
Barley,sorghum,and millet are well-known examples of smother crops.
Since these crops suppress weed growth rather than favoring it,the Assertion is correct,but the Reason is incorrect.

(A) Biotechnology is used to increase food production through various methods,including:
$(i)$ Agrochemical-based agriculture: Uses synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.
$(ii)$ Organic agriculture: Uses natural methods to maintain soil fertility and control pests.
$(iii)$ Genetically engineered crop-based agriculture: Uses transgenic crops to improve yield and resistance.
$Pisciculture$ refers to the commercial breeding and rearing of fish in controlled environments (fish farming). While it is a method of food production,it is not considered a biotechnological application in the context of modern agricultural biotechnology as defined in the curriculum.

(D) The term $Green$ $Revolution$ refers to the substantial increase in crop yields achieved through the development of new high-yielding crop varieties.
This was supported by an intensive program involving the use of improved irrigation,chemical fertilizers,and pesticides.
High-yielding varieties of wheat and rice were the key elements that drove the success of the $Green$ $Revolution$.

(D) Food production can be increased by applying various agricultural strategies:
$(i)$ Agrochemical-based agriculture: Uses chemical fertilizers and pesticides to enhance crop yield.
$(ii)$ Organic agriculture: Focuses on sustainable farming practices without synthetic chemicals to maintain soil health and productivity.
$(iii)$ Genetically engineered crop-based agriculture: Uses biotechnology to create crops with desirable traits like pest resistance,higher yield,and nutritional enhancement.
All three methods are recognized strategies for improving global food production. Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(A) The Green Revolution succeeded in tripling the food supply,not quadrupling it. Therefore,the statement that it succeeded in quadrupling the food supply is incorrect. The other statements regarding the insufficiency of the increase to feed the growing population,the role of improved crop varieties,and the use of agrochemicals are correct in the context of the Green Revolution.

(A) According to the $NCERT$ textbook for Biology (Class $12$), it is stated that India and China possess $70 \%$ of the world's livestock population.
However, their contribution to the world farm produce is only $25 \%$.
This indicates that the productivity per unit is very low in these countries.
Therefore, the correct values are $P = 70 \%$, $Q = \text{India and China}$, and $R = 25 \%$.

(B) The image provided shows a chicken breed known as $Aseel$ (or $Asil$).
$Aseel$ is a well-known indigenous breed of chicken from India,primarily known for its fighting qualities,muscular build,and aggressive nature.
Leghorn is a Mediterranean breed known for high egg production.
Frizzle is a breed characterized by its curled feathers.
Turkey is a different species of bird ($Meleagris$ $gallopavo$) and not a breed of chicken.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(D) Statement $I$ is incorrect because honey is a food of high nutritional value, not low.
Statement $II$ is correct; beeswax is used in cosmetics and polishes.
Statement $III$ is correct; $Apis \text{ } indica$ is the most common species in India.
Statement $IV$ is incorrect because beekeeping is not labor-intensive; it requires minimal labor.
Statement $V$ is incorrect because beehives can easily be kept in courtyards, verandas, or on roofs.
Statement $VI$ is correct.
Therefore, the incorrect statements are $I, IV,$ and $V$.

(B) The Green Revolution was a period of technology transfer initiatives that saw greatly increased crop yields,particularly in wheat and rice. It is primarily associated with the advancement of $Agriculture$ to ensure food security by introducing high-yielding varieties of seeds,modern irrigation methods,and the use of fertilizers and pesticides.

(D) Plant breeding is the purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to create desired plant types that are better suited for cultivation, give better yields, and are disease-resistant.
With the advancements in the fields of $Genetics$, $Molecular biology$, and $Tissue culture$, plant breeding is now increasingly being carried out using molecular genetic tools.
Therefore, all the mentioned fields contribute to the modern advancements in plant breeding.

(C) Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy.
According to the $NCERT$ Biology textbook (Chapter: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production),agriculture accounts for approximately $33\, \%$ of India's Gross Domestic Product $(GDP)$.
It provides employment to nearly $62\, \%$ of the population.
Therefore,$P = 33\, \%$ and $Q = 62\, \%$.

(B) The mid-$1960$s marked a significant period in agricultural history, particularly in India, where the development of high-yielding varieties $(HYVs)$ of wheat and rice through plant breeding techniques led to a massive increase in food grain production. This period of agricultural transformation is famously known as the Green Revolution. Therefore, $P = 1960$ and $Q = \text{Green Revolution}$.

(A) The image on the left shows a field of Sonalika wheat,which is a high-yielding,disease-resistant variety of wheat introduced in India during the Green Revolution.
The image on the right shows a crop of garden peas,specifically the variety $P-1542$,which is a known improved variety of pea.
Therefore,the correct identification is Sonalika wheat and $P-1542$ pea.

(A) According to the data provided in the $NCERT$ textbook regarding the Green Revolution in India,the production of rice increased from $35$ million tonnes to $89.5$ million tonnes during the period $1960$ to $2000$.

(D) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. Philippines $(P)$ is associated with the development of $IR-8$ $(II)$,which is a high-yielding rice variety.
$2$. Taiwan $(Q)$ is associated with the development of Taichung Native-$I$ $(IV)$,another high-yielding rice variety.
$3$. India $(R)$ is associated with the development of wheat varieties Sonalika and Kalyan Sona $(III)$.
$4$. Mexico $(S)$ is associated with the development of the first semi-dwarf wheat varieties $(I)$ by Dr. Norman Borlaug.
Therefore,the correct matching is $(P-II), (Q-IV), (R-III), (S-I)$.

(A) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. Wheat $(P)$: Variety 'Himgiri' $(III)$ is resistant to leaf and stripe rust $(Z)$.
$2$. Brassica $(Q)$: Variety 'Pusa Swarnim' $(I)$ is resistant to white rust $(W)$.
$3$. Cowpea $(R)$: Variety 'Pusa Komal' $(II)$ is resistant to bacterial blight $(Y)$.
$4$. Chilli $(S)$: Variety 'Pusa Sadabahar' $(IV)$ is resistant to $CMV, TMV$ and leaf curl $(X)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(P-III-Z), (Q-I-W), (R-II-Y), (S-IV-X)$.

(B) Based on the $NCERT$ textbook for 'Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production':
$1$. For Brassica $(P)$,the disease-resistant variety is Pusa Gaurav $(II)$,which is resistant to aphids $(W)$.
$2$. For Flat bean $(Q)$,the variety is Pusa Sem $2$ and Pusa Sem $3$ $(I)$,which is resistant to jassids,aphids,and fruit borer $(Y)$.
$3$. For Okra $(R)$,the variety is Pusa Sawani and Pusa $A-4$ $(III)$,which is resistant to shoot and fruit borer $(X)$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $(P-II-W), (Q-I-Y), (R-III-X)$.

(C) According to the $NCERT$ textbook for Class $12$ Biology,Chapter $9$ (Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production),it is stated that more than $840$ million people in the world do not have access to adequate food and nutritional requirements for a healthy life. This highlights the global challenge of food security and the importance of plant breeding.

(C) According to the $NCERT$ textbook,more than $840$ million people in the world do not have adequate food to meet their daily food and nutritional requirements. These people suffer from hidden hunger,which refers to the deficiency of essential micronutrients,proteins,and vitamins in their diet. Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(A) The Indian Agricultural Research Institute $(IARI)$ is the country's premier national institute for agricultural research,education,and extension. It is located in New Delhi. It played a significant role in the Green Revolution in India.

(A) $IARI$ stands for Indian Agricultural Research Institute. It is a premier national institute for agricultural research,education,and extension,located in New Delhi,India.

(B) The correct matches based on biofortified crops are:
$P$. Vitamin $A$ is enriched in carrots,spinach,and pumpkin $(I)$.
$Q$. Vitamin $C$ is enriched in bitter gourd,bathua,mustard,and tomato $(II)$.
$R$. Iron and calcium are enriched in spinach and bathua $(III)$.
$S$. Protein is enriched in broad bean,lablab,french bean,and garden pea $(IV)$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $(P-I), (Q-II), (R-III), (S-IV)$.

(C) The correct answer is $C$. According to the $NCERT$ textbook,it is estimated that more than $25 \%$ of the human population is a victim of hunger and malnutrition,not $50 \%$. Therefore,statement $C$ is incorrect. Statements $A$,$B$,and $D$ are factual statements provided in the chapter 'Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production'.

(A) The correct matches are as follows:
$P$. Insecticides are chemicals used to kill insects,which corresponds to $III$.
$Q$. Pesticides is a broad term that encompasses various chemicals used to kill pests,including insects,weeds,and fungi,which corresponds to $I$.
$R$. Weedicides are chemicals used to kill unwanted plants (weeds),which corresponds to $II$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $(P-III), (Q-I), (R-II)$.

(D) To increase food production,three main options are considered:
$1$. Agro-chemical based agriculture: Uses chemical fertilizers and pesticides to boost yield.
$2$. Organic agriculture: Focuses on sustainable practices without synthetic chemicals.
$3$. Genetically engineered crop-based agriculture: Uses biotechnology to create crops with desirable traits like pest resistance or higher nutritional value.
All these methods are considered viable strategies to meet the growing global food demand. Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(B) The Green Revolution,which began in the $1960s$,significantly increased agricultural productivity through the use of high-yielding varieties of seeds,improved irrigation,and the use of fertilizers and pesticides. As a result of these advancements,the food supply in India increased by $3$ times,which was sufficient to feed the growing population.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$i$. $Trachardia$ $lacca$ (Lac insect) produces a resin-like substance from its dermal glands,which is used as lac $(c)$.
$ii$. $Bombyx$ $mori$ (Silkworm) is used for the production of high-quality mulberry silk $(d)$.
$iii$. $Cirrhina$ $mrigala$ (Mrigal carp) is a fish species whose swim bladder is used to produce isinglass,and its body yields oils $(a)$.
$iv$. $Apis$ $mellifera$ (Honey bee) is essential for the pollination of various crops $(b)$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $i-c, ii-d, iii-a, iv-b$.

(A) Fresh water fishes are those that live in rivers,lakes,and ponds. Common examples include $Cirrhina \ mrigala$,Grass carp,Common carp,and Silver carp.
Marine fishes are those that live in the ocean. Examples include $Harpadon$ (Bombay duck),$Stromateus$ (Pomfret),$Sardinella$ (Sardine),and $Rastrelliger$ (Mackerel).
Therefore,the pair consisting of fresh water carps is $Cirrhina \ mrigala$ and Grass carp.

(A) The Green Revolution was a period of significant agricultural transformation that aimed to increase food production to meet the needs of a growing population.
Key elements of the Green Revolution included the introduction of High-Yielding Varieties $(HYV)$ of seeds,improved irrigation systems,and the scientific management of soil nutrients.
While fertilizers were used,the focus was on the 'optimum' or balanced use of fertilizers alongside modern agricultural practices to maximize yield without degrading soil health.
Therefore,the optimum use of fertilizers is considered a basic element of the Green Revolution.

(A) Let's analyze each row:
$i$. Mackerel is a marine fish,not a freshwater fish. So,this is incorrect.
$ii$. Honey bee belongs to the genus $Apis$ and is used for the production of honey and wax. This is correct.
$iii$. Mrigal ($Cirrhinus$ $mrigala$) is a freshwater fish,not a marine fish. The genus $Tachardia$ (or $Laccifer$) refers to the lac insect. This is incorrect.
$iv$. Silkworm belongs to the genus $Bombyx$ (e.g.,$Bombyx$ $mori$) and is used for the production of mulberry silk. This is correct.
Therefore,the correct matches are $ii$ and $iv$.

(A) The full form of $CDRI$ is Central Drug Research Institute. It is a premier research laboratory located in Lucknow,India,which is involved in drug discovery and development,including the development of contraceptive pills like $Saheli$.