Animal Husbandry Questions in English

(C) The order $Ungulata$ (often referred to as ungulates) comprises large-sized hoofed mammals such as pigs,horses,donkeys,camels,deer,sheep,goats,cows,and buffaloes.
These animals have been domesticated by humans for centuries for various purposes such as agriculture,transport,and food production.

(A) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations. The breeding strategy involves mating individuals that are more closely related than the average of the population to which they belong. This process increases homozygosity,which is necessary if we want to evolve a pure line in any animal.

(C) Llamas and Alpacas belong to the family $Camelidae$.
They are South American mammals that are closely related to camels.
Therefore,they are considered breeds or types of camels.

(A) Selective breeding and progeny testing are standard practices in animal husbandry,particularly in cattle improvement programs.
Progeny testing involves evaluating the performance of the offspring of a sire to determine its genetic merit.
This method is widely used in cattle breeding to enhance traits such as milk yield,growth rate,and disease resistance.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(B) Draught breeds are cattle breeds specifically selected for their physical strength and endurance. These breeds are primarily used for agricultural tasks such as ploughing,pulling carts,and other heavy labor. Therefore,they produce good working bullocks.

(A) Among the given options,pork (meat from pigs) typically contains the highest percentage of fat compared to mutton (sheep),beef (cattle),or chicken (poultry). Pork is known for its higher intramuscular fat content,which contributes to its caloric density.

(B) The correct answer is $B$. Poultry birds that are specifically raised and groomed for the purpose of obtaining meat are known as broilers. These birds are bred to grow rapidly and reach market weight in a short period.

(B) Ranikhet disease,also known as Newcastle disease,is a highly contagious viral disease that primarily affects poultry,especially hens.
It is caused by the avian paramyxovirus type $1$ $(APMV-1)$.
This disease causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry due to high mortality rates and reduced egg production.

(D) . Huskies are thick-coated dogs that are traditionally used by Eskimos to pull their sledges across the snow and ice.

(D) The term 'livestock' refers to domesticated animals kept for agricultural,commercial,or personal use.
Livestock includes a wide range of animals such as cattle,buffaloes,sheep,goats,pigs,camels,horses,donkeys,and other animals raised for products like milk,meat,wool,or labor.
Therefore,all the animals mentioned in the options are considered livestock.

(C) The $Gaddi$ breed of goat is a well-known breed primarily found in the mountainous regions of $Himachal$ $Pradesh$.
These goats are well-adapted to high-altitude environments and are primarily reared by the $Gaddi$ tribe for milk, meat, and wool production.

(A) The $Yak$ ($Bos$ $grunniens$) is a large, long-haired bovid found throughout the Himalayan region of the Indian subcontinent, the Tibetan Plateau, and as far north as Mongolia and Russia.
It is well-adapted to high-altitude environments and is commonly domesticated by the people living in high mountain regions like Tibet, Ladakh, Lahaul, Spiti, Garhwal, and Sikkim.
It is used for various purposes, including transportation, tilling land, and providing milk, meat, and fiber.

(A) The correct answer is $A$.
$Mules$ are hybrids between a male donkey and a female horse.
They are highly valued for their strength,endurance,and sure-footedness on difficult,steep,and rocky terrains where other animals might struggle.
They are physically capable of carrying heavy loads over long distances in challenging environments.

(D) beast of burden is an animal that is kept by humans to perform tasks such as carrying heavy loads or pulling carts.
$Horses$, $donkeys$, and $mules$ are all traditionally used as beasts of burden for transporting people and materials on their backs or by pulling carts.
Therefore, the correct answer is $D$.

(A) Ruminants are mammals that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion,principally through microbial actions. The process involves regurgitating the semi-digested food,known as cud,and chewing it again. Among the given options,the cow is a classic example of a ruminant animal. Horses,pigs,and rhinoceroses are non-ruminant herbivores or omnivores.

(B) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations. The breeding strategy involves mating animals that are more closely related to each other within the same breed. This process increases homozygosity,which is necessary if we want to evolve a pure line in any animal.

(C) Meat,milk,and eggs are rich sources of high-quality proteins. Proteins are essential for the growth,repair,and maintenance of body tissues. While these foods may also contain fats,they are primarily consumed as the main dietary source of proteins.

(B) The $Holstein$ $Friesian$ breed of cattle is globally recognized as the highest milk-yielding breed.
It originated in the $Netherlands$ and is widely used in dairy farming across the world due to its exceptional milk production capacity compared to other breeds like $Sahiwal$,$Deoni$,or $Sindhi$.

(A) Among the options provided,$Pork$ (meat from pigs) generally contains the highest amount of fat compared to $Mutton$ (sheep),$Beef$ (cattle),and $Chicken$ (poultry). The fat content in $Pork$ is significantly higher due to the biological nature of adipose tissue distribution in pigs,making it the most energy-dense option among the choices listed.

(D) Stilbestrol is a synthetic non-steroidal estrogen. It is commonly used in veterinary medicine to induce lactation in sterile or non-pregnant cows by stimulating the development of mammary tissue and milk secretion pathways. Other options like estrogen,progesterone,and relaxin are natural hormones involved in the reproductive cycle but are not the primary agents used for inducing lactation in sterile animals.

(B) The '$Pashmina$' wool is obtained from the '$Pashmina$' goat,which is a breed of goat found in the high-altitude regions of the Himalayas,particularly in Ladakh,India.
These goats produce an extremely fine and soft undercoat,which is harvested to create the world-renowned '$Pashmina$' shawls.
Therefore,the correct answer is '$B$' (Goat).

(B) To increase milk production in cows,synthetic hormones like $Stilbestrol$ (a synthetic estrogen) are sometimes administered. These substances act as growth promoters or lactation stimulants in dairy cattle. While $Prolactin$ is a natural hormone responsible for milk production,$Stilbestrol$ is the specific chemical compound often cited in agricultural contexts for increasing yield.

(C) The Nagpuri buffalo,also known as 'Ellichpuri' or 'Gaorani',is primarily recognized as a dual-purpose breed. It is valued for both its milk production and its ability to perform draft work (agricultural labor). Therefore,it is classified as a dual-purpose breed.

(B) Jaffrabadi, Murrah, and Mehsani are well-known breeds of buffalo $(Bubalus \, bubalis)$.
These breeds are primarily reared for high milk production and are commonly found in India, particularly in states like Gujarat and Haryana.

(C) Silage is a type of fodder made from green foliage crops which have been preserved by fermentation. It is stored in a structure called a silo. It is commonly used as feed for cattle,sheep,and other herbivores,especially during seasons when fresh pasture is not available. The process involves anaerobic fermentation by lactic acid bacteria.

(B) Silage is a type of fodder made from green foliage crops which have been preserved by acidification,achieved through fermentation. It is widely used as cattle feed,especially during winter or dry seasons when fresh green grass is unavailable. The process involves the anaerobic fermentation of crops like maize,sorghum,or grasses by lactic acid bacteria.

(C) Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock. It includes the management and care of animals such as dairy animals (cows,buffaloes) and poultry (chickens,ducks) for the production of food products like milk,eggs,and meat. Therefore,dairy farming and poultry farming are integral parts of animal husbandry.

(B) Assertion $A$ is true because agriculture,as a practice of cultivating crops and rearing animals,has been a part of human civilization for thousands of years.
Reason $R$ is also true because animal husbandry is indeed the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock,which encompasses dairy farming,poultry farming,beekeeping,and fisheries.
However,the reason provided does not explain why agriculture began thousands of years ago. Therefore,both statements are true,but $R$ is not the correct explanation of $A$.

(B) The dairy industry has seen significant development in Gujarat,primarily due to the success of the cooperative movement,famously known as the White Revolution or Operation Flood. The Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation $(GCMMF)$,which markets products under the brand name 'Amul',is a prime example of this success.

(C) The dairy industry primarily focuses on the production of milk for human consumption. Cows ($Bos \text{ } taurus$ or $Bos \text{ } indicus$), buffaloes $(Bubalus \text{ } bubalis)$, and goats $(Capra \text{ } hircus)$ are the major animals used for milk production globally. While sheep milk is used in some specific regions for cheese production, sheep are primarily raised for wool and meat production rather than being a staple of the mainstream dairy industry. Therefore, among the given options, sheep is the least associated with the primary dairy industry.

(D) The dairy industry management focuses on the production,collection,processing,and marketing of milk and milk products.
$A$,$B$,and $C$ are standard operational practices in the dairy industry.
Option $D$ is incorrect because the dairy industry is associated with the 'White Revolution' (Operation Flood),not the 'Industrial Revolution',which refers to the transition to new manufacturing processes in the $18^{th}$ and $19^{th}$ centuries.

(A) The White Revolution,also known as Operation Flood,was a massive dairy development program in India.
Dr. Verghese Kurien is widely recognized as the 'Father of the White Revolution' in India for his instrumental role in making India the world's largest milk producer.
Therefore,the correct answer is $A$.

(A) Assertion $A$ is true because milk is a highly nutritious food containing proteins,fats,carbohydrates,vitamins,and minerals,making it a valuable dietary product.
Reason $R$ is also true because milk is biologically defined as the fresh,natural secretion of the mammary glands of female mammals,specifically produced to provide essential nourishment to their offspring.
Since the nutritional value of milk (Assertion $A$) is a direct consequence of its biological purpose as a nourishing secretion for the young (Reason $R$),$R$ is the correct explanation of $A$.

(A) Milk is considered a complete and valuable food source worldwide because it contains essential nutrients like proteins,fats,carbohydrates,vitamins,and minerals. It is a primary source of nutrition for humans across various cultures and regions.

(D) The dairy industry is a branch of agriculture that encompasses the management of animals for milk production and its subsequent processing and distribution.
It involves the entire chain from the health and breeding of dairy animals to the collection,pasteurization,packaging,and distribution of milk and milk products to consumers.
Therefore,all the listed activities are integral parts of the dairy industry.

(B) Gujarat is home to several major dairy cooperatives under the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation $(GCMMF)$.
$(i)$ Amul Dairy (Anand),$(iv)$ Dudhsagar Dairy (Mehsana),and $(v)$ Sabar Dairy (Sabarkantha) are prominent examples of major dairy unions in Gujarat.
$(vi)$ Banas Dairy is also a major dairy,but based on the standard options provided in typical educational contexts regarding the primary unions,the combination of Amul,Dudhsagar,and Sabar is widely recognized as the core set of major dairies.
Therefore,the correct combination is $(i), (iv)$ and $(v)$.

(B) The $Indian$ $Veterinary$ $Research$ $Institute$ $(IVRI)$ is a premier research institution in India dedicated to livestock research. It is located in $Izatnagar$,$Bareilly$,$Uttar$ $Pradesh$.

(C) Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock. It has been an integral part of human civilization since the beginning,as humans have relied on animals for food,fiber,labor,and companionship for thousands of years. While hybridization,tissue culture,and fisheries are important,animal husbandry predates them as a fundamental pillar of early human societal development.

(A) Milk and milk production have evolved into a significant commercial industry over the last $50$ years. This growth is largely attributed to the 'White Revolution' (Operation Flood),which transformed India from a milk-deficient nation into the world's largest milk producer.

(D) The full form of $IVRI$ is $Indian$ $Veterinary$ $Research$ $Institute$. It is one of India's premier advanced research facilities in the field of veterinary medicine and allied branches,located in $Izatnagar$,$Bareilly$,$Uttar$ $Pradesh$.

(C) The statement in option $C$ is incorrect. Industrial processing of milk,including pasteurization and large-scale distribution,began much earlier than the middle of the $20^{th}$ century. Pasteurization was developed by Louis Pasteur in the $19^{th}$ century $(1864)$,and industrial-scale dairy processing was well-established by the early $20^{th}$ century. Options $A$,$B$,and $D$ are factually correct statements regarding the evolution and impact of the dairy industry and animal husbandry.

(D) The dairy industry,particularly in India (often associated with the White Revolution or Operation Flood),is a successful result of the collective cooperation of cattle farmers,farmers,and various stakeholders involved in the supply chain. By organizing into cooperatives,these individuals have successfully managed the production,processing,and distribution of milk and milk products. Therefore,the correct answer is $D$.

(B) The $IVRI$ (Indian Veterinary Research Institute) is the premier research institution in India dedicated to livestock research,animal health,and disease control.
$ICAR$ (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) is an apex body for coordinating,guiding,and managing research and education in agriculture,including animal sciences,but $IVRI$ is specifically focused on veterinary and animal health research.
$IARI$ (Indian Agricultural Research Institute) focuses primarily on crop science.
$ICGEB$ (International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology) focuses on biotechnology research.

(D) Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock. It deals with the care,breeding,and management of animals such as cattle,poultry,fisheries,and honey bees for human use.
Plant tissue culture is a technique used for the propagation of plants under sterile conditions,which falls under plant breeding and biotechnology,not animal husbandry.

(C) Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock. It includes the management and care of animals such as dairy cattle,poultry,fisheries,and apiculture for human consumption or other products. Therefore,dairy farming and poultry farming are integral parts of animal husbandry.

(D) Animal breeding is a branch of animal husbandry that focuses on increasing the yield of animals and improving the desirable qualities of the produce.
The main objectives of animal breeding include:
$1$. Increasing the yield of products such as milk,meat,eggs,etc.
$2$. Improving the quality of the produce.
$3$. Increasing the resistance to various diseases.
$4$. Improving the growth rate and reproductive efficiency of the animals.
Therefore,all the given options are correct objectives of animal breeding.

(D) Animal breeding is primarily classified into two main methods:
$1$. Inbreeding: This involves the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations.
$2$. Outbreeding: This involves the breeding of unrelated animals,which can be further classified into out-crossing,cross-breeding,and interspecific hybridization.
Therefore,the correct answer is $2$.

(D) In animal breeding,$Outbreeding$ is a broad term that includes $Outcrossing$,$Cross-breeding$,and $Interspecific$ $hybridization$.
$Outcrossing$ is the practice of mating animals within the same breed that have no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to $4-6$ generations.
$Cross-breeding$ is the process where superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed.
Therefore,the statement in option $D$ describes $Cross-breeding$,not $Outcrossing$. Thus,option $D$ is the mismatched pair.

(A) Animal breeding aims to improve the genotypes of domesticated animals to increase their yield and improve the desirable qualities of the produce. The primary objectives include:
$1$. Increasing the yield of products such as milk,meat,eggs,etc.
$2$. Improving the quality of the produce.
$3$. Increasing the growth rate of animals.
$4$. Increasing the rate of reproduction.
Reducing the reproductive period is not a primary objective of animal breeding; in fact,breeders often focus on maintaining or optimizing reproductive health to ensure consistent production. Therefore,option $A$ is the correct answer.

(A) Animal breeding is a branch of animal science that addresses the evaluation of the genetic value of livestock. The main methods of animal breeding include:
$1$. Inbreeding: Mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations.
$2$. Outbreeding: This includes outcrossing, cross-breeding, and interspecific hybridization.
- Outcrossing: Mating of animals within the same breed but having no common ancestors on either side for $4-6$ generations.
- Cross-breeding: Superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed.
- Interspecific hybridization: Male and female animals of two different related species are mated.
Intraspecific hybridization is not a standard technical term used in the context of animal breeding classification in the $NCERT$ curriculum, as the primary categories are Inbreeding and Outbreeding (which encompasses cross-breeding and interspecific hybridization). Therefore, $A$ is the correct answer.