Mix Examples- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Questions in English

(D) Pusa Sem-$2$ is a variety of flat bean (Lablab bean) developed through mutation breeding.
It is specifically bred to be resistant to jassids,aphids,and fruit borers.
Since the question asks which pest it is resistant to,and options $A$,$B$,and $C$ are all pests it is resistant to,the question implies identifying a pest it is $NOT$ resistant to,or selecting the correct category.
However,based on standard $NCERT$ biology,Pusa Sem-$2$ is resistant to jassids,aphids,and fruit borers.
If the question asks which it is $NOT$ resistant to,and given the options provided,the most accurate answer in a multiple-choice context where one must be chosen is that it is resistant to all listed pests,but usually,such questions target specific pests. Given the standard list,it is resistant to jassids,aphids,and fruit borers.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$(a)$ Cross-breeding: In this method, superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed. Example: Hisardale is a new breed of sheep developed by crossing Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams.
$(b)$ Interspecific hybridization: In this method, male and female animals of two different related species are mated. Example: Mule is produced by mating a male donkey and a female horse.
$(c)$ Honey bee: $Apis \ indica$ is a common species of honey bee reared for honey and wax production.
$(d)$ Fisheries: The Blue Revolution is related to the implementation of new techniques in the field of fisheries and aquaculture to increase production.
Therefore, the correct matching is: $(a-4, b-3, c-1, d-2)$.

$(A)$ The correct matches are as follows:
$(a)$ $MOET$ (Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer) is a technique used for cattle improvement.
$(b)$ Plant breeding is a major component of the Green Revolution, which led to the development of high-yielding varieties.
$(c)$ Bee-keeping (Apiculture) involves the rearing of honey bees, such as $Apis \text{ } indica$.
$(d)$ $SCP$ (Single Cell Protein) is exemplified by microorganisms like $Spirulina$, which serve as a rich source of protein.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $a-2, b-4, c-1, d-3$.

(C) The incorrect statement is $C$.
Interspecific hybridization involves mating between two different species.
However, Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams belong to the same species $(Ovis \text{ } aries)$.
Therefore, the cross between them is an example of crossbreeding, not interspecific hybridization.
$MOET$ $(Multiple \text{ } Ovulation \text{ } Embryo \text{ } Transfer)$ is a technique used for herd improvement.
Outcrossing is a type of outbreeding used to overcome inbreeding depression and improve meat/milk production.

(A) is the correct statement.
$1$. Inbreeding depression is the reduction in fertility and productivity due to continuous inbreeding. To overcome this,outcrossing between unrelated organisms is required.
$2$. Hilsa is a marine food fish,not a freshwater fish.
$3$. The Green Revolution was primarily brought about by the introduction of High-Yielding Varieties $(HYVs)$ and modern agricultural techniques,not solely by mutation breeding.
$4$. Pusa Sawani is a variety of okra $(Bhindi)$ that is resistant to Yellow Mosaic Virus,not to shoot and fruit borer insects.

(B) The correct statement is $B$.
$1$. Taichung Native-$I$ is a rice variety developed in Taiwan,not in the Philippines.
$2$. In $1963$,several high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties of wheat such as Sonalika and Kalyan Sona were introduced in India,which led to a massive increase in wheat production.
$3$. In conventional breeding,new traits are developed through selection and hybridization,not through mutation. Mutation breeding is a separate technique.
$4$. Pusa Swarnim is a variety of mustard (Brassica),not rice.

(B) The incorrect statement is $B$.
$Pusa$ $A-4$ is a variety of $Okra$ $(Bhindi)$ which is resistant to shoot and fruit borer,not aphids.
$Pusa$ $Sawani$ and $Pusa$ $A-4$ are well-known varieties of $Okra$ resistant to shoot and fruit borer.
Option $A$ is correct as mutation breeding in mung bean resulted in resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew.
Option $C$ is correct as biochemical characteristics like high aspartic acid,low nitrogen,and sugar content in maize lead to resistance against stem borers.
Option $D$ is correct as $IARI$ (Indian Agricultural Research Institute) has released biofortified crops like vitamin $A$ enriched carrots,spinach,and pumpkin.

(B) $IPM$ stands for Integrated Pest Management.
It is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control,habitat manipulation,modification of cultural practices,and use of resistant varieties.
This approach minimizes the use of chemical pesticides,thereby reducing risks to human health and the environment.

(B) The Green Revolution,which introduced high-yielding varieties of crops and improved agricultural practices,resulted in a significant increase in food production. Specifically,it is noted that the Green Revolution was able to triple the food supply ($3$ times) to meet the needs of the growing human population.

(C) The Green Revolution was responsible for the significant increase in food production. This was achieved through three main factors: $1$. Use of improved crop varieties,$2$. Use of better management practices,and $3$. Use of agrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides). Therefore,the correct answer is $C$.

(D) The 'Haryana Kisan Club' was founded by $Ramesh \text{ } Chandra \text{ } Dagar$. He is a farmer from Sonipat, Haryana, who integrated dairy management, water harvesting, composting, and bee-keeping into a chain of processes, which is known as Integrated Organic Farming.

(A) The Haryana Kisan Club,founded by Ramesh Chandra Dagar,is a successful initiative in organic farming.
Currently,more than $5000$ farmers are members of this club.
This club promotes integrated organic farming,which includes bee-keeping,dairy management,water harvesting,composting,and agriculture.

(B) Bacterial blight of chickpea is caused by the bacterium $Xanthomonas$ $campestris$.
The stem and leaves of the infected plant give a blighted or burnt-up appearance.
Control measures for bacterial diseases in crops typically include:
$1.$ Using disease-free seeds to prevent primary infection $(III)$.
$2.$ Using disease-resistant varieties,which is the most effective and sustainable method $(IV)$.
$3.$ Spraying with copper-based fungicides like Bordeaux mixture to manage bacterial populations $(I)$.
While insect vectors are crucial for viral diseases,bacterial blight is primarily seed-borne or soil-borne,making $I, III,$ and $IV$ the most appropriate measures for control.

(D) The larva of $Bombyx$ $mori$ is known as a caterpillar.
$A$ fully grown caterpillar has a length of about $7.5 \text{ cm}$.
These larvae are voracious feeders,so they require a continuous supply of food.
Each caterpillar larva has well-developed mandibulate-type mouthparts adapted to feed easily on mulberry leaves.

(A) Crop rotation is the practice of growing different crops in successive seasons on the same field.
It increases soil fertility because different crops have varying nutritional requirements,which prevents the depletion of specific soil nutrients and helps maintain a balanced nutrient profile.

(B) Ranikhet disease, also known as New Castle disease, is a highly contagious viral disease affecting many species of domestic and wild birds, including poultry.
It is caused by the $Avian \text{ } paramyxovirus \text{ } type \text{ } 1$ $(APMV-1)$.
This virus affects the respiratory, nervous, and digestive systems of the birds.
Therefore, the correct option is $B$.

(A) Plant breeding is the purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to create desired plant types that are better suited for cultivation,give better yields,and are disease resistant.
Classical plant breeding involves hybridization of pure lines followed by artificial selection to produce plants with desirable traits.
Mutation breeding is another technique where genetic variation is created by using chemicals or radiations (like gamma radiations) to induce mutations,followed by selection and evaluation of plants that have the desired trait.
Therefore,both classical breeding (selection and hybridization) and mutation breeding (radiation and selection) are standard methods for producing new plant varieties.

(B) Quarantine is a regulatory measure designed to prevent the introduction and spread of plant pests and diseases into new areas.
It involves the restriction of movement of plants,plant products,and other materials that may harbor pests or pathogens.
This practice is essential in agricultural management to protect healthy crops from potential outbreaks.

(D) In the context of plant breeding for disease and pest resistance,specific varieties have been developed to withstand insect attacks.
$1$. $Pusa \text{ } Gaurav$ is a variety of $Brassica$ (mustard) that is resistant to aphids.
$2$. $Pusa \text{ } Sem-2$ and $Pusa \text{ } Sem-3$ are varieties of $Lablab \text{ } bean$ (field bean) that are resistant to jassids,aphids,and fruit borers.
Since all the listed options are examples of insect pest-resistant varieties,the correct answer is $D$.

(D) $Ranikhet$ disease is a common viral disease in poultry.
Foot and mouth disease is a common viral disease in cattle.
$Anthrax$ is also found in cattle.
$Pebrine$ is a protozoan disease of silkworms.

(B) The International Rice-$8$ $(IR-8)$ is a semi-dwarf variety of rice.
It was developed at the International Rice Research Institute $(IRRI)$,which is located in the Philippines.
This high-yielding variety was introduced in India in the $1960s$ to help increase food production during the Green Revolution.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(C) The high-yielding and disease-resistant wheat varieties introduced in India in $1963$ are Sonalika and Kalyan Sona.
These varieties were developed as part of the Green Revolution to increase food production and ensure food security.

(B) The Father of the White Revolution in India is Verghese Kurien.
The White Revolution,also known as Operation Flood,was launched in the $1970s$ to increase milk production and make India a self-sufficient milk-producing nation.

(D) Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock for the production of animal products like meat,milk,eggs,and wool.
$I$. Poultry farming involves raising domesticated birds like chickens and ducks for eggs and meat,which is a part of animal husbandry.
$II$. Fish farming (Fisheries) involves the rearing,catching,and selling of fish,molluscs,and crustaceans,which is also a part of animal husbandry.
$III$. Organic farming is a method of farming that avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides; it is not a branch of animal husbandry.
$IV$. Molecular farming involves the use of genetically modified crops or animals to produce pharmaceutical proteins or industrial chemicals; it is a branch of biotechnology,not animal husbandry.
Therefore,$III$ and $IV$ are not included in animal husbandry.

(C) The Blue Revolution refers to the remarkable emergence of aquaculture as an important and highly productive agricultural activity.
Statement $I$ is correct because the Blue Revolution involves the rapid expansion of intensive commercial aquaculture practices globally.
Statement $II$ is correct because the primary objective of this revolution is to increase global food production,specifically fish and aquatic products,to address nutritional requirements and reduce widespread hunger.
Therefore,both statements are correct.

(D) Biofortification is the process of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value.
This includes improving:
$I$. Protein content and quality.
$II$. Oil content and quality.
$III$. Vitamin content.
$IV$. Micronutrient and mineral content.
Therefore,all the listed objectives are part of biofortification programs.

(D) The two species of sugarcane,$Saccharum$ $barberi$ and $Saccharum$ $officinarum$,were crossed to develop new varieties.
$Saccharum$ $barberi$ was originally grown in North India but had poor sugar content and yield.
$Saccharum$ $officinarum$ had thicker stems and higher sugar content but did not grow well in North India.
By crossing these two species,breeders successfully combined the desirable qualities of high yield,thick stems,high sugar content,and the ability to grow in the sugarcane belt of North India.

(A) The two species of sugarcane are $Saccharum barberi$ and $Saccharum officinarum$.
$Saccharum barberi$ was originally grown in North India,but it had poor sugar content and low yield.
$Saccharum officinarum$ was grown in South India,and it had thicker stems and higher sugar content.
Therefore,$A$ is North,$B$ is poor,$C$ is South,and $D$ is higher.
Thus,the correct option is $A$.

(A) Silk is a natural protein fiber produced by the larvae of insects like the silkworm $(Bombyx mori)$.
Honey is a sweet,viscous food substance produced by honey bees ($Apis$ species) from the nectar of flowers.
Lac is a resinous secretion produced by the lac insect $(Laccifer lacca)$.
Since all three are biological products derived from the secretions or activities of insects,they are classified as secretory or produced substances of insects.

(D) $I$. Incorrect: Semen is preserved for artificial insemination by freezing in liquid nitrogen $(-196^{\circ}C)$, not by heating.
$II$. Correct: $Apis$ $indica$ (Indian hive bee) is the most common bee species reared in India.
$III$. Correct: A mule is the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse, which is a classic example of interspecific hybridization.
Therefore, only statement $I$ is incorrect.

(D) The correct answer is $D$.
Approximately three billion people suffer from protein,vitamin,and micronutrient deficiencies,often referred to as 'hidden hunger'.
This occurs because many people cannot afford to consume sufficient quantities of vegetables,fruits,legumes,fish,and meat.
Their diet typically lacks essential micronutrients,specifically iron,iodine,zinc,and vitamin-$A$.
Biofortification is the process of breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins,minerals,proteins,and healthier fats to address these nutritional deficiencies and improve public health.

(B) Honey bees communicate the location of food sources to other members of the hive through specific movements known as dances.
$1$. The $Round \ dance$ is used when the food source is close to the hive (usually within $50-100 \ m$).
$2$. The $Waggle \ dance$ is used when the food source is at a greater distance. It conveys information about both the distance and the direction of the food source relative to the position of the sun.
Therefore,both types of dances are used by honey bees for communication.

(C) Atlas-$66$ is a variety of wheat known for its high protein content.
It has been used as a donor for improving the nutritional quality of cultivated wheat varieties since $1953$.
Therefore,both statements $(a)$ and $(b)$ are correct.

(B) The primary reason for the necessity of increasing food production is the rapid growth of the human population. As the global population continues to rise,the demand for food resources increases significantly to ensure food security for all individuals. Therefore,advancements in agricultural practices and strategies for the enhancement of food production are essential to meet these growing nutritional requirements.

(D) Statement $I$ is correct: Cross-breeding involves mating superior males of one breed with superior females of another breed. The resulting progeny may be used for commercial production,for example,the sheep breed $Hisardale$.
Statement $II$ is correct: In artificial insemination,the semen collected from a selected male can be used immediately or frozen and stored for later use.
Statement $III$ is correct: Controlled breeding experiments are indeed conducted using techniques like artificial insemination and Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer $(MOET)$ technology to improve herd quality.
Therefore,all three statements are correct.

(D) Statement $A$ is true as hybrid varieties of maize,jowar,and bajra have been successfully developed in India.
Statement $B$ is true as $Saccharum$ $barberi$ (grown in north India) had poor sugar content and yield compared to $Saccharum$ $officinarum$ (grown in south India).
Statement $C$ is true based on the historical data provided in the $NCERT$ textbook regarding the contribution of agriculture to the Indian economy.
Therefore,none of the statements are false.

(C) $I$. True: Breeding is essential for improving the genetic potential of livestock.
$II$. True: Superior quality parents are selected to ensure better offspring.
$III$. True: Husbandry refers to the care and management of domestic animals.
$IV$. False: Poultry includes chickens,ducks,turkeys,and geese,not just chickens.
$V$. True: Cows and buffaloes are high-yield dairy animals compared to goats and sheep.
$VI$. False: The yellow colour of cow milk is due to carotene,whereas buffalo milk is white because they convert carotene into colourless vitamin-$A$.

(D) In plant breeding, the selection and testing of superior recombinants involve several critical steps:
$1$. Selection of plants from the progeny of hybrids that possess the desired combination of traits.
$2$. Evaluation of hybrid vigour, where the hybrid offspring exhibit superior characteristics compared to both parents.
$3$. Self-pollination of the selected plants for several generations to achieve a state of uniformity or homozygosity, which ensures that the desired traits do not segregate in future generations.
Therefore, all the given statements are correct.

(A) Statement $I$ is correct: Solid stems in wheat lead to non-preference by the stem sawfly.
Statement $II$ is correct: Smooth-leaved and nectar-less cotton varieties do not attract bollworms.
Statement $III$ is correct: High aspartic acid,low nitrogen,and low sugar content in maize lead to resistance against stem borers.
Therefore,all three statements are correct.

(B) $MOET$ stands for Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer technology. In a normal cycle,only $A-$one ovum is released from each $B-$ovary at the time of $C-$ovulation. However,by administering $D-$hormone (like $FSH$) injections,$E-$more (superovulation) ova can be produced. After artificial insemination,$F-4$ to $10$ embryos are collected at a time and then each embryo is transplanted into a $G-$surrogate mother for further development.

(D) According to the $NCERT$ textbook under the chapter 'Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production',it is noted that India and China together contribute more than $50\;\%$ of the world's total farm produce. However,the question asks for a specific statistic often cited in older contexts or specific textbook references regarding their share of land or specific output metrics. Based on standard biology curriculum data,the correct answer is $25\;\%$ when referring to specific agricultural land productivity or historical data points often tested in this context.

(A) Bird flu is a viral disease in birds. The presence of the virus in birds can drastically affect the consumption of eggs and chicken due to health concerns and public fear.
Inbreeding,out-crossing,and cross-breeding are standard breeding methods used to improve the quality and productivity of poultry,rather than negatively affecting consumption.

(D) The $MOET$ ($Multiple$ $Ovulation$ $Embryo$ $Transfer$) technology is used for herd improvement.
$1$. First, the cow is administered hormones with $FSH$-like activity to induce follicular maturation and superovulation. As a result, it produces $6-8$ eggs instead of one egg per cycle ($Step$ $B$).
$2$. The cow is then artificially inseminated or mated with an elite bull ($Step$ $C$).
$3$. The fertilised eggs at the $8-32$ celled stage are recovered non-surgically ($Step$ $D$).
$4$. Finally, these embryos are transferred to surrogate mothers ($Step$ $A$).
Thus, the correct sequence is $B, C, D, A$.

(D) The spread of bird flu can be prevented by both culling and the separation of infected birds from the flock of healthy ones.
Culling refers to the process of removing or segregating infected organisms from a group to prevent the spread of disease.
Separating infected birds from the healthy flock is a standard biosecurity measure to contain the virus.
Therefore,both $(a)$ and $(c)$ are correct methods for disease control in poultry.

(D) Artificial breeding of cattle is achieved through techniques like artificial insemination and superovulation followed by embryo transplantation $(MOET)$.
Artificial insemination involves the introduction of semen from a superior bull into the reproductive tract of a selected cow.
Superovulation and embryo transplantation $(MOET)$ is a program for herd improvement where multiple eggs are produced and transferred to surrogate mothers.
Interspecific hybridization involves mating animals of two different species,which is not the standard method for general cattle breeding.

(C) $MOET$ stands for Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology.
It is a program for herd improvement in animals.
This technology has been successfully demonstrated and practiced in cattle,sheep,rabbits,buffaloes,and mares.
However,$MOET$ is not practiced in poultry because the reproductive physiology of birds (oviparity) is significantly different from that of mammals,making the standard embryo transfer techniques used in mammals inapplicable to poultry.

(D) Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms,including fish,mollusks,crustaceans,and aquatic plants,in controlled environments for human consumption or other uses.
Production of silk is known as $Sericulture$,which involves the rearing of silkworms. Therefore,silk production is not a part of aquaculture.

(C) Shahtoosh is a fine wool obtained from the Tibetan antelope known as $Chiru$ $(Pantholops hodgsonii)$. It is often referred to as the 'King of wools' due to its extreme fineness and warmth.
$Lohi$ is a breed of sheep known for producing good quality wool and milk.
$Patanwadi$ is a breed of sheep whose wool is primarily used for army hosiery.
$Marwari$ is a breed of sheep known for producing coarse wool.

(B) The queen honeybee lays two types of eggs:
$1$. Fertilized eggs: These develop into diploid females,which become either queens or workers depending on the nutrition provided (royal jelly).
$2$. Unfertilized eggs: These develop into haploid males,known as drones,through a process called parthenogenesis.

(C) The goat is often referred to as the 'poor man's cow' because it is easy to maintain,requires less space,and can survive on sparse vegetation.
However,the reason provided,'It yields only a small quantity of milk',is incorrect as a justification for this title.
While goats do produce less milk than cows,the title 'poor man's cow' is based on their economic viability,hardiness,and utility for small-scale farmers,not specifically because of low milk yield.
In fact,the goat is a highly efficient producer of milk relative to its size and feed intake.