Microbes in Industrial Products Questions in English

(B) The correct answer is $B$.
$1$. Lipases are used in detergent formulations to help remove oily stains from laundry.
$2$. Pectinases and proteases are used in the clarification of bottled fruit juices.
$3$. Amylases are used in the textile industry for desizing fabrics.
$4$. Nitrogenase is an enzyme involved in nitrogen fixation (e.g., in $Rhizobium$), not in the production of alcohol. Alcohol production (fermentation) primarily involves yeast $(Saccharomyces \text{ } cerevisiae)$ and enzymes like zymase.

(C) Pasteurization is a process of heating milk to a specific temperature to kill harmful bacteria without significantly altering its nutritional value or taste.
In the batch pasteurization method (also known as Low Temperature Long Time or $LTLT$),milk is heated to $63^o \,C - 65^o \,C$ for about $30$ minutes.
This process effectively destroys pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other non-spore-forming bacteria.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(C) The industrial production of citric acid is primarily carried out using the fungus $Aspergillus$ $niger$.
This fungus is highly efficient at converting sugars into citric acid through fermentation processes.
$Lactobacillus$ is typically used for lactic acid production,while other species are used for different industrial products.

(C) In distilleries,$ethanol$ is produced by the fermentation of sugars by the yeast $Saccharomyces$ $cerevisiae$. Molasses,which is a byproduct of the sugar industry,is rich in sucrose and is the most commonly used substrate for the industrial production of ethanol.

(D) Ethanol is produced industrially through the process of fermentation. The yeast species $Saccharomyces$ $cerevisiae$, commonly known as brewer's yeast, is used for this purpose. It ferments sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide under anaerobic conditions. Therefore, the correct option is $D$.

(B) Myocardial infarction,commonly known as a heart attack,is caused by the formation of blood clots in the coronary arteries.
Streptokinase is an enzyme produced by the bacterium $Streptococcus$ and is genetically engineered to act as a 'clot buster'.
It is administered to patients who have suffered myocardial infarction to dissolve the clots in the blood vessels,thereby restoring blood flow to the heart muscle.

(C) Yeast, specifically $Saccharomyces \text{ } cerevisiae$ (also known as Brewer's yeast), is widely used in the food and beverage industry.
It is used in the production of bread by fermenting sugars in the dough, which releases $CO_2$ and causes the dough to rise.
It is also used in the production of alcoholic beverages like beer and wine through the process of fermentation.

(D) Monascus purpureus is a species of yeast that is commercially used in the production of statins. Statins are cholesterol-lowering agents that act by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cholesterol in the body. Therefore, the correct option is $D$.

(D) The correct matches are as follows:
$(a)$ Citric acid is produced by the fungus $Aspergillus$ $niger$ $(iii)$.
$(b)$ Cyclosporin $A$ is an immunosuppressive agent produced by the fungus $Trichoderma$ $polysporum$ $(i)$.
$(c)$ Statins are blood-cholesterol lowering agents produced by the yeast $Monascus$ $purpureus$ $(iv)$.
$(d)$ Butyric acid is produced by the bacterium $Clostridium$ $butylicum$ $(ii)$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $(a-iii), (b-i), (c-iv), (d-ii)$.

(C) The correct answer is $C$.
$1$. $Monascus$ $purpureus$ produces statins,which act as blood-cholesterol-lowering agents.
$2$. $Streptococcus$ produces streptokinase,which is used as a 'clot buster' for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction.
$3$. $Clostridium$ $butylicum$ is a bacterium that produces butyric acid. Lipase is produced by the fungus $Candida$ $lipolytica$ or $Rhizopus$ $arrhizus$,not $Clostridium$ $butylicum$. Lipases are used in detergent formulations and are helpful in removing oily stains from the laundry.
$4$. $Trichoderma$ $polysporum$ is a fungus that produces cyclosporin-$A$,which is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ transplant patients.

(D) The correct match is $Saccharomyces$ $cerevisiae$ - Ethanol.
$1$. $Acetobacter$ $aceti$ is used for the production of acetic acid.
$2$. $Methanobacterium$ is used for the production of biogas (methane).
$3$. $Penicillium$ $notatum$ is used for the production of penicillin (an antibiotic).
$4$. $Saccharomyces$ $cerevisiae$ (brewer's yeast) is used for the fermentation of sugars to produce ethanol.

(B) In 'fed-batch' fermentation,the substrate (such as sugar) is added periodically or continuously during the fermentation process.
This is primarily done to maintain the concentration of the substrate at a level that prevents the inhibition of microbial growth or product formation.
This technique is widely used in the industrial production of secondary metabolites,such as $Antibiotics$,where high concentrations of sugar might otherwise inhibit the metabolic pathways responsible for antibiotic synthesis.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. $(a)$ Lactobacillus: Produces $(ii)$ Curd by fermenting milk.
$2$. $(b)$ Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Commonly known as Brewer's yeast,it is used to produce $(iv)$ Bread.
$3$. $(c)$ Aspergillus niger: $A$ fungus used for the commercial production of $(iii)$ Citric Acid.
$4$. $(d)$ Acetobacter aceti: $A$ bacterium used for the production of $(v)$ Acetic Acid.
Therefore,the correct matching is $(a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(iii), (d)-(v)$. The correct option is $B$.

(B) Statins are produced by the yeast $Monascus$ $purpureus$.
They act by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cholesterol in the body.
Therefore,they are used as blood cholesterol-lowering agents.
Cyclosporin $A$ is an immunosuppressive agent.
Streptokinase is used as a 'clot buster' for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction.
Lipases are used in detergent formulations to remove oily stains from laundry.

(B) Streptokinase is a clot-buster enzyme produced by the bacterium Streptococcus and modified by genetic engineering. It is administered to patients who have suffered from myocardial infarction (heart attack) to dissolve blood clots (thrombi) in the blood vessels,thereby restoring blood flow to the heart muscle.

(B) Vitamin $B_2$ (Riboflavin) is naturally found in cereals,green vegetables,brewer's yeast,egg white,milk,and liver. This makes the Assertion correct.
Vitamin $B_2$ is also produced commercially using microorganisms,specifically certain yeasts and fungi like $Ashbya$ $gossypii$. This makes the Reason correct.
However,the commercial production of vitamin $B_2$ by yeasts is a separate industrial fact and does not explain why it is found in the specific food sources mentioned in the Assertion. Therefore,the Reason is not the correct explanation for the Assertion.

(N/A) Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by certain microorganisms that can kill or retard the growth of other disease-causing microorganisms. These are widely used in the treatment of various infectious diseases.
The two species of fungi used in the production of antibiotics are:

$1.$ Antibiotic: Penicillin	Fungus Source: $Penicillium \text{ } notatum$
$2.$ Antibiotic: Cephalosporin	Fungus Source: $Cephalosporium \text{ } acremonium$

(A) Cyclosporin $A$ is an immunosuppressive agent used in organ transplant patients. It is produced by the fungus $Trichoderma\,polysporum$.
Statins are blood cholesterol-lowering agents that act by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for cholesterol synthesis. They are produced by the yeast $Monascus\,purpureus$.

$1. \text{ Drug}$	$2. \text{ Microbe}$
Cyclosporin $A$	$Trichoderma\,polysporum$
Statins	$Monascus\,purpureus$

(C) In the industrial sector,microbes are utilized to synthesize various products that are valuable to human beings,such as beverages and antibiotics. To achieve production on an industrial scale,it is necessary to grow these microbes in very large vessels known as $fermentors$.

(N/A) Microbes,especially yeasts,have been used since time immemorial for the production of beverages like wine,beer,whisky,brandy,or rum.
For this purpose,the same yeast,$Saccharomyces \ cerevisiae$,used for bread making is utilized.
This is commonly called brewer's yeast and is used for fermenting malted cereals and fruit juices to produce ethanol.
Depending on the type of raw material used for fermentation and the type of processing (with or without distillation),different types of alcoholic drinks are obtained.
Wine and beer are produced without distillation,whereas whisky,brandy,and rum are produced by distillation of the fermented broth.

(N/A) Antibiotics produced by microbes are regarded as one of the most significant discoveries of the $20^{th}$ century and have greatly contributed to the welfare of human society.
- The term 'Antibiotic' is derived from two Greek words: 'anti' meaning 'against' and 'bio' meaning 'life'. Together, they mean 'against life' in the context of disease-causing organisms.
- However, with reference to human beings, they are 'pro-life' and not against life.
- Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by some microbes that can kill or retard the growth of other disease-causing microbes.
- Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered.
- While working on $Staphylococci$ bacteria, Alexander Fleming observed a mould growing in one of his unwashed culture plates around which $Staphylococci$ could not grow. He discovered that this was due to a chemical produced by the mould, which he named 'penicillin' after the mould $Penicillium \text{ } notatum$.
- The full potential of penicillin as an effective antibiotic was established much later by Ernest Chain and Howard Florey.
- This antibiotic was extensively used to treat American soldiers wounded in World War-$II$.
- Fleming, Chain, and Florey were awarded the Nobel Prize in $1945$ for this discovery.
- After penicillin, many other antibiotics were purified from various microbes.
- Antibiotics have greatly improved our capacity to treat deadly diseases such as plague, whooping cough, diphtheria, and leprosy, which used to kill millions of people all over the globe.

(N/A) Microbes are extensively used for the commercial and industrial production of various chemicals,enzymes,and bioactive molecules.
$1$. Production of Organic Acids: Microbes are used to produce specific organic acids. Examples include:
- $Aspergillus$ $niger$ (a fungus) for citric acid.
- $Acetobacter$ $aceti$ (a bacterium) for acetic acid.
- $Clostridium$ $butylicum$ (a bacterium) for butyric acid.
- $Lactobacillus$ (a bacterium) for lactic acid.
$2$. Production of Alcohols: Yeast ($Saccharomyces$ $cerevisiae$) is used for the commercial production of ethanol.
$3$. Production of Enzymes:
- Lipases are used in detergent formulations to remove oily stains from laundry.
- Pectinases and proteases are used to clarify bottled fruit juices.
$4$. Bioactive Molecules:
- Streptokinase: Produced by the bacterium $Streptococcus$ and modified by genetic engineering,it acts as a 'clot buster' to remove clots from blood vessels in patients who have suffered myocardial infarction.
- Cyclosporine $A$: An immunosuppressive agent used in organ transplant patients,produced by the fungus $Trichoderma$ $polysporum$.
- Statins: Produced by the yeast $Monascus$ $purpureus$,these are used as blood cholesterol-lowering agents.

(N/A) $Fermentors$ are large vessels used for growing microbes on a commercial scale to produce various products like beverages,antibiotics,and enzymes.

(A) The large holes in 'Swiss cheese' are caused by the production of a large amount of $CO_{2}$ during the ripening process. This gas is released by the bacterium $Propionibacterium$ $\text{sharmanii}$.

(N/A) The microbe used for the production of statins is the yeast $Monascus$ $purpureus$.
Statins act as blood-cholesterol-lowering agents by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver.

(A) Distillation is a process used to separate components of a mixture based on differences in their boiling points.
In the production of alcoholic beverages,fermentation by yeast produces a limited concentration of alcohol (usually up to $12-14\%$).
Distillation is required to increase the alcohol content (strength) of the beverage beyond this limit,resulting in spirits like whiskey,brandy,and rum.

(A) Aspergillus niger is a fungus used for the commercial production of citric acid.
Clostridium butylicum is a bacterium used for the commercial production of butyric acid.
Lactobacillus is a bacterium used for the commercial production of lactic acid.
Therefore,the common characteristic shared by all three is that they are used for the commercial production of organic acids.

(A) Roquefort cheese is produced by the fungus $Penicillium$ $roqueforti$.
This fungus is specifically used to ripen the cheese, giving it a characteristic flavor and blue-green veins.

(N/A) $1$. $Lipase$: These are used in detergent formulations to help remove oily stains from laundry.
$2$. $Pectinases$ and $Proteases$: These are used as clarifying agents in the commercial production of fruit and vegetable juices.

(B) Cyclosporin $A$ is produced from the fungus $Trichoderma$ $polysporum$.
It is widely used as an immunosuppressive agent in patients undergoing organ transplants to prevent organ rejection by the immune system.

(B) Bioactive molecules of fungal origin play a crucial role in modern medicine.
$1$. Cyclosporin $A$: This molecule is produced by the fungus $Trichoderma$ $polysporum$. It is widely used as an immunosuppressive agent in patients undergoing organ transplants to prevent organ rejection.
$2$. Statins: These are produced by the yeast $Monascus$ $purpureus$. They are commercialized as blood-cholesterol-lowering agents. Statins function by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver.

(C) Enzymes play a crucial role in detergents by breaking down complex organic stains.
Specifically,lipases are used in detergent formulations to help remove oily stains from laundry.
These enzymes are produced by specific microorganisms,such as the fungus $Candida \ lipolytica$ and the yeast $Geotrichum \ candidum$.

(N/A) The bacterium used as a 'clot buster' is $Streptococcus$.
It produces an enzyme called streptokinase.
This enzyme is modified by genetic engineering and is used to remove clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction,which can lead to a heart attack.
Its mode of action involves the activation of the fibrinolytic system,which breaks down fibrin clots in the blood.

(A) The correct matches are as follows:
$(a)$ Aspergillus niger produces Citric acid $(2)$.
$(b)$ Acetobacter aceti produces Acetic acid $(3)$.
$(c)$ Clostridium butyricum produces Butyric acid $(4)$.
$(d)$ Lactobacillus produces Lactic acid $(1)$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $(a-2, b-3, c-4, d-1)$.

(A) The correct matches are as follows:
$(a)$ Statin is produced by the yeast $Monascus$ $purpureus$ and acts as a blood-cholesterol lowering agent $(a-3)$.
$(b)$ Cyclosporin $A$ is produced by the fungus $Trichoderma$ $polysporum$ and is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ transplant patients $(b-4)$.
$(c)$ Streptokinase is produced by the bacterium $Streptococcus$ and is used as a 'clot buster' for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction $(c-2)$.
$(d)$ Lipase is used in detergent formulations and is helpful in removing oily stains from the laundry $(d-1)$.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $(a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1)$.

(C) The correct matches are as follows:
$(a)$ Clostridium butylicum produces Butyric Acid $(ii)$.
$(b)$ Trichoderma polysporum produces Cyclosporin-$A$ $(i)$,which is an immunosuppressive agent.
$(c)$ Monascus purpureus produces statins,which act as blood cholesterol lowering agents $(iv)$.
$(d)$ Aspergillus niger produces Citric Acid $(iii)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(iii)$.

(A) Cyclosporin-$A$ is an immunosuppressive agent used in organ transplantation to prevent organ rejection by the recipient's immune system.
It is produced by the fungus $Trichoderma$ $polysporum$.
It inhibits the activation of $T$-cells,thereby suppressing the immune response against the transplanted organ.

(C) Swiss cheese is known for its large holes.
These holes are produced by the production of a large amount of $CO_2$ by the bacterium $Propionibacterium$ $\text{sharmanii}$ during the ripening process of the cheese.

(C) For the large-scale production of industrial products such as beverages,antibiotics,and enzymes,microorganisms are grown in large vessels known as $Fermenters$ (or bioreactors).
These vessels provide optimal conditions such as temperature,$pH$,oxygen,and nutrients required for the growth and metabolic activity of the microbes.
Flasks and beakers are used only for laboratory-scale experiments and are not suitable for large-scale industrial production.

(B) The production of alcoholic beverages depends on the type of raw material used for fermentation and the type of processing (with or without distillation).
$1$. Beverages like $Beer$ and $Wine$ are produced by fermentation of malted cereals and fruit juices respectively,without the process of distillation. This results in a lower alcohol content.
$2$. Beverages like $Whisky$,$Brandy$,and $Rum$ are produced by the distillation of the fermented broth,which increases the alcohol concentration.
Therefore,$Beer$ and $Wine$ are the beverages produced without distillation.

(C) The commercial production of citric acid is primarily carried out using the fungus $Aspergillus$ $niger$.
$Lactobacillus$ is used for the production of lactic acid.
$Baculovirus$ is used as a biological control agent.
$Saccharomyces$ $cerevisiae$ is used in the baking and brewing industries for the production of ethanol and carbon dioxide.

(A) Lipases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of fats (lipids). In the laundry industry,they are used in detergent formulations to effectively remove oily and greasy stains from clothes. Proteases are used to remove proteinaceous stains,and amylases are used to remove starch-based stains. Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(D) Alcoholic beverages are produced by the fermentation of various substrates by yeast ($Saccharomyces$ $cerevisiae$).
$1$. Beverages like wine and beer are produced without distillation,resulting in a lower alcohol content.
$2$. Beverages like whisky,brandy,and rum are produced by the distillation of the fermented broth,which increases the alcohol concentration.
Therefore,whisky and brandy are examples of beverages produced by distillation.

(B) The first antibiotic to be discovered was $Penicillin$.
It was discovered by $Alexander \ Fleming$ in $1928$ from the mold $Penicillium \ notatum$.
This discovery marked the beginning of the antibiotic era in medicine.

(A) Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in $1928$ from the mould $Penicillium$ $notatum$.
However,its full potential as an effective antibiotic was established much later by Ernst Chain and Howard Florey.
All three scientists,Alexander Fleming,Ernst Chain,and Howard Florey,were awarded the Nobel Prize in $1945$ for this discovery and development.
Therefore,the correct combination is $(i), (ii),$ and $(iii)$.

(A) Lactic acid is produced on an industrial scale by the bacterium $Lactobacillus$.
$Aspergillus$ $niger$ is used for the production of citric acid.
$Staphylococcus$ $aureus$ is a pathogenic bacterium.
$Yeast$ ($Saccharomyces$ $cerevisiae$) is primarily used for the production of ethanol and in the baking industry.

(C) Bottled fruit juices bought from the market are clearer as compared to those made at home. This is because the bottled juices are clarified by the use of pectinases and proteases. Pectinases break down the pectin present in the cell walls of fruit tissues,while proteases break down the proteins,resulting in a clear liquid. Therefore,the correct combination is (ii) and (iv).

(D) The production of acetic acid is carried out by the bacterium $Acetobacter aceti$.
This bacterium is an aerobic organism that oxidizes ethanol to produce acetic acid (vinegar).
$Bacillus thuringiensis$ is used as a bio-insecticide.
$Lactobacillus$ is involved in the conversion of milk to curd.
$Streptococcus pneumoniae$ is a pathogen that causes pneumonia in humans.

(B) Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming. Its full potential as an effective antibiotic was established much later by Ernst Chain and Howard Florey. During World War $II$,penicillin was extensively used to treat wounded American soldiers. Therefore,the correct option is $B$.