Microbes in Industrial Products Questions in English

(A) Microbes are extensively used in industries to synthesize various products that are valuable to human beings.
$I.$ Antibiotics (e.g.,Penicillin) are produced by microbes to kill or retard the growth of other disease-causing microbes.
$II.$ Fermented beverages (e.g.,wine,beer,whisky) are produced by fermenting fruit juices or malted cereals using yeast ($Saccharomyces$ $cerevisiae$).
$III.$ Bioactive molecules (e.g.,Cyclosporin $A$,Statins) are produced by microbes for specific medical applications.
$IV.$ Enzymes (e.g.,Lipases,Pectinases,Proteases) are industrially produced using microbial sources for various applications like detergent formulation and fruit juice clarification.
Therefore,all the listed products ($I, II, III,$ and $IV$) are synthesized from microbes.

(A) The fungus $Trichoderma polysporum$ produces the bioactive molecule Cyclosporin $A$,which is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ transplant patients.
The yeast $Monascus purpureus$ produces Statins,which act as blood-cholesterol lowering agents by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for cholesterol synthesis.
Therefore,the correct identification is:
$A-$Trichoderma polysporum
$B-$As an immunosuppressive agent in organ transplant patients
$C-$Yeast
$D-$As blood-cholesterol lowering agent
Thus,the correct option is $A$.

(B) In industrial processes,the production of beverages like wine and beer involves the large-scale cultivation of microorganisms such as yeast. These processes are carried out in very large vessels or containers called $Fermentors$. These vessels provide the necessary controlled environment,including temperature,$pH$,and aeration,required for the optimal growth of microbes and the subsequent production of the desired product.

(B) Beer is produced without distillation.
Rum,Brandy,and Whisky are produced by the process of distillation.

(D) Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin,but its full potential as an effective antibiotic was established by Ernest Chain and Howard Florey. They were responsible for the commercial extraction and purification of penicillin,for which all three were awarded the Nobel Prize in $1945$. Therefore,both Ernest Chain and Howard Florey were involved in its commercial extraction.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. $Aspergillus niger$ produces Citric acid.
$2$. $Clostridium butylicum$ produces Butyric acid.
$3$. $Acetobacter aceti$ produces Acetic acid.
$4$. $Lactobacillus$ produces Lactic acid.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $a(ii), b(i), c(iv), d(iii)$.

(C) Lipases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of fats. They are used in detergent formulations because they are highly effective in removing oily stains from laundry. These enzymes are commercially produced from microorganisms such as the yeast $Candida$ $lipolytica$ and various fungi.

(D) The enzyme streptokinase is produced by the bacterium $Streptococcus$.
This enzyme is used as a 'clot buster' for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction (heart attack).
Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(C) Cyclosporin-$A$ is an immunosuppressive agent used in organ-transplant patients.
It is produced by the fungus $Trichoderma$ $polysporum$.

(B) $Monascus \text{ } purpureus$ is a species of yeast that is used in the production of statins.
Statins are commercially used as blood-cholesterol lowering agents.
They act by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cholesterol in the body.

(C) Statins are bioactive molecules produced by the yeast $Monascus$ $purpureus$.
They act as blood-cholesterol lowering agents by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cholesterol in the body.

(B) The alcohol content of various fermented beverages is as follows:
Beer: $3-6\%$ alcohol content.
Whisky: Approximately $50\%$ alcohol content.
Brandy: $60-70\%$ alcohol content.
Gin: Approximately $40\%$ alcohol content.
Therefore,Brandy has the highest alcohol content among the given options.

(D) Brewer's yeast,scientifically known as $Saccharomyces$ $cerevisiae$,is used for the fermentation of malted cereals and fruit juices.
During this process,the yeast breaks down sugars anaerobically to produce ethanol (alcohol) and $CO_2$.

(A) Streptokinase is produced by the bacterium $Streptococcus$ and is modified by genetic engineering to be used as a 'clot buster' for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction (heart attack).

(D) Bottled fruit juices are clarified using pectinases and proteases.
$1$. Pectinases are enzymes that break down pectin,a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls,which helps in clearing the juice.
$2$. Proteases are also used to break down proteins that might cause turbidity in the juice.
$3$. Common sources for these enzymes include microorganisms like $Aspergillus$ $niger$ and $Byssochlamys$ $fulva$ for pectinases,and species of $Aspergillus$ and $Bacillus$ for proteases.

(A) The fungus $Trichoderma$ $polysporum$ is used for the commercial production of Cyclosporin-$A$, which is an immunosuppressive agent used in organ transplant patients.
Streptokinase is produced by the bacterium $Streptococcus$ and is used as a 'clot buster' to remove clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction.
Statins are produced by the yeast $Monascus$ $purpureus$ and act as blood-cholesterol lowering agents.

(A) The incorrect match is $A$. Citric acid is produced by the fungus $Aspergillus$ $niger$,not $Aspergillus$ $flavus$. $Aspergillus$ $flavus$ is known for producing aflatoxins,which are toxic compounds.

(B) Penicillin is the first antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming from the fungus $Penicillium$ $notatum$. It was extensively used to treat wounded American soldiers during World War-$II$.

(A) Statins are produced by the fermentation activity of the yeast $Monascus$ $purpureus$.
They act as blood-cholesterol lowering agents.
Statins function by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cholesterol.
They compete with mevalonate for the same active site on the enzyme $HMG-CoA$ reductase,thereby reducing the production of cholesterol in the body.

(D) Wine and beer are produced without distillation of the fermented broth,which results in a lower alcohol concentration.
Alcoholic beverages are produced by fermentation,and the subsequent process (distillation or no distillation) determines the type and alcohol concentration of the final product.
Since both the Assertion and the Reason statements are factually incorrect,the correct option is $D$.

(C) In a continuous culture system,fresh medium is added from one side while the used medium containing cells and products is removed from the other side. This setup prevents the culture from entering the stationary phase due to nutrient depletion or waste accumulation. Consequently,the cells are maintained in the log phase (exponential phase),where they grow and divide at a constant,maximum rate,allowing for the continuous production of the desired product.

(A) : Myocardial infarction (heart attack) is caused by the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the coronary arteries. Genetic engineering has allowed for the mass production of thrombolytic agents.
$R$: Streptokinase is an enzyme produced by the bacterium $Streptococcus$. Through Recombinant $DNA$ Technology $(RDT)$,it is modified and purified to be used as a 'clot buster' in patients who have undergone myocardial infarction. This enzyme helps in dissolving the blood clots in the blood vessels,thereby restoring blood flow. Thus,both statements are correct and the Reason explains the Assertion.

(A) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. $Aspergillus niger$ is a fungus used for the commercial production of $Citric Acid$ (Match $a-iii$).
$2$. $Acetobacter aceti$ is a bacterium used for the production of $Acetic Acid$ (Match $b-i$).
$3$. $Clostridium butylicum$ is a bacterium used for the production of $Butyric Acid$ (Match $c-iv$).
$4$. $Lactobacillus$ is a bacterium used for the production of $Lactic Acid$ (Match $d-ii$).
Therefore, the correct sequence is $(a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii)$.

(D) The immunosuppressive agent cyclosporin $A$ is produced by the fungus $Trichoderma$ $polysporum$.
It is widely used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ transplant patients to prevent organ rejection by the immune system.
$Clostridium$ $butylicum$ is used for the production of butyric acid.
$Aspergillus$ $niger$ is used for the production of citric acid.
$Saccharomyces$ $cerevisiae$ is used for the production of ethanol (brewer's yeast).
Therefore, the correct option is $D$.

(D) Yeast carries out fermentation to produce ethanol and $CO_2$ under anaerobic conditions.
As the concentration of ethanol increases in the medium,it becomes toxic to the yeast cells.
When the concentration of alcohol reaches approximately $13 \%$,it inhibits the metabolic activities of the yeast,leading to its death.
Therefore,$13 \%$ or more concentration of alcohol is toxic to yeast.

(A) Toddy is a traditional alcoholic beverage made by fermenting the sap extracted from palm trees. The sap is collected from the inflorescence of the palm and is allowed to undergo natural fermentation by yeast present in the environment,resulting in the production of alcohol.

(B) Swiss cheese is produced by the bacterium $Propionibacterium$ $shermanii$.
This bacterium produces a large amount of $CO_2$ during the fermentation process, which creates the characteristic large holes in the cheese.

(A) Roquefort cheese is ripened by growing a specific fungus,$Penicillium$ $roqueforti$,on it,which gives it a particular flavor.
$Propionibacterium$ $shermanii$ is used for the production of Swiss cheese.
$LAB$ (Lactic Acid Bacteria) are used for the production of curd.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(A) In industrial microbiology,large-scale production of products like beverages,antibiotics,and enzymes requires the cultivation of microbes in very large containers. These large vessels are known as $Fermenters$ (or bioreactors). They provide optimal growth conditions such as temperature,$pH$,oxygen,and nutrient supply for the microbes to produce the desired products efficiently.

(B) The microorganism used for the production of ethanol from malted cereals and fruit juices is $Saccharomyces \ cerevisiae$,which is commonly known as Brewer's yeast.
This yeast performs fermentation,a process where sugars are converted into ethanol and $CO_2$ in the absence of oxygen.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(C) Penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming. It is extracted from the fungus $Penicillium$ $notatum$. Therefore, the correct source of penicillin is fungi.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. $Aspergillus niger$ (a fungus) produces Citric acid $(P-II)$.
$2$. $Acetobacter aceti$ (a bacterium) produces Acetic acid $(Q-I)$.
$3$. $Clostridium butylicum$ (a bacterium) produces Butyric acid $(R-III)$.
$4$. $Lactobacillus$ (a bacterium) produces Lactic acid $(S-IV)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(P-II), (Q-I), (R-III), (S-IV)$.

(A) Let us classify the given microorganisms:
$1$. Aspergillus niger: Fungus
$2$. Acetobacter aceti: Bacteria
$3$. Clostridium butylicum: Bacteria
$4$. Lactobacillus: Bacteria
$5$. Brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae): Fungus
$6$. Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae): Fungus
$7$. Propionibacterium shermanii: Bacteria
$8$. Penicillium notatum: Fungus
The bacteria in the list are: Acetobacter aceti,Clostridium butylicum,Lactobacillus,and Propionibacterium shermanii.
Therefore,the total count of bacteria is $4$.

(B) Lipases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of fats (lipids). Because of this property,they are widely used in detergent formulations to help remove oily stains from laundry. Proteases are used to remove proteinaceous stains,while pectinases and cellulases are used in the clarification of fruit juices and the textile industry,respectively.

(A) Bottled fruit juices available in the market are clearer as compared to those made at home. This is because the bottled juices are clarified using enzymes like $Pectinases$ and $Proteases$. These enzymes break down the pectin and protein components present in the fruit pulp,resulting in a clear,transparent liquid.

(D) Streptokinase,produced by the bacterium $Streptococcus$ and modified by genetic engineering,is used as a 'clot buster' for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction leading to heart attack.

(A) Cyclosporin $A$ is a bioactive molecule produced by the fungus $Trichoderma$ $polysporum$.
It is widely used as an immunosuppressive agent in patients undergoing organ transplantation.
It suppresses the immune system to prevent the rejection of the transplanted organ by the recipient's body.
Statins are used as blood-cholesterol lowering agents.
Streptokinase is used as a 'clot buster' for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction.

(B) Statins are produced by the yeast $Monascus$ $purpureus$.
These are commercially used as blood-cholesterol lowering agents.
They act by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cholesterol in the body.

(C) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. $Streptococcus$ (a bacterium) produces $Streptokinase$, which is used as a 'clot buster' for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction.
$2$. $Trichoderma$ $polysporum$ (a fungus) produces $Cyclosporin-A$, which is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ-transplant patients.
$3$. $Monascus$ $purpureus$ (a yeast) produces $Statins$, which are used as blood-cholesterol lowering agents.
Therefore, the correct matching is: $P-I, Q-III, R-II$.

(B) The antibiotic $Penicillin$ is derived from a fungus known as $Penicillium$ $notatum$.
$Penicillin$ was the first antibiotic discovered by $Alexander$ $Fleming$ in $1928$.
It is widely used to treat various bacterial infections by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(C) Alcoholic beverages are produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeast, specifically $Saccharomyces \text{ } cerevisiae$ (brewer's yeast).
Non-distilled beverages are produced directly by fermentation and have a lower alcohol content.
Examples include wine and beer.
Distilled beverages like whisky, brandy, and rum are produced by the distillation of fermented broth, which increases their alcohol concentration.
Therefore, beer is the correct example of a non-distilled alcoholic beverage.

(D) Streptokinase is an enzyme produced by the bacterium $Streptococcus$ and is genetically engineered to be used as a 'clot buster'.
It is used for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction (heart attack).
It works by activating the fibrinolytic system,which dissolves blood clots.

(B) In the process of fermentation,yeast cells perform anaerobic respiration to produce ethanol and $CO_2$.
As the concentration of ethanol increases in the surrounding medium,it becomes toxic to the yeast cells.
When the concentration of alcohol reaches approximately $13 \%$,the yeast cells are poisoned and die,which stops the fermentation process.
Therefore,the correct answer is $13 \%$.

(B) Butyric acid is an organic acid produced through the fermentation process.
It is industrially produced by the bacterium $Clostridium$ $butylicum$.
$Lactobacillus$ is responsible for the production of lactic acid.
$Azotobacter$ is a free-living nitrogen-fixing bacterium.
$Rhizobium$ is a symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium found in the root nodules of leguminous plants.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(D) Fermented beverages are classified into two types based on the production process: those produced with distillation and those produced without distillation.
$1$. Beverages like $Whisky$, $Brandy$, and $Rum$ are produced by the distillation of the fermented broth, which increases their alcohol content.
$2$. Beverages like $Wine$ and $Beer$ are produced without distillation, resulting in a lower alcohol concentration.
Therefore, $Wine$ is the correct answer as it is not produced by distillation.

(B) Statins are bioactive molecules produced by the yeast $Monascus \text{ } purpureus$.
These are used as blood cholesterol-lowering agents.
They act by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver ($HMG$-CoA reductase).
Therefore, both Statement $1$ and Statement $2$ are correct.

(B) Cyclosporin-$A$ is an immunosuppressive agent used in organ transplant patients to prevent organ rejection.
It is produced by the fungus $Trichoderma$ $polysporum$.

(A) $Streptomycin$ is an antibiotic used against tuberculosis and was originally isolated from $Streptomyces$ $griseus$.

(D) The industrial production of various vitamins relies on specific microbial sources. The following table summarizes the key associations:

Name of the vitamin	Microbial source
Vitamin $B_2$	$Neurospora \text{ } gossypii$, $Eremothecium \text{ } ashbyi$
Vitamin $B_{12}$	$Pseudomonas \text{ } denitrificans$
Vitamin $C$	$Aspergillus \text{ } niger$

Therefore, $Aspergillus \text{ } niger$ is the microbe used in the manufacturing of Vitamin $C$.