Mix Examples- Morphology of Flowering Plants Questions in English

(B) The correct answer is $B$.
In $Dianthus$,the type of placentation is free central.
In free central placentation,the ovary is unilocular (single-chambered) and the ovules are borne on a central axis that is not connected to the ovary wall by septa.
Figure $B$ illustrates this arrangement,where the ovules are attached to a central column within a single-chambered ovary,which is characteristic of the family $Caryophyllaceae$ (e.g.,$Dianthus$ and $Primrose$).

(D) The correct answer is $D$.
In plants like cotton,China rose,and lady's finger,the margins of sepals or petals overlap with the margin of the next one in a regular pattern.
This specific mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud with respect to the other members of the same whorl is known as aestivation.
In the twisted type of aestivation,one margin of each petal overlaps the next one,creating a spiral or twisted appearance.
Image $D$ correctly represents this twisted aestivation.

(C) The correct floral formula for soybean (a member of the family Fabaceae) is: % ♀ K_{$(5)$} C_{$1$+$2$+$(2)$} A_{$(9)$+$1$} G_{$1$}.
Explanation:
$1$. %: Zygomorphic flower.
$2$. ♀: Bisexual flower.
$3$. K_{$(5)$}: Calyx with $5$ sepals,gamosepalous (fused).
$4$. C_{$1$+$2$+$(2)$}: Corolla with $5$ petals,polypetalous,showing vexillary aestivation ($1$ standard,$2$ wings,$2$ fused keels).
$5$. A_{$(9)$+$1$}: Androecium with $10$ stamens,diadelphous ($9$ fused,$1$ free).
$6$. G_{$1$}: Gynoecium with a single monocarpellary ovary,superior (indicated by the underline).

(B) Statement $(i)$ is correct: In vexillary aestivation (found in Fabaceae),the largest posterior petal is the standard (vexillum),two lateral petals are wings (alae),and two anterior petals form the keel (carina).
Statement $(ii)$ is correct: The floral formula for Liliaceae is $\oplus \text{ } \text{O}\mkern-11mu{^\nearrow} \text{ } P_{(3+3)} A_{3+3} \underline{G}_{(3)}$.
Statement $(iii)$ is incorrect: In pea flowers (Fabaceae),the stamens are diadelphous ($9+1$ arrangement),not monadelphous.
Statement $(iv)$ is incorrect: The floral formula for Solanaceae is $\oplus \text{ } \text{O}\mkern-11mu{^\nearrow} \text{ } K_{(5)} C_{(5)} A_{5} \underline{G}_{(2)}$. The formula provided in the image is incorrect.
Therefore,statements $(i)$ and $(ii)$ are correct. The correct option is $(b)$.

(A) The arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud with respect to the other members of the same whorl is known as aestivation.
$1$. Imbricate: In this type,the margins of sepals or petals overlap one another but not in any particular direction,as seen in Gulmohur and Cassia.
$2$. Valvate: When sepals or petals in a whorl just touch one another at the margin,without overlapping,as in Calotropis.
$3$. Twisted: If one margin of the appendage overlaps that of the next one and so on,as in China rose,lady's finger,and cotton.
$4$. Vexillary: In pea and bean flowers,there are five petals; the largest (standard) overlaps the two lateral petals (wings),which in turn overlap the two smallest anterior petals (keel). This is known as vexillary or papilionaceous aestivation.
Therefore,the correct matching is $(1-P), (2-R), (3-Q), (4-S)$.

(A) The figure shows axile placentation,where the placenta is axial and the ovules are attached to it in a multilocular ovary.
This type of placentation is characteristic of plants like China rose,tomato,and lemon.
Therefore,among the given options,China rose exhibits this type of placentation.
- Dianthus shows free central placentation.
- Marigold shows basal placentation.
- Argemone shows parietal placentation.

(D) $1$. Free central placentation is found in Dianthus and Primrose,not mustard. Mustard shows parietal placentation.
$2$. Mango is a fleshy fruit (drupe),not a dry fruit.
$3$. Maize is a monocot seed,not a dicot seed.
$4$. Twisted aestivation is characteristic of China rose (Hibiscus),lady's finger,and cotton. Therefore,option $D$ is correct.

(C) The options $Marginal$,$Axile$,and $Basal$ are types of placentation,which refers to the arrangement of ovules within the ovary.
$Valvate$ is a type of aestivation,which refers to the mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud with respect to the other members of the same whorl.
Therefore,$Valvate$ is the odd one out.

(A) Placentation refers to the arrangement of ovules within the ovary.
In $Primula$ (primrose),the ovules are borne on a central axis,and septa are absent,which is known as free central placentation.
In lemon $(Citrus)$,the ovary is multilocular,and the ovules are attached to the central axis of the ovary,which is known as axile placentation.
Therefore,the correct sequence for primrose and lemon is free central and axile,respectively.

(D) In the morphology of flowering plants,the floral parts such as sepals (calyx),petals (corolla),and stamens (androecium) can be either free (aposepalous,apopetalous,or apostemonous) or united (gamosepalous,gamopetalous,or synandrous). Since all these floral whorls exhibit the condition of being either united or free,the correct answer is 'All correct'.

(D) Vexillary aestivation is a characteristic feature of the family $Fabaceae$ (e.g.,pea,bean).
In the family $Fabaceae$,the ovary is monocarpellary and unilocular.
The ovules are attached to the ventral suture of the ovary wall.
This type of arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as marginal placentation.
Therefore,plants with vexillary aestivation exhibit marginal placentation.

(A) The correct matches are as follows:
$(a)$ The symbol $\oplus$ represents actinomorphic symmetry,and the provided image represents a bisexual flower ($\text{male} + \text{female}$ symbol). Thus,$(a-s)$.
$(b)$ The symbol $\overline{G}$ represents an inferior ovary. Thus,$(b-r)$.
$(c)$ The symbol $P$ stands for Perianth. Thus,$(c-p)$.
$(d)$ The symbol $Br$ stands for Bracteate. Thus,$(d-q)$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $(a-s), (b-r), (c-p), (d-q)$.

(C) The provided floral diagram shows the following characteristics:
$1$. The flower is actinomorphic (radially symmetrical).
$2$. It is bisexual.
$3$. The perianth consists of $3+3$ tepals,which are fused at the base.
$4$. There are $3+3$ stamens,which are epiphyllous (attached to the tepals).
$5$. The ovary is tricarpellary,syncarpous,and superior with axile placentation.
These features are characteristic of the family Liliaceae.

(B) The figure shows a pair of leaves arising at each node and lying opposite to each other. This type of phyllotaxy is known as opposite phyllotaxy. In this arrangement,a pair of leaves arises at each node and lies opposite to each other,as seen in plants like Calotropis and Guava.

(C) The given figure represents a runner (a type of sub-aerial stem modification). In this plant,the stem grows horizontally along the soil surface. The nodes of the stem produce leaves above and adventitious roots below,which is indicated by $X$ in the diagram. Therefore,$X$ represents roots arising from the nodes.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$(1)$ Carrot and turnip: These plants possess a taproot system modified for food storage. Thus,$(1-q)$.
$(2)$ Banyan tree: It has prop roots that develop from branches to provide support. Thus,$(2-p)$.
$(3)$ Maize and sugarcane: These plants have adventitious roots that develop from the lower nodes of the stem (stilt roots). Thus,$(3-s)$.
$(4)$ Bud: $A$ bud is a compact growth on a plant that develops into a shoot system (leaves,flowers,or stems). Thus,$(4-r)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(1-q), (2-p), (3-s), (4-r)$.

(D) $1$. $Actinomorphic$ (radial symmetry) is found in $Datura$,$Mustard$,and $Chilli$.
$2$. $Zygomorphic$ (bilateral symmetry) is found in $Bean$,$Gulmohur$,$Cassia$,and $Pea$.
$3$. $Asymmetric$ (irregular) is found in $Canna$.
$4$. $Vexillary$ aestivation is characteristic of the $Fabaceae$ family (e.g.,$Pea$,$Bean$),whereas $Cassia$ exhibits $Imbricate$ aestivation.
$5$. Therefore,the statement '$Vexillary - Cassia$' is incorrect.

(A) In the provided diagrams:
- Diagram $1$ shows Free central placentation,where the ovules are borne on a central axis and septa are absent.
- Diagram $2$ shows Axile placentation,where the placenta is axial and the ovules are attached to it in a multilocular ovary.
- Diagram $3$ shows Parietal placentation,where the ovules develop on the inner wall of the ovary or on a peripheral part.
Therefore,the correct sequence for $1 - 2 - 3$ is Free central - Axile - Parietal.

(A) The family Brassicaceae (formerly Cruciferae) is characterized by the following floral features:
$1$. Actinomorphic symmetry $(\oplus)$.
$2$. Bisexual flowers $(\text{⚥})$.
$3$. Four sepals arranged in two whorls $(2+2)$.
$4$. Four petals arranged in a cruciform manner.
$5$. Six stamens arranged in two whorls $(2+4)$, where the outer two are shorter and the inner four are longer (tetradynamous condition).
$6$. Superior ovary with two carpels, syncarpous, and typically bilocular due to the formation of a false septum (replum).
Looking at the provided diagrams, the first diagram ($579$-a601) correctly depicts these features, specifically the $2+4$ arrangement of stamens and the bicarpellary superior ovary.

(A) In marginal placentation, the placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary, and the ovules are borne on this ridge, forming two rows. This is characteristic of the family Fabaceae, which typically has a monocarpellary ovary with one or more ovules. Therefore, the correct answer is $Marginal$ placentation.

(N/A) Monocots and dicots can be differentiated through their morphological and anatomical characteristics as follows:

Characteristic	Monocot vs Dicot
$1$. Roots	Monocots have fibrous roots,whereas dicots have tap roots.
$2$. Venation	Monocots show parallel venation,while dicots show reticulate venation.
$3$. Flowers	Monocots are generally trimerous,while dicots are pentamerous.
$4$. Cotyledons	Monocots have one cotyledon,while dicots have two.
$5$. Vascular Bundles	Monocots have numerous scattered bundles; dicots have bundles arranged in a ring.
$6$. Cambium	Absent in monocots (no secondary growth); present in dicots.

(N/A) $(i)$ Various parts of plants are modified into underground structures to perform various functions,such as stems,leaves,and even fruits.
The stems in ginger and banana are underground and swollen due to the storage of food; they are called rhizomes. Similarly,a corm is an underground stem in Colocasia and Zamin-khand. The tips of the underground stem in potato become swollen due to the accumulation of food and form a tuber. Tubers bear eyes,which are subtended by a leaf scar. Basal leaves in onions become fleshy because of the accumulation of food. In peanuts,the flower after fertilization gets pushed inside the soil by the growth of a flower stalk,where the formation of fruits and seeds takes place.
$(ii)$ During the flowering season,the apical meristem gives rise to the floral meristem. The axis of the stem gets condensed,and the internodes lie very close to each other. Instead of leaves,various floral appendages arise from the nodes. Therefore,it can be said that the flower is a modified shoot.

(N/A) The morphology of angiosperms shows broad diversities.
Flowering plants are primarily classified into two systems based on their location relative to the ground:
$1$. Root System: The underground part of the flowering plant is known as the root system. It typically consists of the primary root and its branches (secondary and tertiary roots).
$2$. Shoot System: The portion of the plant above the ground forms the shoot system. It includes the stem,leaves,flowers,and fruits.
Key components of the shoot system include:
- Stem: The main axis of the plant body.
- Leaves: Lateral,generally flattened structures borne on the stem.
- Flowers: The reproductive structures of the plant.
- Fruits: The ripened ovary that develops after fertilization.
- Nodes and Internodes: The stem bears nodes (where leaves arise) and internodes (the portion between two nodes).
- Buds: Small lateral or terminal growths that develop into branches or flowers.

(N/A) The flowering plant body is divided into two main systems:
$1$. Root System: The underground part of the plant,which includes the primary root and secondary roots.
$2$. Shoot System: The aerial part of the plant,which includes the stem,leaves,flowers,fruits,buds,nodes,and internodes.
Refer to the provided diagram for the visual representation of these parts.

(N/A)

Feature	Dicotyledons	Monocotyledons
$(1)$ Cotyledons	Two cotyledons are present.	Only one cotyledon is present.
$(2)$ Root System	Taproot system.	Fibrous root system.
$(3)$ Venation	Reticulate venation.	Parallel venation.
$(4)$ Flower Symmetry	Tetramerous or pentamerous.	Trimerous.
$(5)$ Vascular Bundles	Arranged in a ring.	Scattered in the stem.

(N/A) $(i)$ In $Agave$ and $Oxalis$,the floral buds or vegetative buds first store food and become fleshy. They then detach from the parent plant and germinate under favorable conditions to form new plants. Such modified buds are called bulbils.
$(ii)$ At the base of the leaf,small lateral outgrowths often develop. These are leaf-like structures known as stipules.

(N/A) $(i)$ In some plants,the petiole expands,becomes green,and synthesizes food. This modified structure is called a phyllode (often confused with phylloclade,but in the context of $NCERT$ morphology,the flattened petiole is a phyllode). $A$ phylloclade is a green,flattened or cylindrical stem that performs photosynthesis,commonly seen in Opuntia.
$(ii)$ The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud with respect to the other members of the same whorl is known as aestivation.

(N/A) $(i)$ In leguminous plants like bean and pea,the roots develop nodules that house $Rhizobium$ bacteria. These bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for the plant,which is essential for protein synthesis.
$(ii)$ In some plants,the stipules (leaf-like appendages at the base of the leaf) are modified into tendrils to provide support for climbing. This is known as a stipular tendril. In the pea plant ($Pisum$ $sativum$),the stipules are large and leaf-like,assisting in photosynthesis while the tendrils help the weak stem climb.

(N/A) The plant parts from which these fibres are obtained are as follows:
$(a)$ Coir: Obtained from the mesocarp (husk) of the coconut fruit (Cocos nucifera).
$(b)$ Hemp: Obtained from the phloem or bast fibres of the stem of the Cannabis sativa plant.
$(c)$ Cotton: Obtained from the epidermal hair of the seeds of the Gossypium plant.
$(d)$ Jute: Obtained from the phloem or bast fibres of the stem of the Corchorus plant.

The differences between root hair and stem hair are as follows:
| Feature | Root hair | Stem hair |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Nature | They are unicellular elongations of the epiblema. | They are multicellular epidermal outgrowths,also known as trichomes. |
| Function | They help in the absorption of water and mineral elements from the soil by increasing the surface area. | They help in preventing water loss due to transpiration. |

(N/A) Salvinia is a hydrophyte because it is an aquatic plant that grows in water.
$(b)$ Opuntia is a xerophyte because it is adapted to survive in arid,dry environments with limited water availability.
$(c)$ Rhizophora is a halophyte because it grows in saline,marshy environments like mangroves and possesses specialized roots for salt tolerance.
$(d)$ Mangifera is a mesophyte because it grows in environments with moderate water availability,which is typical for most terrestrial plants.

(A) The floral parts are arranged in four whorls from outermost to innermost:
$1$. Calyx (sepals) - The outermost accessory whorl $(a - x)$.
$2$. Corolla (petals) - The second accessory whorl $(b - w)$.
$3$. Androecium (stamens) - The essential outer whorl $(c - z)$.
$4$. Gynoecium (pistil/carpel) - The innermost whorl $(d - y)$.
Therefore,the correct match is $(a - x), (b - w), (c - z), (d - y)$.

(A) $(i)$ Whorled phyllotaxy. In Alstonia,more than two leaves arise at a node and form a whorl.
$(ii)$ Zygomorphic flower. In bean (Fabaceae family),the flower is zygomorphic,meaning it can be divided into two similar halves only in one particular vertical plane.

(A) $(i)$ In pea plants,the placentation is marginal. In Dianthus,the placentation is free central.
$(ii)$ In Solanaceae,the fruit type is typically a capsule or berry. In Fabaceae,the fruit is a legume (pod).

(A) $(i)$ Stilt roots are adventitious roots that arise from the lower nodes of the stem to provide support. These are characteristic of plants like $Maize$ and $Sugarcane$.
$(ii)$ Alternate phyllotaxy is a pattern where a single leaf arises at each node in an alternate manner. This is observed in plants like $China$ $rose$,$Mustard$,and $Sunflower$. $Nerium$ exhibits whorled phyllotaxy.

(A) $(i)$ In monocotyledonous seeds,such as maize,the embryo consists of one large shield-shaped cotyledon known as the scutellum.
$(ii)$ In $Ocimum$ (Tulsi),the flowers exhibit zygomorphic symmetry,which means they are irregular and can be divided into two equal halves only in one particular vertical plane.

(C) The correct matching is as follows:
$(a)$ Mango: It is a monocarpellary flower, meaning it has a single carpel. Thus, $(a-3)$.
$(b)$ Hibiscus: It is a multicarpellary syncarpous flower, meaning it has many carpels that are fused together. Thus, $(b-1)$.
$(c)$ Michelia: It is a multicarpellary apocarpous flower, meaning it has many carpels that are free. Thus, $(c-2)$.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $a-3, b-1, c-2$.

(A) An epiphyte is a plant that grows on another plant but is not parasitic; it uses the host plant only for physical support to reach sunlight and does not derive nutrients from it.
Orchids are classic examples of epiphytes,commonly found in tropical rainforests.
Cuscuta (dodder) is a parasitic plant,not an epiphyte.
Viscum (mistletoe) is a hemiparasitic plant.
Therefore,the correct answer is Orchid.

(C) The correct matching is as follows:
$1$. $(a)$ Siliqua: This is a characteristic fruit of the family Brassicaceae,found in $(iv)$ Brassica campestris.
$2$. $(b)$ Caryopsis: This is a dry,indehiscent fruit characteristic of the family Poaceae,found in $(ii)$ Triticum aestivum.
$3$. $(c)$ Berry: This is a fleshy fruit,found in $(i)$ Lycopersicum esculentum (Tomato).
$4$. $(d)$ Cypsela: This is a dry,indehiscent fruit characteristic of the family Asteraceae,found in $(iii)$ Helianthus annuus (Sunflower).
Therefore,the correct sequence is $a-iv, b-ii, c-i, d-iii$. The correct option is $(C)$.

(C) Inflorescence refers to the arrangement of flowers on the floral axis.
In $Solanum$,the inflorescence is not racemose; it typically exhibits a solitary or cymose (specifically scorpioid cyme) type of inflorescence.
Therefore,the match $Racemose - Solanum$ is incorrect.

(C) $(i)$ Tap root: Turnip $(b)$ - Tap roots are primary roots that grow downwards and are modified for food storage in plants like turnip.
$(ii)$ Adventitious root: Sweet potato $(a)$ - Adventitious roots arise from parts of the plant other than the radicle,such as in sweet potato.
$(iii)$ Stem: Potato $(d)$ - Potato is a modified underground stem (tuber) used for food storage.
$(iv)$ Fibrous root: Wheat $(c)$ - Fibrous root systems consist of a network of thin,moderately branching roots,commonly found in monocots like wheat.
Therefore,the correct matching is $(i)-b, (ii)-a, (iii)-d, (iv)-c$.

(D) In $monadelphous$ stamens, the filaments of all stamens are united into a single bundle, which is a characteristic feature of the family $Malvaceae$, such as in $China$ $rose$ ($Hibiscus$ $rosa-sinensis$).
In $axile$ placentation, the ovary is multilocular and the placenta develops from the central axis, with ovules attached to it. This is observed in plants like $China$ $rose$, $tomato$, and $lemon$.
Since $China$ $rose$ exhibits both $monadelphous$ stamens and $axile$ placentation, it is the correct answer.

(D) China rose or $Hibiscus \text{ } rosa-sinensis$ is commonly known as shoeflower because the petals of this flower contain pigments that were traditionally used for blackening and polishing leather shoes.

(C) Statement $I$ is false because in racemose inflorescence,flowers are borne in an acropetal order (younger flowers at the apex and older flowers at the base).
Statement $II$ is false because rose plants exhibit perigynous flowers,not epigynous.
Statement $III$ is true because brinjal (Solanaceae family) possesses a superior ovary.
Therefore,only statement $III$ is true.

(A) $Colchicine$ is an alkaloid obtained from the corm of $Colchicum \text{ } autumnale$.
It belongs to the family $Liliaceae$ (Lily family), not the $Fabaceae$ family.
$Colchicine$ acts as a spindle poison; it inhibits the formation of spindle fibers during cell division, thereby preventing cytokinesis.
By inhibiting cytokinesis, it leads to the doubling of chromosomes, a process known as inducing polyploidy.
Statement $V$ represents the floral formula of the $Liliaceae$ family, which is $\oplus \text{ } \text{O} \text{ } P_{3+3} A_{3+3} G_{(3)}$.
Therefore, statements $I, II, III,$ and $V$ are correct.

(B) In the given diagram of a flowering plant:
$A$ points to the node,which is the region of the stem where leaves are borne.
$B$ points to the internode,which is the portion of the stem between two nodes.
$C$ points to the axillary bud,which develops in the axil of leaves and is capable of developing into a branch or flower.
$D$ points to the primary root,which is the direct elongation of the radicle.
$E$ points to the secondary root,which are the lateral branches of the primary root.
Therefore,the correct identification is $A-Node, B-Internode, C-Bud, D-Primary root, E-Secondary root$.

(C) Aestivation refers to the mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud with respect to the other members of the same whorl.
In $Calotropis$,the sepals or petals in a whorl just touch one another at the margin,without overlapping,which is known as $Valvate$ aestivation.
In $Lady's$ $finger$ $(Hibiscus)$,one margin of the appendage overlaps that of the next one and so on,which is known as $Twisted$ aestivation.
In $Cassia$ and $Gulmohur$,the margins of sepals or petals overlap one another but not in any particular direction,which is known as $Imbricate$ aestivation.
Therefore,the match $Cassia$ - $Valvate$ is incorrect because $Cassia$ exhibits $Imbricate$ aestivation.

(D) Thorns,spines and prickles are modified plant structures that serve as defensive organs. They protect plants from being eaten by herbivores by making them difficult or painful to consume.

(D) In $Alstonia$ and $Nerium$,more than two leaves arise at a node,which is known as whorled phyllotaxy.
In alternate phyllotaxy,a single leaf arises at each node,as seen in Mustard,China rose,and Sunflower.
In opposite phyllotaxy,a pair of leaves arises at each node,lying opposite to each other,as seen in $Calotropis$ and $Guava$ $(Psidium)$.
Decussate phyllotaxy is a specific type of opposite phyllotaxy where successive pairs of leaves are at right angles to each other,as seen in $Zinnia$,$Ocimum$,and $Syzygium$.
Therefore,the match in option $D$ is incorrect because $Zinnia$ and $Calotropis$ represent different types of opposite phyllotaxy (decussate and superposed,respectively),and the classification provided in the options is inconsistent with standard botanical definitions.

(A) . Citrus exhibits polyadelphous condition (stamens united in more than two bundles),not synandrous. Ricinus also does not show synandrous condition.
$B$. Epitepalous condition refers to the attachment of stamens to the tepals,which is correct.
$C$. Tetradynamous condition (found in Brassicaceae) consists of $6$ stamens,where $4$ are long and $2$ are short. The statement claims $2$ long and $4$ short,which is incorrect.
Therefore,both $A$ and $C$ are incorrect.