fruits Questions in English

(B) The fruit of $Mangifera$ $indica$ (mango) is a drupe. In a drupe,the pericarp is well-differentiated into an outer thin epicarp,a middle fleshy edible mesocarp,and an inner stony hard endocarp. Therefore,the edible part of a mango is the mesocarp.

(B) The tomato is a $Berry$ type of simple succulent fruit. In such fruits,the $Pericarp$ is differentiated into three layers: an outer $Epicarp$,a fleshy middle $Mesocarp$,and an inner $Endocarp$.
In a tomato,the $Pericarp$ (which includes the fleshy $Mesocarp$ and $Endocarp$) along with the $Placenta$ (to which the seeds are attached) are edible. Therefore,the edible part consists of the $Pericarp$ and the $Placenta$.

(C) $Caryopsis$ is a small,dry,one-seeded fruit that develops from a superior monocarpellary ovary.
In this type of fruit,the pericarp (fruit wall) is completely and inseparably fused with the seed coat (testa).
This is a characteristic feature of the family $Poaceae$ (formerly $Gramineae$),such as wheat,maize,and rice.

(A) Aggregate fruits are formed from a multicarpellary,apocarpous ovary of a single flower.
In an apocarpous ovary,the carpels are free from each other.
Each free carpel develops into a fruitlet,and these fruitlets collectively form an aggregate fruit.
Examples include $Michelia$,$Rubus$,and $Annona$.

(D) The correct answer is $D$.
$Hesperidium$ is a type of fleshy fruit that is many-chambered and many-seeded,developing from a multicarpellary,syncarpous,and superior ovary.
The exocarp (epicarp) is leathery and contains oil glands,while the mesocarp is thin and fibrous.
Examples include citrus fruits like lemons and oranges.

(C) The fruit of rice $(Oryza \text{ } sativa)$ is a $Caryopsis$. In a $Caryopsis$, the pericarp is fused with the seed coat, forming a single-seeded, dry, indehiscent fruit characteristic of the family $Poaceae$ (Gramineae).

(A) dry indehiscent fruit is a fruit that does not split open at maturity to release its seeds.
$A$. $Caryopsis$ is a type of dry indehiscent fruit where the pericarp is fused with the seed coat (e.g.,wheat,maize).
$B$. $Pod$ (legume) is a dry dehiscent fruit that splits along two sutures.
$C$. $Follicle$ is a dry dehiscent fruit that splits along one suture.
$D$. $Lomentum$ is a type of dry dehiscent fruit that breaks into one-seeded segments.
Therefore,the correct answer is $Caryopsis$.

(A) Groundnut $(Arachis hypogaea)$ is known as a geocarpic plant.
After fertilization, the flower stalk (gynophore) elongates and grows downwards into the soil, pushing the developing ovary into the ground.
The fruit and seeds mature underground, a phenomenon known as geocarpy.

(C) Lomentum is a type of dry,dehiscent fruit.
It is a modified legume that develops from a monocarpellary,superior,unilocular ovary with marginal placentation.
Unlike a typical legume,a lomentum is constricted between the seeds and breaks into one-seeded segments at maturity.

(D) The correct answer is $D$.
In Litchi $(Nephelium)$,the pericarp is hard,brittle,and spiny.
The single seed is covered by a white,juicy,edible fleshy mass known as the aril,which is the part consumed.

(A) In maize,the grain is a caryopsis,which is a type of dry,indehiscent fruit. In a caryopsis,the fruit wall (pericarp) is fused with the seed coat. Therefore,a maize grain is botanically classified as a fruit.

(C) The fruit of $Datura$ is a type of dry dehiscent fruit known as a capsule.
Specifically,it is a septicidal capsule.
In a septicidal capsule,the dehiscence (splitting) occurs along the septa or the partitions of the ovary.
This means the fruit splits along the lines of the septa,allowing the seeds to be released.

(C) The correct answer is $C$. The fruit surface of $Boerhaavia$ possesses sticky glands that help in the dispersal of seeds by attaching to the body of animals. This is a common adaptation for zoochory (dispersal by animals).

(B) . Pepo is a special type of berry where the epicarp and thalamus form the outer rind of the fruit.
The mesocarp,endocarp,and placenta are fused to form the edible pulp. This type of fruit is characteristic of the members of the $Cucurbitaceae$ family.

(B) simple fruit is defined as a fruit that develops from the single ovary of a single flower. This ovary can be either monocarpellary (having one carpel) or multicarpellary syncarpous (having multiple fused carpels). Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(A) The pericarp of a drupe consists of a thin epicarp (forms the skin),a fleshy mesocarp (forms the edible part),and a hard and stony endocarp. Examples include $Cocos \ nucifera$ (coconut) and $Mangifera \ indica$ (mango).

(C) $sorosis$ is a type of composite fruit that develops from a spike,spadix,or catkin inflorescence.
In fruits like pineapple and mulberry,the edible parts consist of the fused bracts,perianth,and the central axis (peduncle).
Therefore,the correct answer is $C$.

(A) In Anacardium (cashew nut),the fleshy,swollen part is the peduncle (stalk),which develops into a false fruit (pseudocarp). The actual fruit is the small,kidney-shaped structure attached to the bottom,which contains the seed. Therefore,the upper fleshy part is a false fruit.

(B) drupe is a type of fruit in which the pericarp is differentiated into three layers: the outer epicarp,the fleshy mesocarp,and the hard,stony endocarp.
In fruits like mango and coconut,the endocarp becomes very hard and stony,protecting the seed inside. Therefore,the hardest part of a drupe is the endocarp.

(A) The correct answer is $A$. In legumes,the dry pods split open into two valves. These valves undergo spiral twisting,which creates tension and forcefully ejects the seeds away from the parent plant. This mechanism of self-dispersal is known as autochory. Examples include pea ($Pisum$ $sativum$) and $Abrus$.

(B) The correct answer is $B$. In Squirting Cucumber $(Ecballium\, elaterium)$,the fruit exhibits a piston mechanism for seed dispersal.
The fruit wall encloses a mucilaginous mass containing the seeds.
When the fruit matures,the internal pressure builds up,and the mucilaginous mass containing the seeds is ejected with great force,dispersing them up to $20 \, ft$ away.

(B) The fruits of $Clematis$ and $Naravelia$ possess persistent hairy styles. These structures act as a parachute mechanism,which helps in the dispersal of seeds or fruits by floating in the air.

(D) Anemochory refers to the dispersal of seeds or fruits by wind.
In $Bombax$ (Silk Cotton tree),the seeds are covered with long,silky hairs known as floss or kapok.
These hairs act as a plume,which increases the surface area and allows the seeds to be easily carried away by wind currents.
Therefore,$Bombax$ undergoes anemochory due to the presence of plumed disseminules.

(D) The dispersal of fruits and seeds in $Polygonum$ occurs through the process of $Autochory$ (self-dispersal).
In many species of $Polygonum$,the fruits are often dispersed by mechanical means or gravity,which is a form of $Autochory$ where the plant itself facilitates the dispersal without external agents like wind,water,or animals.

(B) The correct answer is $B$. The fruits of many plants in the family $Asteraceae$,such as $Tagetes$ (marigold) and $Taraxacum$ (dandelion),possess a structure called pappus. The pappus is a modified,persistent,hairy calyx that acts like a parachute,allowing the fruits to be easily dispersed by wind currents.

(C) The correct option is $C$. The surface of many fruits is covered with hooks (e.g.,$Xanthium$,$Urena$),spines (e.g.,$Tribulus$),or a bunch of stiff hair or barbs (e.g.,$Aristida$).
These structures allow the fruits to adhere to the fur or skin of animals or the clothing of human beings.
Consequently,they are carried unintentionally from one place to another,facilitating seed dispersal.

(D) The correct answer is $D$.
Fruits of $Bignonia$ are dispersed by birds (ornithochory).
$Calotropis$ seeds are dispersed by wind (anemochory) due to the presence of hair.
$Mirabilis$ seeds are often dispersed by gravity or water.
$Argemone$ seeds are dispersed by explosive mechanisms or gravity.

(B) In the genera $Clematis$ and $Naravelia$,the style of the flower remains attached to the fruit even after fertilization and maturation.
These styles are elongated and covered with fine hairs,which act like a parachute.
This structure allows the fruits to be easily carried by wind currents,facilitating seed dispersal.
Therefore,the correct answer is persistent hairy styles.

(A) The fruit of $Xanthium$ is covered with hooks or spines.
These hooks allow the fruit to get attached to the fur or skin of grazing animals like goats and cows.
As these animals move from one place to another,the fruits are carried along and eventually fall off,leading to seed dispersal.
This method of dispersal is known as $epizoochory$.

(C) The correct answer is $C$.
Censer mechanism occurs when seeds are dispersed from small pores in the fruits by the shaking action of the wind.
In this mechanism,the fruit acts like a censer (a container for incense),where the seeds are released through apical pores as the plant sways.
Examples include $Papaveraceae$ $(Poppy)$,$Aristolochia$,and $Aconitum$.

(D) $Samara$ is a type of dry,indehiscent fruit in which a fibrous wing of papery tissue develops from the ovary wall.
This wing-like structure allows the seed to be carried by the wind,facilitating seed dispersal.
Examples include the fruits of maple $(Acer)$ and ash $(Fraxinus)$ trees.

(C) Winged fruits are a type of anemochorous (wind-dispersed) fruit where the pericarp or other floral parts develop into wing-like structures to facilitate dispersal by wind.
In the genus $Hiptage$,the fruits are samaras,which possess wing-like expansions that allow them to be carried by the wind.
Therefore,$Hiptage$ is the correct answer.

(C) In the family $Asteraceae$ (also known as $Compositae$),the fruit is typically a $cypsela$.
This fruit often possesses a persistent calyx modified into a hairy structure called a $pappus$.
The $pappus$ acts like a parachute,allowing the seeds or fruits to be easily carried away by the wind,which is the primary mode of dispersal for this family.

(A) In $Ruellia$ and $Justicia$ (family $Acanthaceae$),the seeds are dispersed with the help of a specialized structure called a $Jaculator$.
$A$ $Jaculator$ is a curved,hook-like structure located at the base of the seed.
When the fruit dries and dehisces,the $Jaculator$ snaps open with a sudden jerk,effectively throwing the seeds away from the parent plant. This process is known as the $Jaculator$ mechanism.

(D) Autochory (dispersal by explosive mechanism) is the self-dispersal of seeds that occurs when the fruit splits open at maturity.
In this mechanism,the fruit wall dries out and develops tension,causing it to burst with force and scatter the seeds in all directions.
Plants such as $Barleria$,$Impatiens$,$Ruellia$,$Acanthus$,and $Phlox$ all exhibit this type of explosive seed dispersal mechanism.
Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(A) Composite fruits are developed from the entire inflorescence and are known as infructescence.
These are of $2$ types:
$(1)$ Sorosis: Developed from a spike,spadix,or catkin inflorescence (e.g.,Pineapple,Mulberry).
$(2)$ Syconus or Syconium: Developed from a hypanthodium inflorescence (e.g.,Fig).

(B) Hairy styles: The fruits of $Clematis$ possess persistent hairy styles, which act as a mechanism for wind dispersal by helping the seeds float in the air.

(A) The fruit of the custard apple $(Annona \, squamosa)$ is an aggregate fruit known as an etaerio of berries.
In this type of fruit, the individual carpels of a single flower develop into small berries.
The apical parts of these berries fuse together to form a common rind or fleshy mass, which is characteristic of the custard apple.

(B) $Pappus$ is a persistent,hairy calyx that functions as a parachute for the dispersal of fruits and seeds. In the family $Compositae$ (also known as $Asteraceae$),the calyx is modified into hair-like structures called $Pappus$,which helps in wind dispersal.

(C) The coconut fruit is a drupe. In a drupe,the pericarp is well-differentiated into an outer thin epicarp,a middle fibrous mesocarp,and an inner stony endocarp. The coir (fibrous material) of the coconut is derived from the middle layer,which is the $Mesocarp$.

(B) The fibers obtained from the mesocarp of the coconut fruit $(Cocos \, nucifera)$ are known as $Coir$. $Coir$ is a natural fiber extracted from the husk of coconut and is used in products such as floor mats, doormats, brushes, and mattresses.

(A) In wheat,the fruit wall (pericarp) is fused with the seed coat. Such a fruit is known as a caryopsis or grain. Therefore,a wheat grain is botanically classified as a fruit.

(A) Coir is a natural fiber extracted from the husk of the coconut. The husk is the fibrous mesocarp of the coconut fruit. Therefore,coir is obtained from the pericarp of the coconut.

(A) The edible part of the $Litchi$ fruit is a fleshy, succulent outgrowth that develops from the base of the ovule, which is known as the $aril$.
In $Pomegranate$, the edible part is the juicy seed coat (testa).
In $Custard \text{ } apple$, the edible part is the fleshy thalamus.
In $Orange$, the edible part consists of juicy unicellular hairs (trichomes) arising from the endocarp.

(D) Opium is obtained from the dried latex of the unripe fruit capsules of the poppy plant,$Papaver$ $somniferum$.
After the petals fall off,the green fruit capsules are incised,and the milky latex that oozes out is collected and dried to form opium.
Therefore,the fruit is the part of the plant responsible for the production of opium.

(D) In a banana,the fruit is a berry. The edible part consists of the fleshy mesocarp and the endocarp. The epicarp (peel) is removed before consumption. Therefore,both the mesocarp and endocarp are consumed.

$(A)$ In mango $(Mangifera \text{ } indica)$, the fruit is a drupe.
It develops from a superior ovary and is one-seeded.
The fruit wall is differentiated into three layers:
$1$. The outer thin epicarp (skin).
$2$. The middle fleshy, edible mesocarp.
$3$. The inner stony hard endocarp.
Therefore, the edible part of the mango is the mesocarp.

(A) coconut is classified as a $Drupe$ fruit.
In a $Drupe$,the pericarp is well-differentiated into an outer thin $epicarp$,a middle fleshy or fibrous $mesocarp$,and an inner stony hard $endocarp$.
In the case of a coconut,the $mesocarp$ is fibrous,which is why it is often referred to as a fibrous $Drupe$.

(A) drupe is a type of fleshy fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp and mesocarp) surrounds a single shell (the pit,stone,or pyrene) of hardened endocarp with a seed inside. Examples include mango and coconut. Therefore,drupe fruits are mostly fleshy and one-seeded.

(C) In mango $(Mangifera \text{ } indica)$, the fruit is a drupe.
It develops from a monocarpellary superior ovary and is always one-seeded.
The fruit wall is differentiated into three layers:
$1$. The outer thin skin is the epicarp.
$2$. The middle fleshy, edible part is the mesocarp.
$3$. The inner stony hard part is the endocarp, which protects the seed.
Therefore, the edible part of the mango is the mesocarp.