Mix Examples- Biomolecules Questions in English

(A) The correct match is Vitamin $E - \text{Tocopherol}$.
Vitamin $D$ is $\text{Calciferol}$.
Vitamin $C$ is $\text{Ascorbic acid}$.
Vitamin $A$ is $\text{Retinol}$.
$\text{Riboflavin}$ is Vitamin $B_2$ and $\text{Thiamine}$ is Vitamin $B_1$.

(A) Vitamins are classified based on their solubility into fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins.
Fat-soluble vitamins include $A, D, E,$ and $K$.
Water-soluble vitamins include $B$-complex and $C$.
Vitamin $A$ (Retinol) is fat-soluble,and its deficiency leads to night blindness (nyctalopia).
Vitamin $K$ is fat-soluble,and its deficiency leads to impaired blood clotting,not Beriberi (which is caused by Vitamin $B_1$ deficiency).
Therefore,the correct match is Vitamin $A$ - Fat-soluble - Night blindness.

(A) Vitamins are classified into two groups: water-soluble and fat-soluble.
Fat-soluble vitamins include $A, D, E,$ and $K$.
Water-soluble vitamins include $B$-complex and $C$.
$1$. Retinol (Vitamin $A$) is fat-soluble,and its deficiency causes Xerophthalmia (dryness of the eyes).
$2$. Cobalamin (Vitamin $B_{12}$) is water-soluble; its deficiency causes pernicious anemia,not Beriberi (which is caused by Vitamin $B_1$ deficiency).
$3$. Calciferol (Vitamin $D$) is fat-soluble,but its deficiency causes Rickets or Osteomalacia,not Pellagra (which is caused by Vitamin $B_3$ deficiency).
$4$. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin $C$) is water-soluble,and its deficiency causes Scurvy.
Therefore,the correct pair is Retinol - Xerophthalmia.

(D) The glucose transporters $(GLUT)$ are a group of membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane.
$GLUT-IV$ is the primary insulin-regulated glucose transporter found in adipose tissue and striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac muscle).
When insulin levels rise,$GLUT-IV$ is translocated from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane,thereby increasing the rate of glucose uptake into these cells.
In contrast,$GLUT-I$,$GLUT-II$,and $GLUT-III$ are generally considered insulin-independent transporters.

(A) In the given graph,curve $a$ represents the normal enzyme reaction with the highest $V_{max}$.
Curve $b$ shows competitive inhibition,where the $K_m$ increases but the $V_{max}$ remains the same as the normal reaction because the inhibition can be overcome by increasing the substrate concentration.
Curve $c$ shows non-competitive inhibition,where the $V_{max}$ is decreased because the inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site,reducing the enzyme's efficiency regardless of substrate concentration.

(C) In the structure of a nucleotide like adenylic acid,the phosphate group is attached to the $5'$-carbon of the pentose sugar. This linkage is formed by a phosphoester bond,which is a type of ester bond.

(C) Retinol is the chemical name of vitamin $A$,which is primarily found in carrots,milk,cheese,and fish.
Retinol is essential for light absorption in animals,where it is converted into the light-absorbing molecule called retinal.
Deficiency of vitamin $A$ affects the rod cells in the retina,leading to a condition known as night blindness.
Tocopherol is the chemical name of vitamin $E$,which is found in wheat germ oil and brown flour; its deficiency causes sterility in rats.
Vitamin $C$,or ascorbic acid,is found in citrus fruits and potatoes; its deficiency causes scurvy,which affects joints and gums.

(A) Scurvy is a disease caused by the deficiency of vitamin $C$ (ascorbic acid).
Since ascorbic acid is a vitamin,the assertion that scurvy is caused by a vitamin deficiency is correct.
The reason specifically identifies that the deficiency of ascorbic acid leads to scurvy,which directly explains why the deficiency of this specific vitamin causes the disease.
Therefore,both the assertion and reason are correct,and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

(N/A) Glycosidic bond: This bond is formed between two carbon atoms,typically $C-1$ and $C-4,$ of adjacent monosaccharide units through a dehydration reaction.
$(b)$ Peptide bond: This is a covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group $(-COOH)$ of one amino acid and the amino group $(-NH_2)$ of the next amino acid,resulting in a $-NH-CO-$ linkage.
$(c)$ Phosphodiester bond: This is a strong covalent bond that connects the $3'$ carbon atom of one sugar molecule to the $5'$ carbon atom of another sugar molecule via a phosphate group. These bonds form the sugar-phosphate backbone of nucleic acids like $DNA$ and $RNA$.

(N/A) Small molecular weight biomolecules are essential in various industrial and research applications. Below is a table representing some common examples,their manufacturers,and their typical buyers:

Compound	Manufacturer/Industry	Primary Buyers
$1$. Glucose	Food $\&$ Beverage Industry	Pharmaceuticals,Food processing units
$2$. Citric Acid	Biotech/Chemical Industry	Food industry (preservative),cleaning agents
$3$. Amylase (Enzyme)	Enzyme manufacturing firms	Textile,Paper,and Detergent industries
$4$. Amino Acids (e.g.,Glycine)	Chemical synthesis/Fermentation plants	Nutraceuticals,Animal feed industry
$5$. Ethanol	Distilleries/Biofuel plants	Chemical industry,Fuel sector
$6$. Cholesterol	Pharmaceutical companies	Research laboratories,Medical diagnostics
$7$. Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin $C$)	Nutraceutical manufacturers	Food industry,Pharmaceutical industry
$8$. Glycerol	Soap/Biodiesel industry	Cosmetics,Pharmaceutical industry
$9$. Lactic Acid	Biotech firms	Food industry,Bioplastic production
$10$. Caffeine	Extraction plants	Beverage industry,Pharmaceutical industry

(N/A) Test for protein
Biuret's test - If Biuret's reagent is added to protein,then the colour of the reagent changes from light blue to purple.
$(b)$ Test for fats and oils
Grease or solubility test.
$(c)$ Test for amino acid
Ninhydrin test - If Ninhydrin reagent is added to the solution,then the colourless solution changes to pink,blue,or purple,depending on the amino acid.

Item and Test	Procedure and Result
$(1)$ Fruit juice (Biuret/Grease/Ninhydrin)	Biuret: Purple color (Protein present); Grease: No spot (Fats absent); Ninhydrin: Color change (Amino acids present).
$(2)$ Saliva (Biuret/Grease/Ninhydrin)	Biuret: Purple color (Protein present); Grease: No spot (Fats absent); Ninhydrin: Color change (Amino acids present).
$(3)$ Sweat (Biuret/Solubility/Ninhydrin)	Biuret: No change (Protein absent); Solubility: Oily appearance (Fats present); Ninhydrin: No change (Amino acids absent).
$(4)$ Urine (Biuret/Solubility/Ninhydrin)	Biuret: Purple color (Protein present); Solubility: Oily appearance (Fats present); Ninhydrin: Color change (Amino acids present).

(B) Enzymes are generally smaller than $DNA$ in molecular size. $DNA$ is a long polymer of nucleotides that carries the genetic information for the entire cell,whereas enzymes are specific proteins synthesized based on the instructions provided by a small segment of $DNA$ known as a gene. Since a gene (a segment of $DNA$) only codes for a single polypeptide chain (which forms an enzyme),the $DNA$ molecule itself is significantly larger and more complex than the individual enzyme protein it encodes.

(A) $(i)$ The nitrogenous bases are classified into purines (Adenine and Guanine) and pyrimidines (Cytosine,Thymine,and Uracil). Since Guanine is a purine,the corresponding pyrimidine is Thymine (or Cytosine/Uracil).
$(ii)$ Enzymes are classified based on their function. Hexokinase belongs to the class of Transferases. Amylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch,thus it belongs to the class of Hydrolases.

(A) $(i)$ In plants,the storage form of carbohydrates is starch. Similarly,in mammals (animals),the storage form of carbohydrates is glycogen.
$(ii)$ Amino acids are the monomeric units that polymerize to form proteins. Similarly,nucleotides are the monomeric units that polymerize to form nucleic acids ($DNA$ and $RNA$).

(B) The energy currency of the cell is $ATP$ $(Adenosine Triphosphate)$.
Chemical energy is stored in the high-energy phosphate bonds of the $ATP$ molecule.
When these bonds are broken, energy is released to perform cellular work.

(A-D) Polysaccharide: Glycosidic bond. In polysaccharides,individual monosaccharide units are linked together by glycosidic bonds formed by dehydration synthesis.
$(b)$ Protein: Peptide bond. Proteins are polymers of amino acids,where the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another to form a peptide bond.
$(c)$ Fat: Ester bond. Fats (triglycerides) are formed by the esterification of glycerol with three fatty acid molecules,resulting in ester bonds.
$(d)$ Water: Hydrogen bond. Water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds,which are weak electrostatic attractions between the partial positive charge of a hydrogen atom and the partial negative charge of an oxygen atom in adjacent molecules.

(N/A) Energy carriers are specific molecules that accept,store,and transfer energy required for various cellular chemical processes.
Apart from $ATP$,other important energy carriers present in a cell include $NADH$,$NADPH$,and $FADH_2$. Any two of these can be named as examples.

(B) The correct matching is as follows:
$(a)$ Inhibitor of catalytic activity: $(ii)$ Malonate (it acts as a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase).
$(b)$ Possess peptide bonds: $(iv)$ Collagen (it is a protein, and proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds).
$(c)$ Cell wall material in fungi: $(iii)$ Chitin (it is a complex polysaccharide forming the fungal cell wall).
$(d)$ Secondary metabolite: $(i)$ Ricin (it is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by plants).
Therefore, the correct sequence is $(a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(iii), (d)-(i)$.

(A) $1$. $Inulin$ is a polysaccharide (a polymer of fructose) and therefore contains glycosidic bonds between its monosaccharide units.
$2$. $Insulin$ is a protein (a hormone) composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
$3$. Therefore,$Inulin$ contains glycosidic bonds and $Insulin$ contains peptide bonds.

(D) $1$. $Inulin$ is a polymer of fructose molecules linked by $\beta-1,2-glycosidic$ bonds. It is a polysaccharide.
$2$. $Insulin$ is a protein hormone composed of two polypeptide chains ($A$ and $B$) linked by disulfide bridges. It contains peptide bonds.
$3$. However,the question asks for substances that contain both bonds. Upon closer inspection of biological molecules,$Inulin$ is a polysaccharide (glycosidic bonds only). $Insulin$ is a protein (peptide bonds only).
$4$. Re-evaluating the options: $Chitin$ is a polysaccharide ($N-acetylglucosamine$ units linked by $\beta-1,4-glycosidic$ bonds). $Cholesterol$ is a lipid.
$5$. Actually,the question likely refers to $Glycoproteins$ or specific complex molecules. Given the options provided,$Inulin$ is a polysaccharide and $Insulin$ is a protein. If the question implies a combination of these types of molecules or a specific complex,$Inulin$ and $Insulin$ are the most distinct representatives of these bond types respectively. However,if we look for a single molecule containing both,it would be a $Glycoprotein$. Since no such option exists,the question likely asks to identify the pair representing these two bond types respectively.

(A) The correct matches are as follows:
$(a)$ Inhibitor of catabolic reaction: $(ii)$ Malonate acts as a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, which is involved in the Krebs cycle (a catabolic pathway).
$(b)$ Contains peptide bond: $(iv)$ Collagen is a protein, and proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
$(c)$ Cell wall material in fungi: $(iii)$ Chitin is a complex polysaccharide that forms the structural component of fungal cell walls.
$(d)$ Secondary metabolite: $(i)$ Ricin is a toxic protein produced by the castor plant $(Ricinus \, communis)$, classified as a secondary metabolite.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $(a-ii, b-iv, c-iii, d-i)$.

(A) The yellowish tint observed in cow's milk is primarily due to the presence of $Carotene$,which is a fat-soluble pigment found in the diet of the cow (derived from green fodder).
$Casein$ is the primary protein in milk,which gives it a white color.
$Lactose$ is the milk sugar.
$Albumin$ is a type of protein found in milk in smaller quantities.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(C) Option $C$ is the correct answer because glycine is the simplest amino acid,not a lipid. The $R$ group in glycine is a hydrogen atom $(H)$. Tyrosine is an aromatic amino acid,cysteine contains a sulphur atom,and lecithin is a phospholipid containing a phosphorus group.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. $(a)$ Aquaporin: It is a membrane protein that facilitates water transport,thus it is a polypeptide $(iii)$.
$2$. $(b)$ Asparagine: It is an amino acid derivative,specifically an amide of aspartic acid $(i)$.
$3$. $(c)$ Abscisic acid: It is a plant hormone derived from carotenoids $(iv)$.
$4$. $(d)$ Chitin: It is a structural homopolysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeleton of arthropods $(ii)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(ii)$.

(A) The vitamin $B$ complex group consists of water-soluble vitamins such as Thiamine $(B_1)$,Riboflavin $(B_2)$,Niacin $(B_3)$,Pantothenic acid $(B_5)$,Pyridoxine $(B_6)$,Biotin $(B_7)$,Folic acid $(B_9)$,and Cobalamin $(B_{12})$.
Retinol is the chemical name for vitamin $A$,which is a fat-soluble vitamin and not a member of the vitamin $B$ complex group.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(A) $\alpha$-tocopherol is known as vitamin-$E$.
It is widely recognized as the antisterility factor because it is essential for normal reproductive function.
Deficiency of vitamin-$E$ can lead to reproductive issues,including sterility in certain animals.

(A) $10 \%$ solution of $NaOH$ (sodium hydroxide) is commonly known as lye.
It is a strong alkaline solution used in the hot process for the manufacturing of soaps (saponification).

(A) Vitamin $B_{6}$ is chemically known as pyridoxine.
It is found in various food sources such as fruits,green vegetables,and milk.
$A$ deficiency of Vitamin $B_{6}$ can lead to conditions such as anaemia and skin disorders.

(A) Cod-liver oil is a rich source of fat-soluble vitamins. Specifically,it contains high concentrations of Vitamin $A$ and Vitamin $D$. Among the given options,Vitamin $A$ is the correct choice as it is abundantly found in fish liver oils,egg yolk,and dairy products.

(A) $ATP$ (Adenosine triphosphate) is known as the energy currency of the cell.
It stores energy in its high-energy phosphate bonds.
When the cell requires energy for metabolic processes,$ATP$ is hydrolyzed to $ADP$ and inorganic phosphate,releasing the stored energy.

(A) Calciferol is the chemical name of vitamin $D$.
It is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in calcium absorption and bone health.

(C) The process of hydrogenation of oils involves the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids (oils) to convert them into saturated fatty acids (fats).
This reaction requires a metal catalyst to facilitate the addition of hydrogen across the double bonds.
Finely divided $Ni$ (Nickel) is the most commonly used catalyst for this industrial process.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(C) Commercial detergents are primarily composed of sodium alkyl sulphates or sodium alkyl benzene sulphonates. These compounds contain the $-SO_{3}Na$ or $-OSO_{3}Na$ functional group,which acts as the hydrophilic head. Among the given options,$ROSO_{3}Na$ represents a sodium alkyl sulphate,which is a common type of anionic detergent.

(B) Vitamin $B_{12}$,also known as cyanocobalamin,is a complex organic compound that contains a central cobalt $(Co)$ metal ion coordinated within a corrin ring system. Its chemical formula is $C_{63}H_{88}O_{14}N_{14}PCo$. Therefore,it is the only vitamin among the options that contains a metal atom.

(A) Vitamin $A$ (retinol) is a fat-soluble vitamin that is structurally related to terpenes. It contains a $\beta$-ionone ring and a polyene side chain,which is built from repeating isoprene units $(C_{5}H_{8})$.

(D) Metal lauryl sulphate,such as sodium lauryl sulphate $(C_{12}H_{25}SO_{4}Na)$,is a type of synthetic detergent.
Synthetic detergents are chemical compounds synthesized in the laboratory that possess properties similar to soaps.
These are surface-active agents (surfactants) that have cleansing capacity.
They are generally sodium or potassium salts of long-chain alkyl benzene sulphonic acids or long-chain alkyl sulphates.

(C) Nitrogen $(N)$ is a structural component of all $B$-complex vitamins.
For example,Vitamin $B_1$ (thiamine) contains nitrogen in its pyrimidine and thiazole rings.
Vitamin $B_{12}$ (cyanocobalamin) contains a cobalt atom coordinated with nitrogen atoms in a corrin ring.
Therefore,Vitamin $B$ is the correct answer.

(A) In the human body,cholesterol synthesis occurs primarily in the liver.
The biosynthetic pathway for cholesterol begins with $Acetyl-CoA$,which is derived from acetic acid.
Through a series of complex enzymatic reactions,acetic acid serves as the fundamental carbon source for the synthesis of the cholesterol molecule.

(B) Dextrins are indeed intermediate products formed during the partial hydrolysis of starch into maltose and glucose.
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin $C$) is a sugar acid,specifically a derivative of $L$-gulonic acid,which is related to glucose. Therefore,the statement that it is a sugar derivative is scientifically correct.
Since both statements are factually true but the nature of ascorbic acid does not explain the formation of dextrins,the correct option is $B$.

(C) Nitrogen is a fundamental component of proteins and many pigments.
$A$. Invertase is an enzyme (protein),which contains nitrogen.
$B$. Pepsin is a digestive enzyme (protein),which contains nitrogen.
$C$. Idioblasts are specialized plant cells that contain crystals of calcium oxalate (raphides) or other substances; they are not a chemical compound but a cell type,and thus do not have nitrogen as a specific chemical constituent in the context of molecular composition.
$D$. Bacteriochlorophyll is a photosynthetic pigment that contains nitrogen in its porphyrin ring structure.
Therefore,the correct answer is $C$.

(C) $ATP$ (Adenosine Triphosphate) is known as the energy currency of the cell because it stores and provides energy for various cellular processes.

(C) Vitamin-$E$,also known as tocopherol,is obtained from sources such as green leafy vegetables,seed oils,milk,cheese,butter,and eggs.
It acts as an antisterility factor and functions as an antioxidant for membrane lipids,skin (reducing keratinization),and hair.
It also helps in reducing atherosclerosis and inhibits the oxidation of vitamin-$A$ and unsaturated fatty acids.
The deficiency of vitamin-$E$ leads to the breakdown of erythrocytes (leading to anaemia),muscular dystrophy (cramps),miscarriage,and reduced fertility.

(B) Riboflavin is the chemical name for Vitamin-$B_{2}$. It is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and the maintenance of healthy skin and eyes.

(D) Vitamins of the $B$-complex group and Vitamin-$C$ are water-soluble,whereas Vitamins-$A, D, E$,and $K$ are fat-soluble.
Vitamin-$C$ (ascorbic acid) acts as a powerful antioxidant in the body.
Citrus fruits are considered rich sources of Vitamin-$C$.

(A) Vitamin $B_{12}$,also known as cyanocobalamin,is a complex water-soluble vitamin.
It contains a central cobalt ion coordinated within a corrin ring system,which is structurally similar to the porphyrin ring found in hemoglobin.
Therefore,cobalt is the essential metal present in vitamin $B_{12}$.

(B) Niacin or nicotinamide (nicotinic acid) is also known as the anti-pellagra vitamin.
Its deficiency causes pellagra,a condition characterized by scaly and pigmented skin.
Deficiency of pyridoxine (Vitamin $B_{6}$) leads to anaemia,neuritic pain,convulsions,and skin lesions.
Deficiency of folic acid causes megaloblastic or macrocytic anaemia.
Deficiency of biotin (Vitamin $B_{7}$ or Vitamin $H$) causes dermatitis and anorexia.

(D) The most abundant mineral element in the animal body is $Calcium$.
It is the primary structural component of bones and teeth,providing them with strength and rigidity.

(A) Vitamin-$D$ contains an alcohol group in its structure. Specifically,the chemical formula for Vitamin-$D_{3}$ (cholecalciferol) is $C_{27}H_{44}O$,which includes a hydroxyl $(-OH)$ group,characterizing it as an alcohol.

(A) During starvation,when the body's energy requirements are not met by ingested food,the body utilizes its stored reserves in a specific order.
First,stored carbohydrates (glycogen) are consumed as they are the primary energy source.
Second,once carbohydrates are depleted,stored fats (adipose tissue) are broken down to provide energy.
Finally,when both carbohydrates and fats are exhausted,proteins are catabolized to meet energy needs.
Proteins are used last because they are the essential structural components of the body.

(A) Vitamin-$C$,Vitamin-$E$,and $\beta$-carotene (a precursor to Vitamin-$A$) are known as antioxidant vitamins.
These vitamins function by neutralizing free radicals,which are highly reactive molecules containing unpaired electrons that can cause cellular damage.