Mix Examples- Biomolecules Questions in English

(C) Thiamine,also known as vitamin-$B_{1}$,is a water-soluble vitamin.
It is essential for carbohydrate metabolism and nerve function.
Sources of thiamine include wheat flour,eggs,meat,liver,and yeast.
Its deficiency leads to conditions such as beri-beri,polyneuritis,and cardiovascular atrophy.
The clinical symptoms of thiamine deficiency include loss of appetite (anorexia),mental confusion,fatigue,muscle depreciation (muscular dystrophy),and heart enlargement.

(D) Vitamin $B_{12}$,also known as cobalamin,contains a central cobalt ion coordinated to a corrin ring and a cyanide group.
Due to the presence of this cobalt-cyanide linkage,it is chemically referred to as cyanocobalamin.

(C) Ketoacidosis is a type of metabolic acidosis,which is caused by the high concentration of ketone bodies formed by the breakdown of fatty acids and the deamination of amino acids. Generally,it takes place when there is no adequate glucose for oxidation in the body.

(A) Haemoglobin is a respiratory pigment found in red blood cells $(RBCs)$.
It is a conjugated protein consisting of a protein part called globin and a non-protein prosthetic group called heme.
The heme group contains an iron atom in the ferrous state $(Fe^{2+})$,which is responsible for the binding of oxygen molecules to form oxyhaemoglobin.

(A) Vitamin-$E$ is essential for the maintenance and proper functioning of the reproductive system.
Due to its role in preventing sterility,it is commonly known as the antisterility vitamin.
All vitamins are organic compounds,so option $C$ is incorrect.

(D) Phosphorus is a vital element for living organisms and is a major constituent of:
$1$. Biological membranes: Phospholipids, which contain phosphate groups, form the structural bilayer of cell membranes.
$2$. Nucleic acids: The backbone of $DNA$ and $RNA$ consists of sugar-phosphate chains, where phosphate groups link the nucleotides.
$3$. Cellular energy: Adenosine triphosphate $(ATP)$ is the primary energy currency of the cell, and its high-energy bonds are formed by phosphate groups.
Therefore, all the given statements are correct.

(D) Free energy is the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system,as in a living cell.
Enthalpy is the total heat content of a system,which includes both usable energy and unusable energy (entropy).

(A) The correct matching is as follows:
$(a)$ Protein: Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by $(iv)$ Peptide bonds.
$(b)$ Unsaturated fatty acid: These contain one or more $(i)$ $C=C$ double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain.
$(c)$ Nucleic acid: Nucleotides in nucleic acids are linked by $(ii)$ Phosphodiester bonds.
$(d)$ Polysaccharide: Monosaccharides in polysaccharides are linked by $(iii)$ Glycosidic bonds.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii)$.

(A) The correct matching is as follows:
$(a)$ Glycogen is a polysaccharide that serves as a storage product in animals.
$(b)$ Globulin is a type of protein that includes antibodies (immunoglobulins) involved in immune defense.
$(c)$ Steroids are a class of lipids that function as hormones (e.g., sex hormones).
$(d)$ Thrombin is a protein enzyme (biocatalyst) involved in the blood clotting process.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $(a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)$.

(D) The elemental analysis of Earth's crust and living tissues shows that all the elements present in the Earth's crust are also present in a sample of living tissue.
When comparing the relative abundance of elements,it is observed that carbon and hydrogen are present in significantly higher concentrations in living organisms compared to the Earth's crust.
Both living organisms and non-living matter (Earth's crust) contain the same elements like $C$,$H$,$O$,$N$,$S$,etc.
Therefore,all the given statements are correct.

(B) zwitterion is a molecule that contains an equal number of positively and negatively charged functional groups. In the case of an amino acid,the amino group $(-NH_2)$ acts as a base and accepts a proton to become $-NH_3^+$,while the carboxyl group $(-COOH)$ acts as an acid and loses a proton to become $-COO^-$. This dipolar ion,where the molecule is electrically neutral overall but contains both positive and negative charges,is called a zwitterion. Option $B$ shows the structure $H_3N^+ - CH(R) - COO^-$,which correctly represents this dipolar zwitterionic state.

(A) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds $(P-III)$.
$2$. Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds $(Q-II)$.
$3$. Polynucleotides (like $DNA$/$RNA$) consist of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds $(R-IV)$.
$4$. Triglycerides are formed by the esterification of glycerol with fatty acids,resulting in ester bonds $(S-I)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(P-III), (Q-II), (R-IV), (S-I)$.

(D) Anabolic processes (Anabolism) involve the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones,requiring energy. These include:
$I -$ Protein synthesis,
$V -$ Synthesis of cholesterol from acetic acid,
$VI -$ Photosynthesis.
Catabolic processes (Catabolism) involve the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones,releasing energy. These include:
$II -$ Lactic acid fermentation,
$III -$ Aerobic respiration,
$IV -$ Alcoholic fermentation,
$VII -$ Digestion.
Therefore,the correct sequence is Anabolic: $(I, V, VI)$ and Catabolic: $(II, III, IV, VII)$.

(C) $ATP$ stands for Adenosine Triphosphate.
It is a complex organic chemical that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells,such as muscle contraction,nerve impulse propagation,and chemical synthesis.
It consists of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups.

(B) physical process involves a change in the state of matter without changing the chemical composition of the substance. In $II$ (Ice $\rightarrow$ Water) and $III$ (Water $\rightarrow$ Steam),only the physical state changes,so these are physical processes.
$A$ chemical process involves the formation of new substances with different chemical properties. In $I$ (a neutralization reaction) and $IV$ (hydrolysis of starch into glucose),the chemical composition changes,so these are chemical processes.
Therefore,the physical processes are $II$ and $III$,and the chemical processes are $I$ and $IV$.

(C) The process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones to release energy is known as catabolism. The conversion of fatty acids into $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ is a catabolic process.
Conversely,the process of synthesizing complex molecules from simpler precursors is known as anabolism. The synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl $CoA$ is an anabolic process.
Therefore,the correct sequence is catabolic and anabolic.

(A) bomb calorimeter is a type of constant-volume calorimeter used in measuring the heat of combustion of a particular reaction. In biological contexts,it is specifically used to determine the gross calorific value or energy content of food samples by burning them in an oxygen-rich environment. The heat released during combustion is measured by the rise in temperature of the surrounding water.

(C) The correct matches are as follows:
$P$. Gluconeogenesis: This is the process of synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids or glycerol. Thus, $P-III$.
$Q$. Glycogenesis: This is the process of conversion of glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver and muscles. Thus, $Q-I$.
$R$. Glycogenolysis: This is the process of breakdown of glycogen into glucose when the body requires energy. Thus, $R-II$.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $(P-III), (Q-I), (R-II)$.

(B) Biological molecules that possess the ability to undergo duplication (replication) are those that can serve as templates for their own synthesis.
$1$. $DNA$: It is the primary genetic material and possesses the inherent ability to replicate itself through the process of $DNA$ replication.
$2$. $RNA$: Certain viruses (e.g.,$RNA$ viruses) use $RNA$ as their genetic material and possess the ability to replicate their $RNA$ genome.
Proteins,enzymes,lipids,and carbohydrates do not possess the inherent ability to undergo self-duplication or replication.
Therefore,only $2$ molecules ($DNA$ and $RNA$) have the ability to undergo duplication.
Thus,the correct option is $B$.

(D) Phosphorus is a vital element for living organisms.
$1$. It is a major constituent of biological membranes, specifically phospholipids.
$2$. It is a key component of nucleic acids ($DNA$ and $RNA$), forming the sugar-phosphate backbone.
$3$. It is essential for cellular energy transfer systems, as it is a central part of $ATP$ $(Adenosine Triphosphate)$.
Therefore, all the given options are correct.

(A) The correct matching is as follows:
$1$. Adenine is a nitrogenous base belonging to the category of $Purines$.
$2$. Anthocyanin is a secondary metabolite that acts as a $Pigment$.
$3$. Chitin is a structural $Polysaccharide$ found in the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeleton of arthropods.
$4$. Codeine is a secondary metabolite classified as an $Alkaloid$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(a) - (iv), (b) - (i), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iii)$.

(B) Statement $I$ is true: Enzymes are proteins. At low temperatures,enzymes remain in an inactive state but are not destroyed; they can regain activity when the temperature increases. At high temperatures,the hydrogen bonds and other stabilizing forces in the protein structure break,leading to denaturation and permanent loss of enzymatic activity.
Statement $II$ is true: $A$ competitive inhibitor has a molecular structure similar to the substrate. Because of this structural similarity,it competes with the substrate for the active site of the enzyme,thereby inhibiting the reaction.
Therefore,both statements are correct.

(A) Statement $I$ is false because,by convention,a protein is represented as a line where the left end is the first amino acid ($N$-terminal) and the right end is the last amino acid ($C$-terminal). The statement incorrectly swapped these terminals.
Statement $II$ is true because adult human haemoglobin is a quaternary structure composed of $4$ polypeptide subunits: two $\alpha$-subunits and two $\beta$-subunits.
Therefore,Statement $I$ is false and Statement $II$ is true.

(C) In biological molecules, $Palmitic acid$ is a saturated fatty acid with $16$ carbons.
$Serine$ is a polar amino acid.
$Lecithin$ is a well-known phospholipid found in cell membranes.
$Uracil$ is a nitrogenous base (pyrimidine), not a nucleoside. $A$ nucleoside consists of a nitrogenous base attached to a sugar molecule. Therefore, the pair $Uracil - \text{Nucleoside}$ is incorrect.

(C) The hydrolysis of $ATP$ (Adenosine Triphosphate) into $ADP$ (Adenosine Diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate $(Pi)$ is an exergonic reaction.
This reaction releases approximately $7.3 \ K.cal$ of energy per mole of $ATP$ under standard biological conditions.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(B) Vitamins are classified into two categories based on their solubility:
$1$. Water-soluble vitamins: These include Vitamin $B$ complex and Vitamin $C$.
$2$. Fat-soluble vitamins: These include Vitamin $A, D, E$ and $K$.
Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body's fatty tissues and the liver. Therefore,the set containing all fat-soluble vitamins is $A, D, E$ and $K$.

(A) The structures represent different resonance contributors of $p$-nitro-$N,N$-dimethylaniline.
Structure $(I)$ is the neutral form with a nitro group.
Structure $(II)$ is another representation.
Structures $(III)$ and $(IV)$ involve charge separation resulting from the strong $+M$ effect of the dimethylamino group and the $-M$ effect of the nitro group,leading to a quinonoid structure.
These structures illustrate the delocalization of electrons across the benzene ring.

(B) The hydrolysis of $1$ mole of $ATP$ into $ADP$ and inorganic phosphate releases approximately $7.3 \text{ Kcal}$ of energy.
Therefore,for $25$ molecules of $ATP$,the total energy liberated is calculated as:
$\text{Total Energy} = 25 \times 7.3 \text{ Kcal} = 182.50 \text{ Kcal}$.
Thus,the correct option is $B$.

(A) The correct matching is $A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1$.
• Glycogenesis $(A-2)$: The process of conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver and muscles.
• Glycosuria $(B-3)$: The presence of excess glucose in the urine,often associated with diabetes mellitus.
• Gluconeogenesis $(C-4)$: The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors like amino acids,glycerol,and lactate.
• Glycogenolysis $(D-1)$: The breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose to maintain blood sugar levels.

(A) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. Trypsin is a protein that acts as an enzyme $(A-III)$.
$2$. Morphine is a secondary metabolite classified as an alkaloid $(B-IV)$.
$3$. Concanavalin $A$ is a secondary metabolite classified as a lectin $(C-II)$.
$4$. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the animal world and forms the intercellular ground substance $(D-I)$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I$.

(B, C, E) . Incorrect: Lipids are hydrophobic and generally water-insoluble.
$B$. Correct: Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds,hence they are polypeptides.
$C$. Correct: Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates formed by long chains of monosaccharide units.
$D$. Incorrect: Adenine and guanine are purines,not pyrimidines.
$E$. Correct: Most enzymes are proteinaceous in nature,with the exception of some $RNA$ molecules known as ribozymes.
Therefore,the correct statements are $B, C,$ and $E$.