Application of plant breeding Questions in English

(C) In the year $2000$,maize hybrids were developed that contained twice the amount of the amino acids Lysine and Tryptophan compared to the existing maize varieties.
This was a significant achievement in biofortification,which is the process of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$(a)$ Wheat: Atlas-$66$ is a wheat variety known for its high protein content.
$(b)$ Rice: Taichung Native-$I$ is a semi-dwarf variety of rice introduced from Taiwan.
$(c)$ Sugarcane: Saccharum barberi is a species of sugarcane originally grown in North India, which was crossed with Saccharum officinarum to improve yield and sugar content.
$(d)$ Okra: Pusa Sawani is a variety of okra (Bhindi) resistant to yellow mosaic virus.
Therefore, the correct matching is $a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1$.

(A) The correct matches based on the $NCERT$ textbook for disease-resistant crop varieties are:
$(a)$ Cauliflower: Pusa Shubhra (Resistance to black rot).
$(b)$ Brassica (Mustard): Pusa Gaurav (Resistance to aphids).
$(c)$ Flat bean: Pusa Sem $3$ (Resistance to jassids, aphids, and fruit borer).
$(d)$ Chilli: Pusa Sadabahar (Resistance to chilli mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus, and leaf curl).
Therefore, the correct sequence is $a-3, b-1, c-4, d-2$.

(B) The correct matching is as follows:
$(1)$ Pusa Shubhra is a variety of cauliflower resistant to Black rot $(b)$.
$(2)$ Pusa Swarnim is a variety of Brassica resistant to White rust $(d)$.
$(3)$ Pusa Sadabahar is a variety of Chilli resistant to Chilli mosaic virus $(c)$.
$(4)$ Himgiri is a variety of wheat resistant to Leaf and stripe rust $(a)$.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $1-b, 2-d, 3-c, 4-a$, which corresponds to option $(B)$.

(A) The correct matching is as follows:
$(a)$ Pusa Komal is a variety of Cowpea resistant to Bacterial blight $(ii)$.
$(b)$ Himgiri is a variety of Wheat resistant to Leaf and stripe rust $(iv)$.
$(c)$ Brassica (Pusa Swarnim) is a variety of Mustard resistant to White rust $(i)$.
$(d)$ Pusa Sawani/Parbhani Kranti is a variety of Bhindi (Okra) resistant to Yellow mosaic virus $(iii)$.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii$.

(B) The high-yielding variety of rice,$IR-8$,was developed at the International Rice Research Institute $(IRRI)$ in the Philippines. It is famously known as the 'miracle rice' because it significantly increased rice production during the Green Revolution.

(C) Lysine and tryptophan are essential amino acids. Conventional maize hybrids often lack these amino acids. However,biofortified maize varieties,such as $Shakti$,$Rattan$,and $Protina$,have been developed through plant breeding to contain significantly higher levels of lysine and tryptophan compared to normal maize.

(D) In bhindi ($Abelmoschus$ $esculentus$),resistance to yellow mosaic virus was introduced from a wild species ($Abelmoschus$ $manihot$).
This breeding process resulted in the development of a new variety known as Parbhani Kranti.

(D) The Indian Agricultural Research Institute $(IARI)$,New Delhi,has developed several vegetable crops that are biofortified with vitamins and minerals. The list is as follows:

Crops	Nutrient Rich In
$I$. Carrot,spinach,pumpkin	Vitamin-$A$
$II$. Bitter gourd,bathua,mustard,tomato	Vitamin-$C$
$III$. Spinach and bathua	Iron and calcium
$IV$. Broad bean,lablab,French bean,garden pea	Protein

Since all the statements ($I$,$II$,$III$,and $IV$) correctly represent the biofortified crops released by $IARI$,the correct option is $D$.

(D) Shakti,Rattan,and Protina are biofortified varieties of maize developed in India. These varieties were specifically bred to have a significantly higher content of essential amino acids,namely lysine and tryptophan,compared to traditional maize varieties.

(C) In India,the major goal of the green revolution was to increase agricultural production.
$MS$ Swaminathan initiated collaboration with Dr. Borlaug,which led to the green revolution through the introduction of high-yielding Mexican varieties of wheat in India.
The green revolution relied primarily on plant breeding techniques to develop high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties of crops such as wheat,rice,and maize.

(B) Bio-fortification is the process of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value. This can be achieved through selective breeding or genetic engineering to enhance the levels of vitamins,minerals,proteins,and healthier fats in crops. This strategy is essential for addressing hidden hunger and malnutrition in populations.

(C) Pusa Shubhra and Pusa Snowball $K-1$ are improved varieties of cauliflower ($Brassica$ $oleracea$ $var.$ $botrytis$).
These varieties are specifically bred to provide resistance against two major diseases: Black rot and Curl blight black rot.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(C) In plant breeding for disease and pest resistance,specific morphological traits are introduced to reduce pest infestation.
Cotton varieties with smooth leaves and nectar-less traits are resistant to $Bollworms$.
These morphological characteristics make the plant less attractive to these specific pests,thereby reducing the damage caused by them.

(B) $Biofortification$ is the process of breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals,or higher protein and healthier fats.
$1.$ The primary objectives of $Biofortification$ are to improve the nutritional quality of crops,which includes increasing protein content and quality $(I)$,oil content and quality $(II)$,vitamin content $(III)$,and micronutrient and mineral content $(V)$.
$2.$ The development of resistance to pests $(IV)$ is an objective of plant breeding for disease and pest resistance,not specifically for $Biofortification$.
Therefore,the correct objectives are $I, II, III,$ and $V$.

(C) In the year $2000$, a hybrid variety of maize was developed that contained twice the amount of the amino acids $Lysine$ and $Tryptophan$ compared to existing maize varieties.
This is a significant achievement in biofortification, which is the breeding of crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals, or higher protein and healthier fats.
Therefore, $P = 2000$ and $Q = \text{Lysine and Tryptophan}$.

(D) Atlas $66$ is a well-known variety of wheat that is widely used in plant breeding programs as a donor parent.
It is specifically valued for its high protein content,which helps in biofortification to improve the nutritional quality of wheat crops.

(C) $Pusa$ $Sadabahar$ is a variety of chilli that is resistant to chilli mosaic virus,tobacco mosaic virus,and leaf curl. It is not resistant to stem borer and aphids. Therefore,option $C$ is the incorrect match.

(A) The crop variety "Pusa Sadabahar" is a variety of Chilli ($Capsicum$ $annuum$).
It was developed through hybridization and selection for disease resistance.
This specific variety is known for its resistance to the Chilli mosaic virus, Tobacco mosaic virus, and Leaf curl disease.
Therefore, the correct option is $A$.