Animal breeding Questions in English

(B) Outcrossing is a type of animal breeding practice where mating occurs between animals of the same breed but having no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to $4-6$ generations. This method is the best breeding strategy for animals that are below average in productivity in milk production,growth rate in beef cattle,etc. It helps to overcome inbreeding depression.

(C) Cross-breeding is a method of animal breeding where a superior male of one breed is mated with a superior female of another breed. This allows the desirable qualities of two different breeds to be combined into the progeny. For example,$Hisardale$ is a new breed of sheep developed in $Punjab$ by crossing $Bikaneri$ ewes and $Merino$ rams.

(D) $MOET$ stands for Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer technology.
In this process,a cow is administered hormones,with $FSH$ (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) activity,to induce follicular maturation and superovulation.
Instead of one egg,which is normal per cycle,$6-8$ eggs are produced.
The cow is then either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated.
Therefore,the correct hormone used is $FSH$.

(A) In the technique of Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer $(MOET)$,the cow is administered hormones to induce superovulation. After fertilization,the embryos at the $8-32$ cell stage are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers. This allows for the production of multiple high-quality offspring from a single superior cow.

(C) $MOET$ stands for Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology.
It is a program for herd improvement in animals like cattle.
In this method,a cow is administered hormones,with $FSH$-like activity,to induce follicular maturation and superovulation instead of one egg,which they normally yield per cycle,they produce $6-8$ eggs.
The animal is either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated.
The fertilized eggs at $8-32$ cells stages are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers.

(D) In the process of Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer $(MOET)$,a cow is administered hormones with $FSH$ ($Follicle$ $Stimulating$ $Hormone$)-like activity.
This treatment induces follicular maturation and superovulation.
Instead of the normal one egg per cycle,the cow is induced to produce $6-8$ eggs per cycle.
Therefore,$FSH$ treatment increases the rate of ovulation in cows.

(B) In cows,under normal physiological conditions,only $1$ egg is released per estrous cycle.
However,in the technique of Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer $(MOET)$,cows are administered hormones with $FSH$-like activity to induce follicular maturation and superovulation.
This treatment results in the production of $6$ to $8$ eggs per cycle instead of the usual $1$ egg.
Therefore,$X = 1$ and $Y = 6$ to $8$.

(D) Interspecific hybridization is a breeding method where male and female animals of two different related species are mated together. This process allows the combination of desirable features from both species into the progeny. For example,a mule is produced by the mating of a male donkey and a female horse.

(C) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations. The strategy used is to identify superior males and superior females of the same breed and mate them. The statement in option $C$ describes outbreeding,not inbreeding. Therefore,statement $C$ is incorrect.

(C) liger is the offspring of a male lion $(Panthera \text{ } leo)$ and a female tiger $(Panthera \text{ } tigris)$.
Since the lion and the tiger belong to different species, this process is known as interspecific hybridization.
Interspecific hybridization involves mating animals of two different related species to combine desirable features in the progeny.

(A) Inbreeding depression refers to the reduction in biological fitness in a given population as a result of inbreeding,or breeding of related individuals.
Continued close inbreeding,especially in cattle,usually reduces fertility and productivity.
It exposes harmful recessive genes that are expressed by homozygous conditions.
Therefore,option $A$ is the correct answer.
Outcrossing is a common practice used to overcome inbreeding depression.

(A) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations.
Continuous inbreeding,especially close inbreeding,usually reduces fertility and productivity,a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression.
Therefore,the statement that 'Inbreeding depression increases productivity' is incorrect.
Inbreeding increases homozygosity,which is necessary for the evolution of purelines in cattle.
Inbreeding depression can be overcome by outcrossing,which involves mating animals of the same breed that have no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to $4-6$ generations.

(A) The term $MOET$ stands for Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer technology.
This is a breeding strategy used for herd improvement in animals such as cattle,sheep,rabbits,and buffaloes.
In this process,a cow is administered hormones,with $FSH$-like activity,to induce follicular maturation and superovulation instead of one egg,which they normally yield per cycle.
The animal is either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated.
The fertilized eggs at $8-32$ cells stages are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers.
This technology is used to increase herd size in a shorter period.

(A) Cross-breeding is a method where superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed.
$Hisardale$ is a well-known example of a new breed of sheep developed in Punjab.
It was created by crossing Bikaneri ewes (female) and Marino rams (male).
Therefore,$A$ refers to sheep and $C$ refers to Marino rams.

(A) $MOET$ (Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer) is a program for herd improvement in animals like cattle,sheep,rabbits,buffaloes,and mares.
$A$ cow is administered hormones with $FSH$-like activity to induce follicular maturation and super-ovulation.
The cow produces $6-8$ eggs instead of the one egg produced normally.
It is then either mated with an elite bull or artificial insemination is carried out.
When the fertilized eggs attain the $8-32$ cells stage,they are non-surgically removed and transferred to a surrogate mother.
The genetic mother can now be again super-ovulated.

(C) $MOET$ stands for Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology.
It is a program for herd improvement in cattle.
In this method,a cow is administered hormones,with $FSH$-like activity,to induce follicular maturation and superovulation instead of one egg,which they normally yield per cycle,they produce $6-8$ eggs.
The animal is either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated.
The embryos at $8-32$ celled stages are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers.
Thus,it is a technique used for hybridization and genetic improvement in cattle.

(A) The correct answer is $A-$ female horse; $B-$ male donkey.
Mating between male and female animals of two different species is called interspecific hybridization.
$A$ mule is the offspring produced by the cross between a male donkey ($Equus$ $asinus$) and a female horse ($Equus$ $caballus$).
This is a classic example of interspecific hybridization used in animal breeding to combine desirable traits from two different species.

(B) Artificial insemination is the most widely used method in cattle breeding for herd improvement.
In this process,semen is collected from a male that is chosen as a parent and injected into the reproductive tract of the selected female by the breeder.
This method helps in overcoming problems of normal mating,allows for the storage of semen,and enables the use of superior bulls for breeding a large number of cows.

(D) Cross-breeding is a method of animal breeding where individuals from two entirely different breeds are mated.
Statement $I$ is correct: It involves mating a superior male of one breed with a superior female of another breed.
Statement $II$ is correct: This process allows the accumulation of desirable genes from both parent breeds into the offspring (progeny).
Statement $III$ is correct: The resulting hybrid progeny often exhibit superior traits and can be used directly for commercial production.

(D) The technique used for increasing the herd size of high-yielding cattle is known as Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer $(MOET)$.
In this process,a cow is administered hormones (like $FSH$) to induce follicular maturation and superovulation,producing $6-8$ eggs instead of one per cycle.
The cow is then mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated.
The fertilized eggs at $8-32$ cell stages are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers.
This allows the high-yielding cow to produce more offspring in a short time.

(B) $Hinny$ is the offspring of a male horse $(stallion)$ and a female donkey $(jenny)$.
In contrast,a $Mule$ is the offspring of a male donkey $(jack)$ and a female horse $(mare)$.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(C) When a cow is crossed with a bull and the female progeny produces more milk than its mother,it indicates that the offspring has inherited a greater number of favorable genes for high milk yield from both parents. This is a result of selective breeding and the combination of desirable alleles from both the sire (bull) and the dam (cow).

(A) In animal breeding,a superior female in cattle is defined as a $A-$cow that produces more milk per lactation.
Conversely,a superior $B-$male is a $C-$bull that produces $D-$superior progeny compared to those of other males.
This is a fundamental concept in artificial insemination and selective breeding programs aimed at improving the genetic quality of livestock.

(C) Mating between unrelated members of the same breed is called outcrossing.
The mating partners should not have common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to $4-6$ generations.
Outcrossing is usually preferred in animals that have poor milk productivity,poor growth rate,or are suffering from inbreeding depression.
Both statements $I$ and $II$ are correct.

(B) The process of inbreeding involves the following logical sequence:
$1$. First, identify the superior male and superior female of the same breed $(Step \ I)$.
$2$. These selected individuals are then mated in pairs $(Step \ II)$.
$3$. The progeny obtained from this mating are evaluated to identify superior males and females $(Step \ III)$.
$4$. During this evaluation, it is defined that a superior female is a cow or buffalo that produces more milk per lactation, and a superior male is a bull that gives rise to superior progeny $(Step \ IV)$.
$5$. Finally, the superior progenies obtained are further mated to continue the process $(Step \ V)$.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $I \rightarrow II \rightarrow III \rightarrow IV \rightarrow V$.

(D) good breed of cattle is characterized by desirable traits that maximize productivity and health.
High yielding potential ensures a greater output of products like milk or meat.
Resistance to diseases is crucial to minimize losses and maintain the health of the herd.
Therefore,both high yield and disease resistance are essential characteristics of a good breed.

(D) In-breeding involves mating between closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations.
This process increases homozygosity,which is essential for evolving a pureline in any animal.
Out-breeding,which includes out-crossing (mating of animals of the same breed with no common ancestors for $4-6$ generations) and cross-breeding (mating between different breeds),does not lead to the development of a pureline.

(A) Interspecific hybridization is a breeding method where male and female animals of two different related species are mated.
$A$ mule is produced by crossing a male donkey ($Equus$ $asinus$) and a female horse ($Equus$ $caballus$).
Since these belong to two different species,this process is known as interspecific hybridization.

(C) Hisardale is a new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by crossing Bikaneri ewes and Merino rams.
Cross-breeding is a method of animal breeding where superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed.
This allows the desirable qualities of two different breeds to be combined in the progeny.

(D) Artificial insemination is a technique where semen collected from a superior male is injected into the reproductive tract of a selected female by the breeder.
It is advantageous because:
$1$. It is economical and the success rate of fertilization is high.
$2$. Several cows can be fertilized by the semen collected from a single bull.
$3$. The semen can be stored frozen for a long period and can be easily transported to remote areas,allowing for the breeding of animals even when they are geographically separated.

(B) Artificial insemination is a technique in which semen is collected from the male that is chosen as a parent and injected into the reproductive tract of the selected female by the breeder.
Animal breeding is the general practice of mating animals to improve their traits.
$MOET$ (Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer) involves the administration of hormones with $FSH$-like activity to induce follicular maturation and superovulation. The fertilized eggs are then recovered non-surgically at the $8-32$ cell stage and transferred to surrogate mothers.

(B) An out-cross is a type of out-breeding where animals of the same breed are mated that have no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to $4-6$ generations.
This practice helps in overcoming inbreeding depression.
Option $A$ describes inbreeding.
Option $C$ describes cross-breeding.
Option $D$ describes interspecific hybridization.

(B) Cross-breeding is a breeding strategy where superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed.
This allows the desirable qualities of two different breeds to be combined into the progeny,thereby overcoming average productivity in terms of milk production,growth rate in beef cattle,etc.
Interspecific hybridization involves mating animals of two different related species,which is a more specialized process.
Inbreeding primarily increases homozygosity and is used to develop pure lines,but it can lead to inbreeding depression if continued for a long time.

(A) Hissardale is a crossbreed of sheep developed in Punjab.
It is produced by crossing Bikaneri ewes (female) and Merino rams (male).
This crossbreeding technique is used to improve the quality and quantity of wool production.

(C) Inbreeding increases homozygosity,which helps in the accumulation of superior genes and the elimination of less desirable genes. It also exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection. Therefore,the statement that inbreeding helps in the accumulation of deleterious alleles and the elimination of desirable alleles is incorrect.

(D) In the process of Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer $(MOET)$,a cow is administered hormones with $FSH$-like activity to induce follicular maturation and superovulation.
$FSH$ (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles.
Estrogen is responsible for the proliferation of the endometrium.
Progesterone functions in maintaining the endometrium for pregnancy.
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone responsible for spermatogenesis.

(A) Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology $(MOET)$ is a program for herd improvement.
In this process,a cow is administered hormones,with $FSH$ (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) like activity,to induce follicular maturation and superovulation.
Instead of one egg,which is normal per cycle,the cow produces $6-8$ eggs.
The animal is either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated.
The embryos at $8-32$ cell stage are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers.
Option $A$ is incorrect because the hormone used has $FSH$ like activity,not $LH$ like activity.

(B) Sahiwal is a breed of cattle that is primarily found in the Punjab region. Through the process of artificial selection and selective breeding,Sahiwal cows with desired traits (such as high milk yield and disease resistance) were developed in the state of Punjab. This is a classic example of animal breeding used to improve the quality of livestock.

(D) The image provided shows a cow of the $Sahiwal$ breed.
$Sahiwal$ is a prominent indigenous breed of cattle in India,known for its high milk yield and heat tolerance.
It is characterized by a reddish-brown color,a loose skin,and a well-developed hump in males.
Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(A) Hisardale is a new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by crossing Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams.
This process is known as cross-breeding,where superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed.
Therefore,the correct answer is $A$.

(D) mule is produced by the mating of a male donkey and a female horse. This process, where two different species are mated to produce offspring, is known as $Interspecific \text{ } hybridization$. Therefore, the correct option is $D$.

(B) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations.
$1$. It increases homozygosity,which is essential for developing pure lines.
$2$. Continuous inbreeding,especially in close inbreeding,usually reduces fertility and even productivity. This is known as inbreeding depression.
$3$. Since it increases homozygosity,it decreases heterozygosity.
Therefore,the statement that 'continuous inbreeding increases the level of heterozygosity' is incorrect.

(D) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations.
It increases homozygosity,which is essential for developing a pure line in any animal.
Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection.
Therefore,it is primarily used to evolve a pure line in any animal.

(A) Hisardale is a new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by crossing Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams. It is a high-quality breed known for its wool production.

(A) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for $4-6$ generations.
Continued inbreeding,especially close inbreeding,usually reduces fertility and productivity.
This process exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection.
Therefore,inbreeding is the process that brings harmful recessive genes to the surface.

(D) The organism shown in the image is a mule. $A$ mule is produced by the mating between a male donkey and a female horse. This process,where two different related species are mated,is known as interspecific hybridization. In this method,the desirable features of two different species are combined.

(C) $MOET$ stands for $Multiple$ $Ovulation$ $Embryo$ $Transfer$.
It is a program for herd improvement in animals like cattle.
In this method,a cow is administered hormones,with $FSH$-like activity,to induce follicular maturation and superovulation instead of one egg per cycle.
The animal is either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated.
The fertilized eggs at $8-32$ cells stages are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers.

(B) In cattle,the technique used for herd improvement is Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer $(MOET)$.
In this procedure,a cow is administered hormones,with $FSH$ ($Follicle$ $Stimulating$ $Hormone$) activity,to induce follicular maturation and superovulation.
Instead of yielding one egg per cycle,this treatment results in the production of $6$ to $8$ eggs.
The animal is then either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated.

(A) Controlled breeding experiments are effectively carried out using $Artificial$ $Insemination$ $(AI)$.
In this technique, the semen is collected from the male that is chosen as a parent and injected into the reproductive tract of the selected female by the breeder.
This method helps in overcoming several problems of normal mating and allows the breeder to carry out cross-breeding experiments under controlled conditions.

(A) $MOET$ stands for Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer technology.
In this procedure,a cow is administered hormones,with $FSH$-like activity,to induce follicular maturation and superovulation.
Instead of the normal one egg per cycle,the cow produces $6-8$ eggs.
These eggs are then fertilized by artificial insemination or natural mating and the embryos at $8-32$ celled stage are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers.