Microbes in Industrial Products Questions in English

(C) The large holes in Swiss cheese are developed due to the production of a large amount of $CO_2$ gas.
This process is carried out by a bacterium known as $Propionibacterium$ \text{ } $shermanii$ during the ripening of the cheese.

(C) Ethanol is produced through the process of fermentation of sugars present in malted cereals or fruit juices.
This process is carried out by the yeast $Saccharomyces$ $cerevisiae$,which is commonly known as brewer's yeast.
$Saccharomyces$ $cerevisiae$ performs anaerobic respiration to convert sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(A) The correct matches are as follows:
$A$. Pectinase is produced by $Aspergillus \text{ } niger$.
$B$. Lipase is produced by $Candida \text{ } lipolytica$.
$C$. Invertase is produced by $Saccharomyces \text{ } cerevisiae$.
$D$. Cellulase is produced by $Trichoderma \text{ } konigii$.
Therefore, the correct matching is $A-ii, B-iv, C-i, D-iii$.

(D) Chloromycetin, also known as chloramphenicol, is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
It was originally isolated from the bacterium $Streptomyces \, venezuelae$.
$Penicillium \, chrysogenum$ is used for the production of penicillin.
$Streptomyces \, erythreus$ is used for the production of erythromycin.
$Streptomyces \, griseus$ is used for the production of streptomycin.

(A) Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections. It was the first antibiotic to be discovered that is effective against tuberculosis. It is produced by the soil-dwelling bacterium $Streptomyces$ $griseus$.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. Chloromycetin is produced by $Streptomyces \text{ } venezuelae$ $(1-d)$.
$2$. Erythromycin is produced by $Streptomyces \text{ } erythreus$ $(2-c)$.
$3$. Penicillin is produced by $Penicillium \text{ } chrysogenum$ $(3-b)$.
$4$. Streptomycin is produced by $Streptomyces \text{ } griseus$ $(4-a)$.
Therefore, the correct matching is $1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a$.

(D) The microbe $Pseudomonas$ $denitrificans$ is industrially used for the production of Vitamin $B_{12}$ (cyanocobalamin).
Vitamin $B_{12}$ is also produced by other microorganisms like $Propionibacterium$ $freudenreichii$ and $Bacillus$ $megaterium$.
Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(A) The production of beer involves several steps,starting with the preparation of the raw material.
$1$. $Malting$: This is the initial step where cereal grains (usually barley) are soaked in water to germinate. This process activates enzymes like amylases that convert starch into fermentable sugars.
$2$. $Mashing$: The malted grains are crushed and mixed with hot water to extract the sugars.
$3$. $Fermentation$: Yeast is added to the liquid (wort) to convert sugars into alcohol and $CO_2$.
$4$. $Clarification$ and $Distillation$ are subsequent processes used for refining or producing spirits,respectively.
Therefore,$malting$ is the correct initial step.

(D) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. Pectinase: Used for clarifying fruit juices,so it matches with $(B)$.
$2$. Statins: Produced by Monascus purpureus,these act as blood cholesterol-lowering agents,so it matches with $(D)$.
$3$. Cyclosporin-$A$: Produced by Trichoderma polysporum,it acts as an immunosuppressive agent in organ transplant patients,so it matches with $(C)$.
$4$. Streptokinase: Produced by Streptococcus,it is used as a 'clot buster' for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction,so it matches with $(A)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(1-B), (2-D), (3-C), (4-A)$.

(A) The correct option is $A$.
$1$. Butyric acid is produced by the bacterium $Clostridium \text{ } butyricum$.
$2$. Acetic acid is produced by the bacterium $Acetobacter \text{ } aceti$, not $Aspergillus \text{ } niger$ (which produces citric acid).
$3$. Streptokinase is used as a 'clot buster' for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction.
$4$. Cyclosporin-$A$ is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ transplant patients, produced by the fungus $Trichoderma \text{ } polysporum$.

(D) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. $Trichoderma \text{ } polysporum$ produces cyclosporin-$A$, which is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ transplant patients. Thus, $P-(c-ii)$.
$2$. $Monascus \text{ } purpureus$ produces statins, which act as blood cholesterol-lowering agents. Thus, $Q-(a-iii)$.
$3$. $Streptococcus$ produces streptokinase, which is used as a 'clot buster' for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction. Thus, $R-(b-i)$.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $P-(c-ii), Q-(a-iii), R-(b-i)$.

(B) $Cyclosporin-A$ is a bioactive molecule produced by the fungus $Trichoderma$ $polysporum$.
It is widely used as an immunosuppressive agent in patients undergoing organ transplantation.
It works by inhibiting the activation of $T$-cells,thereby preventing the immune system from rejecting the transplanted organ.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(C) The production of alcoholic beverages depends on the type of raw material used for fermentation and the type of processing (with or without distillation).
$1$. Beverages like Wine and Beer are produced by fermentation of fruit juices or malted cereals,respectively,without the process of distillation. This results in a lower alcohol content.
$2$. Beverages like Whisky,Brandy,and Rum are produced by the distillation of the fermented broth,which increases the alcohol concentration.
Therefore,Wine is the correct answer as it is produced without distillation.

(B) The correct matching is as follows:
$1$. Trichoderma polysporum produces Cyclosporin $A$,which is used as an immunosuppressive agent $(1-B)$.
$2$. Monascus purpureus produces Statins,which act as blood-cholesterol lowering agents $(2-D)$.
$3$. Clostridium butyricum produces Butyric acid $(3-A)$.
$4$. Aspergillus niger produces Citric acid $(4-C)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(1-B), (2-D), (3-A), (4-C)$.

(A) The yeast $Monascus$ $purpureus$ is commercially used in the production of blood-cholesterol lowering agents called statins.
These statins act by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver.
Therefore,both the Assertion and the Reason are correct,and the Reason provides the correct explanation for the Assertion.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. < em>Aspergillus niger is a fungus used for the commercial production of Citric acid $(C)$.
$2$. < em>Acetobacter aceti is a bacterium used for the commercial production of Acetic acid $(A)$.
$3$. < em>Clostridium butyricum is a bacterium used for the commercial production of Butyric acid $(B)$.
$4$. < em>Lactobacillus is a bacterium used for the production of Lactic acid $(D)$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $(1-C), (2-A), (3-B), (4-D)$,which corresponds to option $B$.

(C) The fungus $Trichoderma$ $polysporum$ is used for the commercial production of $Cyclosporin$ $A$.
This bioactive molecule is widely used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ transplant patients to prevent organ rejection by the immune system.

(C) The correct matching is as follows:
$1$. $Streptococcus$ $pneumoniae$ produces the enzyme $streptokinase$, which is used as a 'clot buster' for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction.
$2$. $Aspergillus$ $niger$ is a fungus used for the commercial production of $citric$ $acid$.
$3$. $Clostridium$ $butyricum$ is a bacterium used for the production of $butyric$ $acid$.
$4$. $Acetobacter$ $aceti$ is a bacterium used for the production of $acetic$ $acid$.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A$.

(A) Streptokinase,produced by the bacterium $Streptococcus$ and modified by genetic engineering,is used as a 'clot buster' for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction (heart attack).
$1$. $Streptokinase$: Acts as a clot buster.
$2$. $Pectinase$: Used for clearing fruit juices.
$3$. $Proteases$: Used in detergent formulations.
$4$. $Nucleases$: Enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotide subunits of nucleic acids.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(A) The correct pair is $Cyclosporin-A$ - an immunosuppressive agent.
$Cyclosporin-A$ is produced by the fungus $Trichoderma$ $polysporum$ and is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ transplant patients.
$Aspergillus$ $niger$ produces citric acid,not acetic acid.
$Clostridium$ $butyricum$ produces butyric acid,not citric acid.
$Streptococcus$ is used for clot busters (streptokinase),whereas statins are produced by $Monascus$ $purpureus$.

(C) Bottled fruit juices are clearer than homemade juices because they are treated with enzymes like $Pectinase$ and $Proteases$. These enzymes break down the pectin and proteins present in the fruit pulp,which helps in clarifying the juice and removing turbidity.

(A) The correct answer is $A$.
$Cyclosporin-A$ is an immunosuppressive agent used in patients who have undergone organ transplantation to prevent organ rejection.
It is produced by the fungus $Trichoderma polysporum$.

(A) The correct matching is: $(A)$-$(iii)$; $(B)$-$(i)$; $(C)$-$(iv)$; $(D)$-$(ii)$.
$1$. Cyclosporin-$A$ is produced by the fungus $Trichoderma$ $polysporum$. It is used as an immuno-suppressive agent in organ transplant patients.
$2$. Streptokinase is produced by the bacterium $Streptococcus$ and is used as a 'clot buster' for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction.
$3$. Statins are produced by the yeast $Monascus$ $purpureus$. They act as blood cholesterol-lowering agents by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for cholesterol synthesis.
$4$. Penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered,obtained from the fungus $Penicillium$ $notatum$.

(C) The correct matching is: $A-r, B-s, C-q, D-p$.
$1$. $Lactobacillus$ produces lactic acid, which helps in the coagulation of milk proteins to form curd.
$2$. $Aspergillus$ $niger$ (a fungus) is used for the commercial production of citric acid.
$3$. $Acetobacter$ $aceti$ (a bacterium) is used for the production of acetic acid (vinegar) by oxidizing ethyl alcohol.
$4$. $Clostridium$ $butylicum$ (a bacterium) is responsible for the production of butyric acid.

(D) fungus.
Cheese can be classified on the basis of its texture, hardness, and ripening process.
'Roquefort cheese' is a semi-soft cheese.
In this cheese, spores of the fungus $Penicillium roqueforti$ are added to the curd before the final stages of cheese production to provide its characteristic flavor and texture.

(C) Lipase.
Lipases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of fats (lipids).
They are widely used in detergent formulations because they are highly effective in breaking down and removing oily and greasy stains from laundry.

(C) Statins.
Statins are produced by the yeast $Monascus$ $purpureus$.
They act as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme $3$-hydroxy-$3$-methylglutaryl-CoA ($HMG$-$CoA$) reductase,which is the rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway in the liver.
By inhibiting this enzyme,statins effectively lower blood cholesterol levels.

(D) It acts as a clot buster.
Streptokinase is produced by the bacterium $Streptococcus$ and is modified by genetic engineering to be used as a 'clot buster' for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction (heart attack). It has a fibrinolytic effect,which helps in dissolving blood clots.

(A) - Establishing the potential of penicillin as an effective antibiotic.
$Penicillium$ was the first antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming $(1928)$. He found that the fungus $Penicillium$ $notatum$ or its extract could inhibit the growth of the bacterium $Staphylococcus$ $aureus$.
However, its full potential as an effective antibiotic was established much later by Ernst Chain and Howard Florey.
This antibiotic was extensively used to treat American soldiers wounded in World War $II$.
Fleming, Chain, and Florey were awarded the Nobel Prize in $1945$ for this discovery.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. Citric acid is produced by the fungus $Aspergillus$ $niger$ $(A-r)$.
$2$. Cyclosporin $A$ is an immunosuppressive agent produced by the fungus $Trichoderma$ $polysporum$ $(B-s)$.
$3$. Statins are blood-cholesterol lowering agents produced by the yeast $Monascus$ $purpureus$ $(C-q)$.
$4$. Gobar gas (biogas) is produced by methanogens like $Methanobacterium$ $(D-p)$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $A-r, B-s, C-q, D-p$. The correct option is $B$.

(D) Let us analyze the given pairs:
$(A)$ $Saccharomyces$ $cerevisiae$ is used for the production of ethanol (Correct).
$(B)$ $Monascus$ $purpureus$ is a yeast used for the production of statins,which act as blood-cholesterol lowering agents (Correct).
$(C)$ $Streptococcus$ is used for the production of streptokinase,which is used as a 'clot buster' for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction (Correct).
$(D)$ $Aspergillus$ $niger$ is a fungus used for the production of citric acid. Cyclosporin $A$ is produced by the fungus $Trichoderma$ $polysporum$ (Incorrect).
Therefore,the mis-matched pair is $Aspergillus$ $niger$ - Cyclosporin $A$.

(C) Swiss cheese is ripened by the bacterium $Propionibacterium \text{ } sharmanii$.
During the fermentation process,this bacterium produces a large amount of $CO_2$ gas.
The release of this $CO_2$ gas trapped within the cheese curd is responsible for the formation of the characteristic large holes observed in Swiss cheese.