Disorders of the Excretory System Questions in English

(B) The presence of ketone bodies in the urine is known as ketonuria.
Ketone bodies are produced when the body breaks down fat for energy instead of glucose, which occurs when there is insufficient insulin or when the body cannot utilize glucose effectively.
This condition is a hallmark symptom of $Diabetes \text{ } mellitus$, as the lack of insulin prevents glucose from entering cells, forcing the body to rely on fat metabolism.
Glycosuria refers to the presence of glucose in the urine, Uremia refers to the accumulation of urea in the blood, and Kidney failure refers to the loss of renal function.

(D) Glomerulonephritis is a condition characterized by the inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney.
Renal calculi refer to the formation of stone or insoluble mass of crystallized salts (like oxalates) within the kidney.
Glycosuria is the presence of glucose in the urine,which is an indicator of diabetes mellitus.
Uremia is the accumulation of urea in the blood due to kidney failure.
Therefore,the correct answer is $D$.

(C) The condition in which the kidneys fail to produce urine is known as $Anuria$.
$Anuria$ is defined as the failure of the kidneys to produce urine,typically defined as a urine output of less than $100 \ mL$ per day.
$Deamination$ is the process of removing an amino group from an amino acid.
$Atrophy$ refers to the wasting away or decrease in size of an organ or tissue.

(D) During prolonged fasting,the body exhausts its glycogen stores and begins to break down stored adipose tissue (fats) for energy.
This process leads to the production of fatty acids,which are metabolized in the liver into ketone bodies (such as acetoacetate,beta-hydroxybutyrate,and acetone).
As the concentration of these ketone bodies increases in the blood (ketosis),they are excreted through the urine,a condition known as ketonuria.
Therefore,the presence of abnormal amounts of ketones in the urine is a characteristic sign of prolonged fasting or starvation.

$(A)$ Glycosuria is the presence of glucose in the urine, which is a common symptom of diabetes mellitus. Thus, $a-iv$.
$(b)$ Gout is caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints, leading to inflammation and pain. Thus, $b-i$.
$(c)$ Renal calculi are stones or masses of crystallised salts (like oxalates) formed within the kidney. Thus, $c-ii$.
$(d)$ Glomerular nephritis is the inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney. Thus, $d-iii$.
Therefore, the correct matching is $a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-iii$.

(C) Hemodialysis is a process used to remove waste products like urea from the blood when kidneys fail. However,it is not a perfect substitute for natural kidney function.
$1$. The natural kidney produces the hormone erythropoietin,which stimulates the bone marrow to produce $RBC$s. Artificial kidneys cannot produce this hormone,leading to reduced $RBC$ production (anemia).
$2$. The natural kidney is responsible for the activation of Vitamin $D$,which is essential for the absorption of calcium ions from the gastrointestinal tract. In the absence of functional kidneys,this activation is impaired,leading to reduced calcium absorption.
$3$. Hemodialysis is specifically designed to remove nitrogenous wastes and excess potassium ions from the blood; therefore,options $(a)$ and $(b)$ are incorrect as these are the primary functions the machine successfully performs.
Thus,$(c)$ and $(d)$ are the correct consequences of long-term kidney failure that are not fully corrected by hemodialysis.

(A) In patients suffering from renal failure,the blood urea level rises abnormally,a condition known as uremia.
In uremic patients,an artificial kidney (hemodialyzer) is used to remove accumulated nitrogenous waste products like urea from the blood through the process of hemodialysis.
Since hemodialysis effectively clears the toxic urea that the damaged kidneys cannot filter,it serves as a life-saving procedure that prolongs the life of these patients.
Therefore,the Reason correctly explains why hemodialysis is beneficial for uremic patients.

(C) Vasopressin,also known as Antidiuretic Hormone $(ADH)$,is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
Diabetes insipidus is a disorder caused by the deficiency (hyposecretion) of vasopressin,not its excess.
Due to the lack of $ADH$,the kidneys are unable to reabsorb water effectively,leading to the excretion of large volumes of dilute urine (polyuria).
This excessive loss of water leads to dehydration,which causes the person to feel extremely thirsty (polydipsia).
Therefore,the Assertion is correct,but the Reason is incorrect.

(D) Vasopressin,also known as anti-diuretic hormone $(ADH)$,reduces the volume of urine by increasing the reabsorption of water from the distal convoluted tubules,collecting tubules,and collecting ducts in the kidney.
Failure of $ADH$ secretion leads to diabetes insipidus,which is characterized by the production of large amounts of dilute urine,not diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes mellitus is caused by the deficiency or failure of insulin hormone secretion from the pancreatic islets,leading to high blood glucose levels and the presence of glucose in the urine.
Therefore,the Assertion is incorrect because the condition caused by $ADH$ deficiency is diabetes insipidus,not diabetes mellitus.
The Reason is also incorrect because $ADH$ decreases the volume of urine by increasing water reabsorption,rather than increasing the volume of urine.

(A) Dialysis fluid is designed to mimic the composition of blood plasma in terms of electrolytes and other solutes.
However,it lacks nitrogenous wastes such as urea,creatinine,and uric acid.
This concentration gradient allows the nitrogenous wastes to diffuse from the patient's blood into the dialysis fluid across the semi-permeable membrane.

(A) - $Uremia$: Accumulation of urea in the blood is termed $Uremia$. It is highly harmful and may lead to kidney failure.
- $Renal$ $failure$: Malfunctioning of the kidneys,leading to improper excretion,is called renal failure. Causes include infections,injury to tubules,bacterial toxins,and adverse drug reactions.
- $Hemodialysis$: In patients with uremia,urea can be removed by a process called hemodialysis. $A$ hemodialyzer (artificial kidney) is used to filter blood.
- Blood is drained from a convenient artery,mixed with an anticoagulant like $heparin$,and pumped into the dialyzing unit.
- The unit contains a coiled cellophane tube surrounded by a dialyzing fluid with the same composition as plasma,except for nitrogenous wastes.
- The porous cellophane membrane allows the passage of molecules based on concentration gradients. Nitrogenous wastes move out into the fluid,clearing the blood.
- The purified blood is pumped back into the body through a vein after adding an anti-heparin.
- $Kidney$ $Stone$: Formation of insoluble masses of crystallized salts (e.g.,oxalates) within the kidney. These obstruct the urinary tract,causing acute back pain. When stones enter the urinary bladder,they cause severe pain. They can be removed surgically.
- $Nephritis$: Inflammation of the renal pelvis,interstitial tissues,and calyces,usually due to bacterial infection. Symptoms include a burning sensation during urination,back pain,and increased frequency of urination.

(B) Nephritis is the inflammation of the renal pelvis,interstitial tissues,and calyces,typically caused by a bacterial infection.
Bacteria enter the kidney via the ureter.
The infection disrupts the counter-current mechanism of the kidney.
The primary symptoms include a burning sensation during urination,pain in the back (flank pain),and an increased frequency of urination.

(LIVER) When the liver is infected,it leads to a condition known as jaundice. In jaundice,bile pigments (bilirubin) accumulate in the blood,which causes the skin and the whites of the eyes to turn yellow. Therefore,the correct organ is the liver.

(N/A) $(1)$ Sweat glands are present in the skin of mammals. Their secretion contains water,salts,minerals,urea,lactic acid,and a small amount of amino acids,which are excreted through the skin in the form of sweat.
$(2)$ The presence of an excessive amount of urea in the blood is known as uremia.

(N/A) Glycosuria: It refers to the presence of glucose in the urine. This condition is commonly observed in patients suffering from $Diabetes \ mellitus$,where blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold.
Ketonuria: It refers to the presence of ketone bodies in the urine. This condition occurs due to the breakdown of fats for energy,which is often seen during prolonged fasting,starvation,or uncontrolled $Diabetes \ mellitus$.

(N/A) $(1)$ Hematuria: This condition is characterized by the presence of blood or blood corpuscles in the urine.
$(2)$ Albuminuria: This condition is characterized by the presence of albumin protein in the urine,which is often a clinical indicator of nephritis (kidney inflammation).

(N/A) The procedure advised for the correction of extreme renal failure is $Kidney$ $transplantation$.
In this process,a functional kidney is taken from a donor,preferably a close relative,to minimize the chances of rejection by the recipient's immune system.
The donor kidney is surgically transplanted into the recipient's body,where it takes over the function of filtering blood and maintaining homeostasis,effectively replacing the failed kidneys.

(N/A) haemodialysing unit is called an artificial kidney because it performs the same fundamental function as the human kidney,which is the removal of metabolic waste products from the blood.
$1$. In patients with kidney failure,the kidneys are unable to filter nitrogenous wastes like urea from the blood.
$2$. The haemodialysis machine uses a dialysing fluid that has the same osmotic pressure as blood plasma,but lacks nitrogenous wastes.
$3$. Blood from an artery is pumped into the dialyser,where it flows through cellophane tubes surrounded by the dialysing fluid.
$4$. Due to the concentration gradient,nitrogenous wastes diffuse out of the blood into the dialysing fluid.
$5$. The purified blood is then returned to the body through a vein.
Since the machine mimics the filtration process of the kidney,it is referred to as an artificial kidney.

(B) $(1)$ Kidney stones (renal calculi) are primarily composed of calcium oxalate crystals.
$(2)$ The process of removing an amino group $(-NH_2)$ from an amino acid to form a keto acid and ammonia is known as deamination.

(D) Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels (Hyperglycaemia).
When blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold,glucose is excreted in the urine,a condition known as Glycosuria.
Additionally,due to the inability of cells to utilize glucose,the body breaks down fats,leading to the accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood and their subsequent excretion in urine,known as Ketonuria.
Therefore,the presence of Ketonuria and Glycosuria in urine is indicative of Diabetes Mellitus.

(C) $Diabetes$ $Mellitus$ is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels $(Hyperglycemia)$.
When blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold,glucose is excreted in the urine,a condition known as $Glycosuria$.
Additionally,due to the inability of cells to utilize glucose,the body breaks down fats for energy,leading to the production of ketone bodies,which are also excreted in the urine,a condition known as $Ketonuria$.
Therefore,the presence of $Glycosuria$ and $Ketonuria$ in the urine is a diagnostic indicator of $Diabetes$ $Mellitus$.

(C) Benedict's solution contains $CuSO_{4}$,$Na_{2}CO_{3}$,and sodium citrate.
This permits the formation of a complex,which lowers the concentration of $Cu(II)$ ions to such an extent that it does not permit the precipitation of insoluble $Cu(OH)_{2}$.
Benedict's solution is more stable than Fehling's solution and is not affected by substances like uric acid present in urine.
Hence,it is preferred to detect the presence of glucose in the urine of patients suffering from diabetes.

(D) Wilson's disease is a genetic disorder characterized by the abnormal metabolism of copper in the human body.
It leads to the excessive accumulation of copper in vital organs such as the liver,brain,and kidneys,and is also excreted in the urine.
Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(A) Anuria is a clinical condition characterized by the failure of the kidneys to produce urine. It is typically defined as a urine output of less than $100 \ mL$ per day. This occurs due to the complete cessation of urine formation by the kidneys.

(B) The presence of an abnormally high concentration of ketone bodies in the urine is known as $Ketonuria$. This condition often occurs when the body breaks down fat for energy instead of glucose, which is common in cases of uncontrolled $Diabetes \text{ } mellitus$ or prolonged fasting.

(D) During urine formation, salts and other wastes are dissolved in the filtrate and pass out of the kidney as urine.
However, sometimes certain salts, most commonly $Calcium \text{ oxalate}$, do not dissolve and form solid crystals known as kidney stones.
These crystals can accumulate and potentially block the flow of urine from the kidney.

(D) When the kidneys are completely damaged and do not function,the patient often receives haemodialysis (treatment with an artificial kidney).
Haemodialysis is the process of separating certain nitrogenous waste substances (e.g.,urea,uric acid,creatinine,etc.) from the blood by the use of a selectively permeable membrane.

(D) Renal calculi,commonly known as kidney stones,are insoluble masses of crystallised salts (such as oxalates,phosphates,or uric acid) that form within the kidneys.

(B) Malfunctioning of the kidneys can lead to the accumulation of urea in the blood. This condition is called uremia,which is highly harmful and may lead to kidney failure. In such patients,urea can be removed by a process called haemodialysis.

(B) Malfunctioning of the kidney can lead to the accumulation of urea in the blood,a condition called uremia.
This condition is highly harmful and may lead to kidney failure.
In such patients,urea can be removed from the blood by a process called haemodialysis.

(D) The analysis of urine is essential for the clinical diagnosis of various metabolic disorders and kidney malfunctions.
In the case of diabetes mellitus,the body is unable to utilize glucose effectively,leading to high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia).
When blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold,glucose is excreted in the urine,a condition known as glycosuria.
Additionally,due to the breakdown of fats for energy in the absence of sufficient glucose utilization,ketone bodies are produced and excreted in the urine,a condition known as ketonuria.
Therefore,both the presence of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine are diagnostic indicators of diabetes mellitus.

(B) Nephritis is an inflammatory condition of the kidneys. It is most commonly caused by a bacterial infection,specifically by $Streptococcus$ bacteria. This infection leads to inflammation of the nephrons,particularly the glomerulus,which impairs the kidney's ability to filter waste products from the blood effectively.

(C) Glomerulonephritis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney.
It often involves the damage to the tiny filters within the kidneys,which can lead to the presence of blood or protein in the urine.

(B) Haemodialyser,also known as an artificial kidney,is used in cases of renal failure.
During the process,blood is drained from a convenient artery,mixed with an anticoagulant like heparin,and passed through a coiled cellophane tube immersed in a dialysing fluid.
The dialysing fluid has the same osmotic pressure as blood plasma except that it is devoid of nitrogenous wastes.
These nitrogenous wastes move out into the dialysing fluid through simple diffusion across the cellophane membrane.
The purified blood is then mixed with anti-heparin and pumped back into the body through a vein.

(D) When excess water is lost from the tissues and is not restored by the kidneys,the extracellular fluid becomes hypertonic relative to the intracellular fluid. Due to osmosis,water moves out of the cells into the extracellular space. This loss of water causes the cells to lose their turgidity,leading them to shrivel and eventually die.

(C) The process of hemodialysis follows a specific sequence:
$1.$ First,blood is drained from a convenient artery and an anticoagulant,such as $heparin$,is added to prevent clotting $(I)$.
$2.$ This blood is then passed through a coiled porous cellophane membrane tube that is bathed in a dialysis fluid $(III)$.
$3.$ During this passage,nitrogenous wastes are removed from the blood into the dialysis fluid due to the concentration gradient $(II)$.
$4.$ Finally,the cleared blood is mixed with an anti-heparin to restore its clotting ability and is pumped back into the body through a vein $(IV)$.
Thus,the correct sequence is $I \rightarrow III \rightarrow II \rightarrow IV$.

(D) $I.$ Kidney transplantation is the ultimate method for the correction of acute renal failure.
$II.$ $A$ functioning kidney is used in transplantation from a donor,preferably a close relative,to minimise the chances of rejection by the immune system of the host.
$III.$ Cyclosporin-$A$ is used as an immunosuppressive agent in kidney transplant patients to prevent organ rejection.
$IV.$ During haemodialysis,blood is drained from a convenient artery and pumped into a dialyser after adding an anticoagulant like heparin. After the process,blood is pumped back into the body through a vein after adding anti-heparin to restore normal clotting ability. Thus,all statements are correct.

(D) The dialysis fluid contains all the constituents of plasma except nitrogenous wastes like $Urea$.
This is because the purpose of dialysis is to remove $Urea$ and other toxic nitrogenous wastes from the blood.
If $Urea$ were present in the dialysis fluid,it would not diffuse out of the blood due to the lack of a concentration gradient.
Other substances like $NaCl$,$Glucose$,and $Amino \; acids$ are present in the dialysis fluid at concentrations similar to those in the blood to prevent their loss from the body.

(A) Uremia: The condition characterized by the accumulation of urea in the blood,often resulting from kidney dysfunction.
Diuresis: The condition of increased production and excretion of urine.
Glycosuria: The presence of glucose in the urine,commonly associated with diabetes mellitus.
Haematuria: The presence of blood cells in the urine.

(A) In $Diabetes \text{ } mellitus$, the excretion of glucose (glycosuria) occurs due to an imbalance in glucose metabolism caused by the absence or deficiency of insulin.
Due to the deficiency of glucose inside the cells, the body begins to hydrolyze fats and proteins for energy, which leads to the formation and accumulation of ketone bodies (ketonuria).
Therefore, the presence of both glucose and ketone bodies in the urine is a diagnostic indicator of $Diabetes \text{ } mellitus$.

(A) Haematuria is a medical condition characterized by the presence of red blood cells $(RBCs)$ in the urine.
This condition often indicates an underlying issue in the urinary tract,such as infections,kidney stones,or inflammation.
Therefore,the correct option is the presence of blood in the urine.

(B) Gout is a metabolic disorder characterized by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints. Uric acid is the final breakdown product of purine metabolism. When purines are broken down in excess or not excreted properly,uric acid levels rise in the blood (hyperuricemia),leading to the formation of crystals in the joints,which causes inflammation and arthritis.

(B) The hemodialysis unit contains a coiled cellophane tube surrounded by a fluid known as the dialysing fluid.
This fluid has the same composition as that of blood plasma,except for the absence of nitrogenous wastes.
This concentration gradient allows nitrogenous wastes to diffuse out of the patient's blood into the dialysing fluid.

(N/A) Kidney failure,also known as renal failure,occurs when the kidneys are unable to filter waste products from the blood effectively.
Common causes include:
$1$. Infections: Severe bacterial or viral infections can damage kidney tissue.
$2$. Injury: Physical trauma or damage to the renal tubules.
$3$. Toxins: Exposure to bacterial toxins or heavy metals.
$4$. Adverse drug reactions: Certain medications can cause nephrotoxicity,leading to impaired function.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$P$. Glycosuria: Presence of glucose in urine $(IV)$.
$Q$. Ketonuria: Presence of ketone bodies in urine $(I)$.
$R$. Hematuria: Presence of blood in urine $(III)$.
$S$. Uremia: Presence of excess urea in blood $(II)$.
Therefore, the correct matching is $(P-IV), (Q-I), (R-III), (S-II)$.

(C) The accumulation of urea in the blood is known as $Uremia$.
$1$. $Hematuria$ refers to the presence of blood in the urine.
$2$. $Glycosuria$ refers to the presence of glucose in the urine.
$3$. $Uremia$ is a condition where urea accumulates in the blood due to kidney malfunction.
$4$. $Ketonuria$ refers to the presence of ketone bodies in the urine.

(A) The presence of blood in the urine is medically termed as $Hematuria$.
$Glycosuria$ refers to the presence of glucose in the urine,which is often a sign of diabetes mellitus.
$Uremia$ refers to the accumulation of urea in the blood due to kidney failure.
$Ketonuria$ refers to the presence of ketone bodies in the urine,often seen in starvation or uncontrolled diabetes.

(B) The process of hemodialysis is used for removing excess urea from the blood in patients with kidney failure.
In this process,the patient's blood is drained from a convenient artery and pumped into a dialyzing unit called an artificial kidney.
This unit contains a coiled cellophane tube surrounded by a dialyzing fluid having the same composition as that of plasma except that it is nitrogenous-waste-free.

(C) Glomerulonephritis is a condition characterized by the inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney.
$1$. Renal calculi are stone-like masses formed in the kidney.
$2$. Renal failure refers to the loss of kidney function.
$3$. Uremia is the accumulation of urea in the blood due to kidney malfunction.
Therefore,the correct answer is $C$.

(A) Renal calculi,also known as kidney stones,is a condition characterized by the formation of insoluble masses of crystalline salts (e.g.,calcium oxalate) within the kidney.
Renal failure refers to the loss of kidney function.
Glomerulonephritis is the inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney.
Uremia is the accumulation of urea in the blood due to kidney malfunction.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.