Anuria is the failure of:

Formation of cystine stones in kidney is due to . . . . . . .

Presence of glucose in urine shows.........

Use of an artificial kidney during hemodialysis may result in:
$(a)$ Nitrogenous waste build-up in the body
$(b)$ Non-elimination of excess potassium ions
$(c)$ Reduced absorption of calcium ions from gastrointestinal tract
$(d)$ Reduced $RBC$ production
Which of the following options is the most appropriate?

If excess water passes out from tissues without being restored by kidneys,the cells would

Blood is drained from a convenient $P$ of a patient and is pumped into a dialyzing unit after adding $Q$. After purification,$R$ is added to the blood,and it is returned to the body through $S$.
$\quad \quad P\quad \quad Q\quad \quad R\quad \quad S$