Uremia is the accumulation of urea in

Albuminuria indicates . . . . . . .

$A -$ Malfunctioning of kidneys can lead to accumulation of urea in blood,a condition called uremia.
$R -$ Blood drained from a convenient artery is pumped into a dialyzing unit after adding an anticoagulant like heparin.

One of the factors which may help to differentiate chronic kidney disease from acute kidney injury is . . . . . . .

In haemodialysis, . . . . . . acts as a semipermeable membrane which is immersed in dialysate.

Ketonuria is defined as the presence of ........ in the urine.