As compared to plasma,all are the constituents of dialysis fluid,except

In Bright's disease $(Nephritis)$,which of the following occurs?

Choose the correct option:
$(1)$ Kidney stones are formed by calcium carbonate / calcium oxalate.
$(2)$ The conversion of amino acids into keto acids and ammonia is called deamination / amination.

The condition of urine production resulting from a failed kidney is called ........

Use of an artificial kidney during hemodialysis may result in:
$(a)$ Nitrogenous waste build-up in the body
$(b)$ Non-elimination of excess potassium ions
$(c)$ Reduced absorption of calcium ions from gastrointestinal tract
$(d)$ Reduced $RBC$ production
Which of the following options is the most appropriate?

Acute renal failure $(ARF)$ can be biochemically detected by . . . . . . in urine.