Drugs and Medicines Questions in English

(A) Cationic detergents are quaternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates,chlorides,or bromides as anions.
Among the given options,$Cetyltrimethylammonium \text{ } bromide$ is a popular cationic detergent.
It is commonly used in hair conditioners.

(B) Branched chain detergents are not easily biodegradable because bacteria cannot easily break down the branched structures. Therefore,the statement that they are easily biodegradable is incorrect.

(D) Antacids are substances that neutralize excess stomach acid. $Cimetidine$ and $Ranitidine$ are histamine receptor blockers used as antacids. $Sodium \text{ } hydrogen \text{ } carbonate$ $(NaHCO_3)$ is a common mild antacid. $Phenelzine$ is an antidepressant,not an antacid. Therefore,the correct answer is $D$.

(B) Equanil is a tranquilizer used to control depression and hypertension.
It is a mild tranquilizer that helps in relieving stress and anxiety.

(D) The chemical structure of Bithionol is $2,2'$-thiobis($4,6$-dichlorophenol).
It consists of two phenol rings linked by a sulfur atom at the $2,2'$ positions.
Each phenol ring contains one $-OH$ group and two $-Cl$ groups.
Therefore,the total number of $-OH$ groups is $2$ and the total number of $-Cl$ groups is $4$.
The correct option is $D$.

(D) . Equanil is used to control hypertension (tranquilizer). So,$A-IV$.
$B$. Furacine is an antiseptic. So,$B-III$.
$C$. Tegamet is an antacid. So,$C-II$.
$D$. Veronal is a hypnotic (sleep-inducing drug). So,$D-I$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I$.

(D) $Chloramphenicol$,$Ofloxacin$,and $Penicillin$ are well-known antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections.
$Novestrol$ (or $Novestrol$ derivative) is a synthetic estrogen,which is a type of hormone used in oral contraceptives,not an antibiotic.

(B) Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic which is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
It has a nitrobenzene substitution,which is responsible for its antibacterial activity.
It is a bacteriostatic antibiotic,meaning it inhibits the growth of bacteria rather than killing them directly.

(C) The given structure is $2,4-diaminobenzene-4'-sulfonamide$ azo dye,which is known as $Prontosil$.
$Prontosil$ was the first effective antibacterial agent to be discovered. It is converted into $sulphanilamide$ in the body,which is the active compound.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. $Salvarsan$ is used to treat syphilis.
$2$. $Luminal$ (a derivative of barbituric acid) is a tranquilizer used to control seizures,not an antidepressant.
$3$. $Morphine$ is a narcotic analgesic used for severe pain management,including cardiac pain.
$4$. $Acetylsalicylic$ acid (Aspirin) acts as an antipyretic and analgesic.
Therefore,the pair ($Luminal$ - Antidepressant) is incorrectly matched.

(C) Veronal is a derivative of barbituric acid and acts as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).
Morphine is a potent narcotic analgesic used for pain relief.
Seldane (terfenadine) is an antihistamine used to treat allergies.
Therefore,the correct matching is $A-II, B-III, C-I$.

(C) The molecular structure of $Penicillin$ contains a sulphur atom in the thiazolidine ring.
$Cimetidine$ also contains a sulphur atom in its thioether linkage.
$Morphine$,$Heroin$,and $Terpineol$ do not contain sulphur atoms in their structures.
Therefore,both $III$ and $V$ contain sulphur.

(A) Prontosil is an antibacterial drug. Its chemical structure is $4-amino-2,4'-diaminoazobenzene-4-sulfonamide$.
It contains an azo group $(-N=N-)$ which links two aromatic rings.
Therefore,the group present in prontosil is $-N=N-$.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$A$. Broad spectrum: $I$. Amoxycillin (also $II$. Vancomycin is broad-spectrum,but $I$ is the standard match here).
$B$. Typhoid: $IV$. Chloramphenicol (used in the treatment of typhoid).
$C$. Bactericidal: $V$. Ofloxacin (kills bacteria).
$D$. Bacteriostatic: $III$. Erythromycin (inhibits bacterial growth).
Thus,the correct matching is $A-I, B-IV, C-V, D-III$.

(D) Ranitidine,also known as $Zantac$,is a drug that reduces stomach acid production. It belongs to the class of drugs known as $Antacids$.

(C) Morphine $(X)$ is a narcotic analgesic,which also induces sleep.
Veronal $(Y)$ is a derivative of barbituric acid and acts as a tranquilizer,specifically a hypnotic (sleep-producing agent).
Statement $A$ is correct because both substances induce sleep.
Statement $B$ is incorrect because $X$ is an analgesic and $Y$ is a hypnotic.
Statement $C$ is correct because $X$ is an analgesic and $Y$ is a hypnotic.
Statement $D$ is incorrect because morphine is a narcotic analgesic,not a non-narcotic one,and Veronal is a hypnotic,not an antidepressant.
Therefore,the correct statements are $A$ and $C$.

(D) Classification on the basis of molecular targets: Lipid targeting,carbohydrates targeting,etc.
Classification on the basis of drug action: Antihistamines,etc.
Classification on the basis of chemical structure: Sulphonamides,etc.
Classification on the basis of pharmacological effect: Antiseptics,analgesics,etc.
Therefore,the correct match is Antiseptics $-------$ pharmacological effect.

(C) Antibiotics have either a cidal (killing) effect or a static (inhibitory) effect on microbes.
Bactericidal antibiotics include: $Penicillin$,$aminoglycosides$,$ofloxacin$.
Bacteriostatic antibiotics include: $Erythromycin$,$tetracycline$,$chloramphenicol$.
Therefore,the correct pair for bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics is $Penicillin$ and $erythromycin$ (or $tetracycline$).
Looking at the options,option $B$ provides $erythromycin$ and $tetracycline$,which are both bacteriostatic. However,checking the standard classification,$Penicillin$ is bactericidal and $Erythromycin$ is bacteriostatic. Given the options provided,$B$ is the most appropriate choice as it lists two bacteriostatic agents,but the question asks for one of each. Re-evaluating the options,$A$ ($Penicillin$ - bactericidal,$Ofloxacin$ - bactericidal) is incorrect. $C$ ($Penicillin$ - bactericidal,$Chloramphenicol$ - bacteriostatic) is the correct match.

(B) Sulphapyridine is a well-known sulphonamide antibiotic. Its chemical structure consists of a $p$-aminobenzenesulphonamide group attached to a pyridine ring at the nitrogen atom of the sulphonamide group. The correct structure is represented by option $B$.

(A) Neurologically active drugs are those that affect the message transfer mechanism from nerve to receptor. $Analgesics$ and $Tranquilizers$ are examples of neurologically active drugs. Therefore,$Analgesic$ is the correct answer.

(C) $(II)$,$(III)$,and $(IV)$ are broad spectrum antibiotics.
$\text{Penicillin G}$ is a narrow spectrum antibiotic.
Broad spectrum antibiotics are effective against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

(A) Ofloxacin is an antibiotic,whereas paracetamol,morphine,and codeine act as analgesics.
Thus,option $(A)$ is the correct answer.

(A) $Codeine$ is an analgesic,while $Equanil$ is a tranquilizer. Thus,this pair is correct.
$Chloramphenicol$ is an antibiotic,while $Nardil$ is an antidepressant.
$Histamine$ is a chemical messenger involved in inflammatory responses,while $Salvarsan$ is an antibiotic used to treat syphilis.
$Norethindrone$ is a synthetic progesterone derivative used as an antifertility drug,while $Alitame$ is a high-potency artificial sweetener.

(C) Antihistamines are drugs that treat allergic reactions by blocking the action of histamine.
$2. \text{Dimetane}$ (Brompheniramine) and $4. \text{Seldane}$ (Terfenadine) are well-known antihistamines.
$1. \text{Serotonin}$ is a neurotransmitter.
$3. \text{Phenelzine}$ is an antidepressant ($MAO$ inhibitor).
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(C) $(i)$ Drugs that mimic natural messenger by switching on the receptor are called agonists. This statement is correct.
$(ii)$ The shape of the receptor changes after the attachment of a chemical messenger to facilitate the transfer of the message. This statement is incorrect.
$(iii)$ Stearic acid reacting with polyethylene glycol forms a non-ionic detergent,not a cationic detergent. This statement is incorrect.
$(iv)$ Seldane is an antihistamine. This statement is correct.
Therefore,statements $(i)$ and $(iv)$ are correct.

(A) Antihistamines are drugs that treat allergy symptoms. Dimetane (brompheniramine) is a well-known antihistamine.
Cationic detergents are quaternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates,chlorides,or bromides as anions. Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide is a common example of a cationic detergent.
Therefore,the correct pair is Dimetane $(X)$ and Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide $(Y)$.

(B) Ranitidine is an antacid used to treat stomach ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Its chemical structure consists of a furan ring substituted with a dimethylaminomethyl group and a thioether chain ending in a nitroethenediamine moiety. The correct structure is shown in option $B$.

(C) Drugs used for relieving tension and anxiety are known as tranquilizers.
$Meprobamate$ is a mild tranquilizer suitable for relieving tension.
$Terfenadine$ is an antihistamine.
$Alitame$ and $Aspartame$ are artificial sweeteners.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(A) The reaction sequence is as follows:
$1$. Phenol reacts with $NaOH$ to form sodium phenoxide $(X)$.
$2$. Sodium phenoxide undergoes Kolbe's reaction with $CO_2$ followed by acidification to form salicylic acid $(Y)$,which is $o$-hydroxybenzoic acid.
$3$. Salicylic acid reacts with acetic anhydride $((CH_3CO)_2O)$ to form $Z$,which is acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin).
$4$. Aspirin $(Z)$ is a non-narcotic analgesic and also acts as an antipyretic.
Therefore,statements $II$ and $III$ are correct.

(C) The structures provided correspond to the following drugs:
$A$: Chlordiazepoxide (a tranquilizer)
$B$: Chloramphenicol (an antibiotic)
$C$: Terfenadine (an antihistamine)
$D$: Serotonin (a neurotransmitter)
Therefore,the correct answer is $C$.

(D) Bacteriostatic antibiotics are those that inhibit the growth of organisms. Examples include $\text{Tetracycline}$,$\text{Chloramphenicol}$,and $\text{Erythromycin}$.
Bactericidal antibiotics are those that have a killing effect on organisms. Examples include $\text{Penicillin}$,$\text{Aminoglycosides}$,and $\text{Ofloxacin}$.
Therefore,$A$ is $\text{Tetracycline}$ and $B$ is $\text{Ofloxacin}$.

(C) The medicine $Salvarsan$ contains the $-As=As-$ linkage.
It was the first effective treatment discovered for syphilis.
$Paul \ Ehrlich$ developed this drug,which is an arsenic-based compound.

(D) $Cimetidine$ is an $H_2$-receptor antagonist used to treat stomach ulcers and acid reflux. Its chemical structure consists of an imidazole ring attached to a thioether chain,which is linked to a cyanoguanidine group. Comparing the given structures,option $D$ represents the correct chemical structure of $Cimetidine$.

(B) The structure provided is the morphine skeleton.
In morphine,the substituent at the $R$ position is a hydroxyl group $(-OH)$.
In codeine,which is the methyl ether of morphine,the hydroxyl group at the $R$ position is replaced by a methoxy group $(-OCH_3)$.
Therefore,for codeine,$R$ stands for $-OCH_3$.

(B) Cimetidine is a drug designed to prevent the interaction of histamine with the receptors present in the stomach wall. It acts as an $H_2$-receptor antagonist,reducing the production of stomach acid. The structure of cimetidine is shown in the image.

(A) The structure shown in option $A$ represents:
$A$: Saccharin (an artificial sweetener).
$B$: Meprobamate (a tranquilizer).
Saccharin is a well-known artificial sweetener,and Meprobamate is a mild tranquilizer used for relieving stress and tension.

(D) Analgesics are medicines used to relieve pain.
$L$-dopa is used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Amoxycillin is an antibiotic.
Sulphapyridine is a sulpha drug used as an antibacterial agent.
Morphine is a potent narcotic analgesic used for the relief of severe pain,such as post-operative pain,cardiac pain,or pain associated with terminal cancer.

(A) $4-$hydroxyacetanilide is commonly known as paracetamol.
It acts as an antipyretic (used to lower body temperature) and an analgesic (used to relieve pain).

(D) Synthetic detergents are cleansing agents that have all the properties of soaps but do not contain any actual soap. They are classified into three categories: anionic,cationic,and non-ionic detergents.
$1$. $CH_3(CH_2)_{10}CH_2OH$ is a long-chain alcohol,not a detergent.
$2$. $CH_3(CH_2)_{10}CH_2OSO_3Na$ is Sodium lauryl sulfate,which is an anionic synthetic detergent.
$3$. $CH_3(CH_2)_{15}N(CH_3)_3Br$ is Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide,which is a cationic synthetic detergent.
$4$. $(C_{15}H_{31}COO)_3C_3H_5$ is Glyceryl tripalmitate,which is a natural fat (triglyceride),not a synthetic detergent.
Therefore,$B$ and $C$ are synthetic detergents.

(B) Synthetic detergents are cleansing agents that do not contain any soap. They are typically salts of long-chain alkyl hydrogen sulfates or long-chain alkyl benzene sulfonic acids.
$A$. $Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide$ is a cationic detergent.
$B$. $Sodium \text{ } stearate$ $(C_{17}H_{35}COONa)$ is a soap,not a synthetic detergent.
$C$. $Sodium \text{ } laurylsulphate$ is an anionic detergent.
$D$. $Sodium \text{ } dodecylbenzenesulfonate$ is an anionic detergent.
Therefore,$Sodium \text{ } stearate$ is the correct answer.

(B) Unbranched hydrocarbon detergents are easily biodegradable.
$Cetyltrimethyl$ ammonium bromide is a cationic detergent and is used in hair conditioners.
Liquid dishwashing detergents are of non-ionic type.
Synthetic detergents can be used in both soft and hard water.

(D) Sodium lauryl sulphate,$CH_3(CH_2)_{10}CH_2-OSO_3^{\ominus}Na^{\oplus}$,is an anionic detergent.
It is the sodium salt of sulphonated lauryl alcohol,$CH_3(CH_2)_{10}CH_2-OH$.
Sodium stearate is a soap,not a detergent.

(D) Bithionol is added to soaps to impart antiseptic properties and to reduce the odour produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter on skin.
Bithionol is an aromatic compound,which contains sulphur and is used in soaps.
Hence,the correct option is $D$.

(B) Anionic detergents are the sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons.
$Sodium \ dodecylbenzene \ sulphonate$ is a common example of an anionic detergent.
$Cetyltrimethyl \ ammonium \ bromide$ is a cationic detergent.
$Sodium \ stearate$ and $Potassium \ palmitate$ are soaps,which are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids.

(C) $(i)$ Binding of inhibitor at allosteric site changes the shape of the active site in such a way that the substrate cannot recognize it. This statement is correct.
$(ii)$ The shape of the receptor changes after the attachment of a chemical messenger to it. This statement is incorrect.
$(iii)$ $A$ chemical messenger gives a message to the cell without entering the cell. This statement is incorrect.
$(iv)$ Erythromycin is a bacteriostatic antibiotic used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. This statement is correct.
Hence,option $(C)$ is the correct answer.

(C) Assertion $(A)$ is correct because when a chemical messenger binds to the receptor site,it causes a change in the shape of the receptor,which triggers the message to the cell.
Reason $(R)$ is incorrect because the receptor is designed to regain its original shape after the chemical messenger is removed,allowing it to be ready for the next signal.
Therefore,$(A)$ is correct but $(R)$ is incorrect.

(A) Aspartame is an artificial non-saccharide sweetener that is approximately $200$ times sweeter than sucrose. Due to its instability at cooking temperatures,its use is limited to cold foods and soft drinks.