Mix Examples of Chemistry in Everyday life Questions in English

(B) Calcium ammonium nitrate $(CAN)$ is a fine free-flowing,light brown or grey granular fertilizer,containing $26 \%$ of nitrogen.
It is almost neutral and can be safely applied even to acid soils.

(D) . Synthetic dyes,drugs,and perfumes are all produced from coal tar.

(A) detergent is a substance used for cleaning purposes,which acts as a surfactant to remove dirt and grease. Therefore,it is a cleaning agent.

(D) Toilet soaps are prepared by using better grades of fats and oils and care is taken to remove excess alkali. They are generally the potassium salts of higher fatty acids,which are more soluble in water and produce a better lather compared to sodium salts.

(A) Biodegradable detergents are those that can be easily decomposed by microorganisms. \\ These detergents typically possess a linear or normal alkyl chain. \\ Branched alkyl chains,on the other hand,hinder the action of enzymes produced by microorganisms,making the detergent non-biodegradable. \\ Therefore,the correct structural feature for a biodegradable detergent is a normal alkyl chain.

(C) Synthetic detergents are cleansing agents that have all the properties of soaps,but do not actually contain any soap. They are typically sodium salts of long-chain alkyl benzene sulphonic acids or sodium salts of long-chain alkyl hydrogen sulphates.
Option $(C)$ represents sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate,which is a widely used anionic synthetic detergent. The structure is shown in the image provided.

(A) Soap is chemically defined as the sodium or potassium salt of long-chain fatty acids. $C_{17}H_{35}COONa$ (Sodium stearate) is a common example of a soap used for cleaning purposes. Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(A) The structure shown in the image is $4-(2-ethyl)imidazole$. This compound is a derivative of histamine. Histamine is a potent vasodilator. Therefore,the drug class represented by this structure is a vasodilator.

(A) Soaps are generally the $Na$ or $K$ salts of long-chain fatty acids.
$C_{17}H_{35}COOK$ (Potassium stearate) is a soap.
$C_{17}H_{35}COOH$ and $C_{15}H_{31}COOH$ are fatty acids.
$(C_{17}H_{35}COO)_2Ca$ is a calcium salt which is insoluble in water and does not act as a soap.

(C) $(i)$ Non-ionic detergent: These do not contain any ion in their constitution. The structure $CH_3(CH_2)_{16}COO(CH_2CH_2O)_nCH_2CH_2OH$ is a non-ionic detergent formed from stearic acid and polyethylene glycol.
$(ii)$ Soap: Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids,such as sodium stearate $(C_{17}H_{35}COO^-Na^+)$.
$(iii)$ Anionic detergent: These are sodium salts of sulfonated long-chain alcohols or hydrocarbons,such as sodium lauryl sulphate $(CH_3(CH_2)_{10}CH_2OSO_3^-Na^+)$.
$(iv)$ Cationic detergent: These are quaternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates,chlorides,or bromides as anions,such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide $([CH_3(CH_2)_{15}N(CH_3)_3]^+Br^-)$.
Therefore,the correct match is $(i-c, ii-d, iii-b, iv-a)$.

(N/A) Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids. Hard water contains calcium $(Ca^{2+})$ and magnesium $(Mg^{2+})$ ions. When soaps are dissolved in hard water,these ions displace sodium or potassium from their salts and form insoluble calcium or magnesium salts of fatty acids. These insoluble salts separate as scum.
$2C_{17}H_{35}COONa + CaCl_2 \to (C_{17}H_{35}COO)_2Ca + 2NaCl$
This is the reason why soaps do not work in hard water.

(N/A) Chemicals are added to food for $(i)$ their preservation,$(ii)$ enhancing their appeal,and $(iii)$ adding nutritive value to them.
The main categories of food additives are as follows:
$(i)$ Food colours
$(ii)$ Flavours and sweeteners
$(iii)$ Fat emulsifiers and stabilizing agents
$(iv)$ Flour improvers,antistaling agents,and bleaches
$(v)$ Antioxidants
$(vi)$ Preservatives
$(vii)$ Nutritional supplements such as minerals,vitamins,and amino acids.
Except for chemicals of category $(vii)$,none of the above additives have nutritive value. These are added either to increase the shelf life of stored food or for cosmetic purposes.

(A) Soaps are detergents that have been used for a long time. Soaps used for cleaning purposes are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids,such as stearic,oleic,and palmitic acids.
Soaps containing sodium: Soaps containing sodium salts are formed by heating fat with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. This reaction is known as saponification.
Chemical reaction of soap making:
$(CH_2-O-CO-C_{17}H_{35})-(CH-O-CO-C_{17}H_{35})-(CH_2-O-CO-C_{17}H_{35}) + 3NaOH$ $\rightarrow CH_2(OH)-CH(OH)-CH_2(OH) + 3C_{17}H_{35}COONa$
In this reaction,esters of fatty acids are hydrolysed,and the soap obtained remains in colloidal form. It is precipitated from the solution by adding sodium chloride.
The solution left after removing the soap contains glycerol,which can be recovered by fractional distillation. Only sodium and potassium soaps are soluble in water and are used for cleaning purposes. Generally,potassium soaps are softer to the skin than sodium soaps. These can be prepared by using potassium hydroxide solution in place of sodium hydroxide.
Basically,all soaps are made by boiling fats or oils with a suitable soluble hydroxide. Variations are made by using different raw materials.
$i$. Toilet soaps:
These are prepared by using better grades of fats and oils,and care is taken to remove excess alkali. Colour and perfumes are added to make these more attractive.

(N/A) Uses of green chemistry in our life are as follows:
$(i)$ Dry Cleaning of Clothes: Tetrachloroethene $(Cl_2C=CCl_2)$ was earlier used as a solvent for dry cleaning. This compound contaminates groundwater and is a suspected carcinogen. Instead,liquefied carbon dioxide with a suitable detergent is now used. Replacement of halogenated solvents by liquid $CO_2$ results in less harm to groundwater. Hydrogen peroxide $(H_2O_2)$ is used for bleaching clothes,which gives better results and uses less water.
$(ii)$ Bleaching of Paper: Earlier,chlorine gas was used for bleaching paper,whereas hydrogen peroxide $(H_2O_2)$ is used nowadays.
$(iii)$ Synthesis of Chemicals: Ethanal $(CH_3CHO)$ is now commercially prepared by the oxidation of ethene in the presence of an ionic catalyst in an aqueous medium with a yield of $90 \%$.
$CH_2=CH_2 + O_2 \xrightarrow[Pd(II)/Cu(II) \text{ (in water)}]{Catalyst} CH_3CHO \text{ (90 \%)}$

(N/A) Transparent soaps are manufactured by dissolving the soap in ethanol and then evaporating the excess solvent.

(N/A) Substances which are added to soaps to change their properties in order to make them more useful for a particular application are called fillers.
Some important examples are given below:
$(i)$ Sodium rosinate,sodium silicate,borax,and sodium carbonate are added to laundry soap to increase their lather-forming ability.
$(ii)$ Glycerol is added to shaving soaps to prevent them from rapid drying.
$(iii)$ In medicated soaps,substances of medicinal value are added.

(A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3) The correct matching is as follows:
$A$. Soap chips $\rightarrow$ $2$. Small broken pieces of soap formed from melted soaps
$B$. Soap granules $\rightarrow$ $1$. Dried miniature soap bubbles
$C$. Soap powder $\rightarrow$ $4$. Soap powder $+$ builders like $Na_2CO_3$ and $Na_3PO_4$
$D$. Scouring Soap $\rightarrow$ $3$. Soap powder $+$ abrasives $+$ builders $(Na_2CO_3, Na_3PO_4)$
Therefore,the correct sequence is $A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3$.

(B) The correct matches are:
$(a)$. Sucralose is an artificial sweetener. $(a)-(ii)$
$(b)$. Glyceryl ester of stearic acid is a soap. $(b)-(i)$
$(c)$. Sodium benzoate is a food preservative. $(c)-(iv)$
$(d)$. Bithionol is an antiseptic. $(d)-(iii)$
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(iii)$.

(A) : $[CH_{3}(CH_{2})_{15}N(CH_{3})_{3}]^{+} Br^{-}$ is a cationic detergent used in hair conditioners.
$B$: $CH_{3}(CH_{2})_{11}-C_{6}H_{4}-SO_{3}^{-}Na^{+}$ is an anionic detergent used in toothpastes.
$C$: $C_{17}H_{35}COO^{-}Na^{+} + Na_{2}CO_{3} +$ Rosinate is used as laundry soap.
$D$: $CH_{3}(CH_{2})_{16}COO(CH_{2}CH_{2}O)_{n}CH_{2}CH_{2}OH$ is a non-ionic detergent formed from stearic acid and polyethylene glycol,used as liquid dishwashing detergent.
Therefore,the correct matching is $A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I$.

(C) Rosin is added to soaps during manufacturing. It forms sodium rosinate,which is a substance that enhances the lathering property of the soap.

(C) Food preservation involves techniques that inhibit the growth of microorganisms or prevent chemical changes.
$1$. Removal of heat (refrigeration/freezing) slows down microbial growth.
$2$. Irradiation kills bacteria and parasites.
$3$. Addition of heat (pasteurization/canning) destroys enzymes and microorganisms.
$4$. Addition of water (hydration) actually promotes microbial growth and spoilage,so it is $\underline{\text{NOT}}$ a method of food preservation.

(D) Potassium metabisulphite,$K_{2}S_{2}O_{5}$,is a white crystalline solid with a pungent odour of sulphur.
It is widely used in the food industry as an antimicrobial preservative to prevent spoilage and as an antioxidant to prevent oxidation of food products.
Therefore,it functions as both a preservative and an antioxidant.

(A) The principle of $12$ Principles of Green Chemistry that suggests avoiding unnecessary derivatization (such as protection and deprotection steps) is known as "Reduce derivatives".
This principle aims to minimize the use of temporary groups,as they require additional reagents and generate waste,thereby increasing the atom economy of the process.

(D) Butylated hydroxytoluene $(BHT)$ has the structure $2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol$.
Each $tert-butyl$ group $(-C(CH_3)_3)$ contains $3$ methyl groups.
There are two $tert-butyl$ groups,so $2 \times 3 = 6$ methyl groups.
Additionally,there is one methyl group attached to the para position of the benzene ring.
Total number of methyl groups = $6 + 1 = 7$.

(D) is the correct answer.
Sodium stearate $(C_{17}H_{35}COONa)$ is a soap. In hard water,it reacts with calcium or magnesium ions ($Ca^{2+}$ or $Mg^{2+}$) to form insoluble precipitates (scum),which makes it ineffective as a cleansing agent.
The reaction with calcium ions is:
$2 C_{17}H_{35}COONa + CaCl_{2} \rightarrow (C_{17}H_{35}COO)_{2}Ca + 2 NaCl$

(D) Option $A$: Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is a popular cationic detergent used in hair conditioners,not air conditioners.
Option $B$: Non-ionic detergents are formed when polyethylene glycol reacts with stearic acid,not adipic acid.
Option $C$: Sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate used in toothpaste is an anionic detergent,not a cationic detergent.
Option $D$: Since all statements $A$,$B$,and $C$ are incorrect,the correct choice is $D$.

(C) The chronological order of the release of these pesticides into the market is as follows:
$1$. Sodium chlorate $(C)$ was used as a herbicide in the early $20^{th}$ century.
$2$. Organochlorides $(B)$ like $DDT$ were introduced in the $1940s$.
$3$. Organophosphates $(A)$ were developed later,around $1975$.
Thus,the correct order is $C, B, A$.

(A) ) Incorrect: Antihistamines (like cimetidine) are used to treat acidity,but they are distinct from antacids (like $Mg(OH)_2$). However,some antihistamines are specifically designed to inhibit acid secretion. The statement is generally considered incorrect in the context of drug classification.
$b$) Incorrect: When a drug binds to an allosteric site,it changes the shape of the active site,preventing the substrate from binding.
$c$) Correct: Chemical messengers are chemicals that transmit signals between neurons or between neurons and muscles.
$d$) Incorrect: Sodium soaps are hard,while potassium soaps are soft and used in shaving creams and shampoos.
Therefore,statements $a, b,$ and $d$ are incorrect.

(A) Bithionol is added to soaps to impart antiseptic properties. Its structure consists of two $2,4$-dichlorophenol units connected by a sulfur bridge. This compound helps in reducing the odor produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter on the skin.

(C) Statement-$I$ is correct. Shaving soaps contain glycerol to prevent rapid drying by forming a film that retains moisture.
Statement-$II$ is incorrect. Laundry soaps often contain fillers like sodium rosinate or sodium silicate to increase their lathering and cleaning efficiency,whereas sodium carbonate is typically used in washing powders,not as a filler in laundry soaps.
Therefore,statement-$I$ is correct,but statement-$II$ is not correct.

(B) . Aspartame is about $100$ times as sweet as cane sugar,while saccharin is about $550$ times as sweet as cane sugar. Thus,saccharin is sweeter than aspartame. Statement $a$ is incorrect.
$b$. Shaving soaps contain glycerol to prevent rapid drying. Statement $b$ is correct.
$c$. Salts of sorbic acid and propionic acid are used as food preservatives. Statement $c$ is correct.
$d$. Norethindrone is a synthetic progesterone derivative used as an antifertility drug. Statement $d$ is correct.
Therefore,the correct statements are $b, c, d$.

(B) Soap is the sodium or potassium salt of long-chain fatty acids (e.g.,$C_{17}H_{35}COONa$).
Hard water contains dissolved calcium $(Ca^{2+})$ and magnesium $(Mg^{2+})$ ions.
When soap is added to hard water,these ions react with the soap to form insoluble calcium or magnesium salts of the fatty acids,such as $(C_{17}H_{35}COO)_2Ca$.
These insoluble salts precipitate as a greyish white scum,which prevents the formation of lather and reduces the cleaning efficiency of the soap.

(B) Sodium rosinate is added to soap during its manufacture to improve its lathering property. It acts as a lathering agent.