Drugs and Medicines Questions in English

(B) Valium $-$ Tranquilizer: $(a-iv)$
$(b)$ Morphine $-$ Analgesic: $(b-iii)$
$(c)$ Norethindrone $-$ Antifertility drug: $(c-i)$
$(d)$ Vitamin $B_{12}$ $-$ Pernicious anaemia: $(d-ii)$
Therefore,the correct matching is $a-iv, b-iii, c-i, d-ii$.

(C) Chlordiazepoxide is a well-known drug used to treat anxiety and tension.
It belongs to the class of drugs known as tranquilizers,which are used to relieve stress and mental diseases.

(D) Structure $(A)$ is Morphine,which is a narcotic analgesic.
Structure $(B)$ is Diazepam,which is a tranquillizer.
Structure $(C)$ is Serotonin,which acts as a neurotransmitter and is often associated with mood regulation (tranquillizer-like activity in pharmacological context).
Structure $(D)$ is Codeine,which is a narcotic analgesic.
Therefore,$(B)$ and $(C)$ are classified as tranquillizers.

(B) Histamine is a chemical messenger that interacts with receptors present in the stomach wall to stimulate the secretion of $HCl$ (hydrochloric acid) and pepsin in the stomach. Excess secretion of $HCl$ leads to acidity,which causes irritation and pain. The chemical structure shown in option $B$ represents histamine.

(B) Statement $I$ is incorrect because Aspirin and Paracetamol are non-narcotic analgesics.
Statement $II$ is incorrect because Morphine and Heroin are narcotic analgesics.
Therefore,both statements are false.

(D) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. Furacin is an antiseptic.
$2$. Arsphenamine (also known as Salvarsan) is an antibiotic.
$3$. Dimetone is a synthetic antihistamine.
$4$. Valium is a tranquilizer.
Therefore,the correct matching is $a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii$.

(B) Statement $I$ is incorrect because Penicillin is a bactericidal antibiotic,not bacteriostatic. Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria,while bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit their growth.
Statement $II$ is correct. The general structure of Penicillin consists of a $\beta$-lactam ring fused to a thiazolidine ring,which matches the provided chemical structure.
Therefore,statement $I$ is false and statement $II$ is true.

(A) $Aspartame$ is an artificial sweetener that is unstable at cooking temperatures. It decomposes upon heating,which limits its use to cold foods and soft drinks.

(A) The correct matches are as follows:
$(a)$ Antacids: Cimetidine $(iii)$
$(b)$ Antihistamines: Seldane $(iv)$
$(c)$ Analgesics: Morphine $(ii)$
$(d)$ Antimicrobials: Salvarsan $(i)$
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)$.

(C) The structure provided is that of $Cimetidine$.
$Cimetidine$ is a well-known histamine $H_2$-receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production.
It is characterized by an imidazole ring attached to a thioether chain,which terminates in a cyanoguanidine group.

(D) Broad spectrum antibiotics are effective against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. $Vancomycin$,$Ampicillin$,and $Ofloxacin$ are examples of broad spectrum antibiotics. $Penicillin \ G$ is a narrow spectrum antibiotic,as it is primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria.

(B) Dettol is a mixture of Chloroxylenol and Terpineol.
Chloroxylenol (Compound '$A$') contains a benzene ring,which has $6$ $\pi$ electrons.
Terpineol (Compound '$B$') contains one double bond,which has $2$ $\pi$ electrons.
Therefore,compound '$B$' is Terpineol.

(B) Alitame is a high-potency artificial sweetener. It is a dipeptide derivative that is approximately $2000$ times sweeter than sucrose.

(B) Synthetic detergents are cleansing agents that do not contain any soap. They are typically sodium salts of long-chain alkyl hydrogen sulphates or long-chain alkyl benzene sulphonic acids.
Option $A$ is sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate,which is an anionic detergent.
Option $B$ is sodium stearate $(CH_{3}(CH_{2})_{16}COO^{-}Na^{+})$,which is a soap (sodium salt of a fatty acid),not a synthetic detergent.
Option $C$ is cetyltrimethylammonium bromide,which is a cationic detergent.
Option $D$ is a non-ionic detergent.
Therefore,the correct answer is $B$.

(C) Histamine is a chemical messenger that stimulates the secretion of pepsin and hydrochloric acid $(HCl)$ in the stomach.

(A) The correct matches are as follows:

$A$. Antipyretic	$III$. Reduces fever
$B$. Analgesic	$I$. Reduces pain
$C$. Tranquilizer	$II$. Reduces stress
$D$. Antacid	$IV$. Reduces acidity

Thus,the correct sequence is $A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV$.

(C) Tegamet is the brand name of Cimetidine. The chemical structure of Cimetidine is shown in option $C$.

(D) pesticide is a substance used for destroying insects,fungi,or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.
$DDT$ (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a well-known organochlorine insecticide.
Organophosphates are a class of chemicals widely used as insecticides.
Dieldrin is an organochlorine insecticide.
Sodium arsenite $(NaAsO_2)$ is primarily used as a wood preservative,a herbicide,or in the manufacturing of glass and pigments,but it is not classified as a pesticide in the context of common agricultural insecticides like the others listed.

(A) The mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol is commonly known as $Dettol$,which acts as an antiseptic.
Antiseptics are chemical substances applied to living tissues to prevent the growth of microorganisms.

(C) The chemical structures of the given compounds are as follows:
$1$. Cimetidine $(C_{10}H_{16}N_6S)$ contains a sulphur atom.
$2$. Ranitidine $(C_{13}H_{22}N_4O_3S)$ contains a sulphur atom.
$3$. Histamine $(C_5H_9N_3)$ is a nitrogenous compound and does not contain a sulphur atom.
$4$. Saccharin $(C_7H_5NO_3S)$ contains a sulphur atom.
Therefore,Histamine is the correct answer.

(B) Enzymes have an active site where the substrate binds to undergo a chemical reaction.
Some drugs do not bind to the active site but instead bind to a different site on the enzyme surface,which is known as the $allosteric \ site$.
Binding at this site changes the shape of the active site,making it difficult for the substrate to bind,thereby inhibiting the enzyme's activity.

(B) Drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function are known as $Antagonists$. These are useful when blocking a message is required.

(C) Broad spectrum antibiotics are those that are effective against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
$Ofloxacin$ is a well-known broad spectrum antibiotic.
$Penicillin \ G$ is a narrow spectrum antibiotic.
$Terpineol$ is an antiseptic.
$Salvarsan$ is an antibacterial agent used for syphilis,but it is not classified as a broad spectrum antibiotic.
Therefore,only $1$ drug $(Ofloxacin)$ is a broad spectrum antibiotic.

(D) The reaction between stearic acid $(CH_3(CH_2)_{16}COOH)$ and polyethylene glycol $(OH(CH_2CH_2O)_nCH_2CH_2OH)$ involves the elimination of a water molecule to form an ester linkage.
The chemical reaction is:
$CH_3(CH_2)_{16}COOH + OH(CH_2CH_2O)_nCH_2CH_2OH \rightarrow CH_3(CH_2)_{16}CO(OCH_2CH_2)_{n+1}OH + H_2O$
This product does not contain any ionic groups and is therefore classified as a non-ionic detergent.

(C) The correct matches are as follows:
$A$. Morphine is a narcotic analgesic,so $A-III$.
$B$. Chloroxylenol is used as an antiseptic,so $B-IV$.
$C$. Phenelzine is an anti-depressant,so $C-I$.
$D$. Saccharin is $550$ times sweeter than cane sugar,so $D-II$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II$.

(D) Statement $I$ is false because inhibitors can also bind to allosteric sites,which are different from the active site,to block enzyme action.
Statement $II$ is true because some inhibitors (irreversible inhibitors) form strong covalent bonds with the enzyme,permanently deactivating it.
Therefore,Statement $I$ is false and Statement $II$ is true.

(B) $Amytal$ is a hypnotic drug used to treat sleeping disorders. It belongs to the class of barbiturates,which act as central nervous system depressants.

(D) Bithionol is an antiseptic added to soaps to reduce the odor produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter on the skin.
Its chemical structure consists of two phenol rings linked by a sulfur atom,with two chlorine atoms attached to each phenol ring.
By observing the structure,we can count the chlorine atoms: there are $2$ chlorine atoms on the left ring and $2$ chlorine atoms on the right ring.
Therefore,the total number of chlorine atoms in one molecule of bithionol is $2 + 2 = 4$.

(D) Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide is commonly used for sanitizing surfaces.
It is a popular cationic detergent.
It is effective against vegetative bacteria,viruses,and some fungi.
The chemical structure is as follows:
$CH_3(CH_2)_{14}CH_2N^+(CH_3)_3Br^-$

(B) Acetyl salicylic acid is a well-known analgesic (painkiller) that is commonly referred to as $aspirin$.
Its chemical structure consists of a benzene ring substituted with an acetoxy group $(-OCOCH_3)$ and a carboxylic acid group $(-COOH)$ at the ortho position.

(A) Statement $I$ is correct because noradrenaline is a well-known neurotransmitter that plays a key role in the body's 'fight or flight' response.
Statement $II$ is incorrect because a low level of noradrenaline is indeed one of the primary causes of depression in humans. When this neurotransmitter level is low,the signal-sending activity becomes slow,leading to depression.

(D) The correct matches are as follows:
$A$. Antifertility drug: $I$. Norethindrone
$B$. Tranquilizer: $II$. Meprobamate
$C$. Antihistamine: $III$. Seldane
$D$. Antibiotic: $IV$. Ampicillin
Therefore,the correct sequence is $A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV$.

(C) An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by microorganisms (or synthetic analogues) that inhibits the growth or destroys other microorganisms.
Therefore,the statement that an antibiotic should promote the growth or survival of microorganisms is incorrect.
Antibiotics are designed to inhibit or kill microbes.

(A) Butylated hydroxy anisole $(BHA)$ is a well-known antioxidant used as a food preservative.
Antioxidants like $BHA$ act by reacting with free radicals or oxygen more readily than the food components (like fats and oils) do,thereby preventing the oxidative rancidity of the food.
Therefore,both Assertion $A$ and Reason $R$ are correct,and $R$ is the correct explanation of $A$.

(A) Narrow spectrum antibiotic - Penicillin-$G$
$(B)$ Antiseptic - Furacin
$(C)$ Disinfectants - Sulphur dioxide
$(D)$ Broad spectrum antibiotics - Chloramphenicol
Therefore,the correct matching is $A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV$.

(C) $Equanil$ is a well-known tranquilizer.
Tranquilizers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress,and mild or even severe mental diseases.
They relieve anxiety,stress,irritability,or excitement by inducing a sense of well-being.

(A) $1.$ Ranitidine: Antacid
$2.$ Meprobamate: Tranquilizer
$3.$ Terfenadine: Antihistamine
$4.$ Brompheniramine: Antihistamine

(B) Assertion $A$ is true because antihistamines (like brompheniramine) are used to treat allergies by blocking histamine receptors,but they do not affect the secretion of acid in the stomach.
Reason $R$ is true because antacids (like cimetidine) work by preventing the interaction of histamine with receptors present in the stomach wall,which is a different mechanism compared to antiallergic drugs.
Since antihistamines used for allergies do not block the specific receptors in the stomach that trigger acid secretion,the reason correctly explains why the assertion is true.

(C) The sweetness values of artificial sweeteners relative to cane sugar are as follows:
$1$. $Alitame$: $2000$ times
$2$. $Sucralose$: $600$ times
$3$. $Saccharin$: $550$ times
$4$. $Aspartame$: $100$ times
Therefore,the order of sweetness is $Alitame > Sucralose > Saccharin > Aspartame$.
Thus,$Alitame$ has the highest sweetness value.

(D) Chloroxylenol,Bithional,and Terpineol are used as disinfectants or antiseptics.
Veronal is a barbiturate derivative used as a tranquilizer (neurological medicine).
Prontosil is an antibacterial drug (antibiotic).
Therefore,$C$ and $D$ are not used as disinfectants.

(B) Tranquilizers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress,and mild or even severe mental diseases.
$1.$ Chlordiazepoxide is a well-known tranquilizer.
$2.$ Veronal is a derivative of barbituric acid and acts as a tranquilizer.
$3.$ Valium (Diazepam) is a widely used tranquilizer.
$4.$ Salvarsan is an antibiotic used for the treatment of syphilis.
Therefore,there are $3$ tranquilizers among the given options.

(D) . Saccharin is the first artificial sweetening agent $(II)$.
$B$. Aspartame is unstable at cooking temperature $(IV)$.
$C$. Alitame is a high potency sweetener $(I)$.
$D$. Sucralose is stable at cooking temperature $(III)$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III$.

(D) Antagonists are drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function.
They do not mimic the natural messenger (which is the function of agonists).
They do not necessarily get transferred inside the cell for their action.
Therefore,statements $A$ and $C$ are correct.

(A) Veronal is a derivative of barbituric acid and is classified as a barbiturate.
$Meprobamate$,$valium$,and $chlordiazepoxide$ are other types of tranquilizers used for stress and mild to severe mental diseases.

(B) $1$. The reaction sequence is as follows:
$P$ (phenyl alkyl ether) reacts with $HI$ to form $Q$ (phenol).
$2$. $Q$ (phenol) reacts with $NaOH$,then $CO_2$ followed by $H_3O^{+}$ (Kolbe's reaction) to form $R$ (salicylic acid).
$3$. $R$ (salicylic acid) reacts with acetic anhydride $(CH_3CO)_2O$ in the presence of acid to form $S$ (acetylsalicylic acid,also known as Aspirin).
$4$. Aspirin is a non-narcotic analgesic that inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins,which are chemicals responsible for inflammation and pain.
$5$. Therefore,the correct statement is that it inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandin.

(C) Eugenol is a phenolic compound primarily found in clove oil.
It is widely known for its medicinal properties,specifically acting as an analgesic (pain reliever) and an antimicrobial agent.
It is commonly used in dentistry for toothache relief.

(A) Aspirin is chemically known as $2$-acetoxybenzoic acid.
It is prepared by the acetylation of salicylic acid.
It contains an ester linkage $(-COO-)$ and a carboxylic acid group $(-COOH)$,not an amide linkage.
Therefore,the statement that it contains an amide linkage is false.
Additionally,aspirin is known to cause stomach irritation as a side effect,although it is generally safer than salicylic acid.

(B) Antiseptics are chemical substances that prevent the growth of microorganisms or kill them and are applied to living tissues such as wounds,cuts,ulcers,and diseased skin surfaces.
$Thymol$ is a well-known antiseptic compound.
$Salvarsan$ is an antibiotic (specifically an anti-syphilitic drug).
$Sulphanilamide$ is a sulpha drug (antibacterial).
$Chloramphenicol$ is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(C) Curcumin is a bright yellow chemical produced by some plants. It is the principal curcuminoid of turmeric $(Curcuma \ longa)$.
It is well-known for its potent $Antioxidant$ and $Anti-inflammatory$ properties.
Therefore,among the given options,$Antioxidant$ is the correct property exhibited by curcumin.

(D) Clove contains eugenol,which is a well-known compound used for its analgesic (pain-relieving) and antimicrobial properties. It is commonly used in dentistry to relieve toothache.