Drugs and Medicines Questions in English

(D) The structure of $Paracetamol$ is $N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide$.
It contains an amide functional group $(-NH-CO-)$ in its structure.
$Aspirin$ and $Methyl \ salicylate$ are esters.
$Curcumin$ contains phenolic and enolic groups but not an amide linkage.

(C) Blurring of vision is a side effect caused by the use of tranquilizers.
Other side effects include irregular sleep patterns,disorientation,confusion,restlessness,inability to relax,respiratory distress or arrest,and cardiac arrest.

(B) The chemical structure of $Cimetidine$ contains a cyano group $(-CN)$ attached to the nitrogen atom in the side chain.
Other options like $Ranitidine$ contain a nitro group $(-NO_2)$ and $Famotidine$ contains a sulfamoyl group $(-SO_2NH_2)$.
Therefore,$Cimetidine$ is the correct answer.

(D) $Aluminum$ $Hydroxide$ and $Magnesium$ $Hydroxide$ are common examples of antacids. They are prescribed to neutralize excess stomach acid,thereby preventing ulcers,relieving heartburn,and treating acid indigestion and stomach upsets.

(C) Disinfectants are chemical substances that kill or stop the growth of microorganisms but are not safe to be applied to living tissues.
$Bithional$ (also known as $Bithionol$) and $Chloroxylenol$ are used as antiseptics.
$Sulphur \ dioxide$ $(SO_2)$ is widely used as a disinfectant,a refrigerant,a reducing agent,a bleach,and a food preservative,especially in dried fruits.

(A) Sulfapyridine ($INN$; also known as sulphapyridine) is a sulfanilamide antibacterial medication.
It is classified as an antibiotic.
At one time,it was commonly referred to as $M\&B \ 693$.
Sulfapyridine is no longer prescribed for the treatment of infections in humans,but it may be used to treat linear $IgA$ disease and has applications in veterinary medicine.

(C) $2, 4-D$ or $2, 4$-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid is used as a herbicide.
It causes uncontrolled growth and selectively kills most broadleaf weeds.
It leaves most grasses such as cereals,lawn turf,and grassland unaffected.

(B) Aspirin is a non-narcotic analgesic,which means it relieves pain without causing addiction or sedation.
It is also an antipyretic,meaning it reduces body temperature.
Additionally,it has anti-blood clotting action,which is why it is often used to prevent heart attacks.
Therefore,the statement that aspirin belongs to narcotic analgesics is false.

(D) Bithionol (also known as Bithional) is added to soaps to impart antiseptic properties.
It acts as an antibacterial,antifungal,and algaecidal agent.
This helps in reducing the growth of microorganisms on the skin.

(A) Phenelzine is an antidepressant drug that acts as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor $(MAOI)$.
It treats depression by inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase,which breaks down neurotransmitters like serotonin,norepinephrine,and dopamine.
By preventing their breakdown,it increases the concentration of these neurotransmitters in the brain,thereby improving mood and feelings of well-being.

(A) $o$-Acetylsalicylic acid is the chemical name for $Aspirin$.
It is a widely used medication that acts as an analgesic,antipyretic,and anti-inflammatory agent.

(C) $Na_2CO_3$ (sodium carbonate) is strongly alkaline and is not used as an antacid because it can be corrosive to the stomach lining.
Antacids are mild bases that neutralize excess stomach acid.
$Al(OH)_3$,$Mg(OH)_2$,and $NaHCO_3$ are commonly used as antacids to provide relief from acidity.

(C) Ethinylestradiol,commonly known as $Novestrol$,is a synthetic estrogen derivative.
It is widely used in birth control pills in combination with progestins.
It is also used as a component of menopausal hormone therapy to treat menopausal symptoms.

(A) Salvarsan is an organoarsenic compound with the chemical formula $C_{12}H_{12}As_2N_2O_2 \cdot 2HCl$.
By observing the molecular structure,we can identify the elements present:
$C$ (Carbon),$H$ (Hydrogen),$As$ (Arsenic),$N$ (Nitrogen),$O$ (Oxygen),and $Cl$ (Chlorine).
Phosphorus $(P)$ is not present in the structure of salvarsan.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(C) Butylated hydroxyanisole $(BHA)$ is a well-known antioxidant.
It consists of a mixture of two isomeric organic compounds,$2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole$ and $3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole$.

(D) The correct answer is $D$.
An ideal drug should be specific to the affected site to minimize side effects.
Therefore,being 'not localised to the affected site' is $\underline{NOT}$ a characteristic of an ideal drug.
Key characteristics of an ideal drug include:
$1$. It should be effective against the target pathogen or disease.
$2$. It should be non-toxic and harmless to the host.
$3$. It should not disturb normal physiological processes.
$4$. It should be localised to the affected site to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal systemic toxicity.

(B) Phenelzine does not contain oxygen.
Phenelzine is a hydrazine derivative with the molecular formula $C_8H_{12}N_2$. It consists of a phenyl group attached to an ethyl chain,which is linked to a hydrazine moiety $(-NH-NH_2)$.
Serotonin $(C_{10}H_{12}N_2O)$,Veronal $(C_8H_{12}N_2O_3)$,and Iproniazid $(C_9H_{13}N_3O)$ all contain oxygen atoms in their structures.

(D) $0.2 \% $ solution of $Phenol$ is used as an antiseptic,while its $1 \%$ solution is used as a disinfectant.

(D) The correct answer is $D$.
$Sulphur \ dioxide$ is not an antiseptic drug.
Antiseptics are chemical substances that are applied to living tissues such as wounds,cuts,ulcers,and diseased skin surfaces to either kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms.
$Hydrogen \ peroxide$,$Bithional$,and $Chloroxylenol$ are well-known examples of antiseptics.

(C) Meprobamate is used to treat anxiety disorders or for short-term relief of the symptoms of anxiety in adults and children $6$ years of age and older.
Meprobamate belongs to a class of medications called tranquilizers.
It works by slowing down the activity in the brain to allow for relaxation.

(B) Codeine is an opioid analgesic that acts on the central nervous system.
It binds to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord,which leads to the depression of central nervous system functions,including respiration and pain perception.

(B) Tranquilizers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress,and mild or even severe mental diseases.
$Equanil$,$Valium$,and $Veronal$ are well-known examples of tranquilizers.
$Novestrol$ is an estrogen derivative used as an antifertility drug,not a tranquilizer.

(A) Antibiotics are classified as broad-spectrum or narrow-spectrum based on their range of activity.
Broad-spectrum antibiotics kill or inhibit a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Examples of broad-spectrum antibiotics include $Chloramphenicol$,$Ampicillin$,and $Amoxicillin$.
$Penicillin$ $G$ is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic as it is primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria.
Therefore,$Penicillin$ is not a broad-spectrum antibiotic.

(D) Veronal is a trade name for a barbiturate drug. It is used as a tranquilizer. Tranquilizers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress,anxiety,irritability,or excitement by inducing a sense of well-being. The chemical structure of Veronal is shown below:
[Image: $231626-$s]

(D) Antiseptics are chemical substances that prevent the growth of microorganisms or kill them and are applied to living tissues.
$Boric \ acid$ (in dilute aqueous solution) and $Iodoform$ are well-known antiseptics.
$Hydrogen \ peroxide$ $(H_2O_2)$ is also used as an antiseptic.
$Potassium \ sulphite$ $(K_2SO_3)$ is not used as an antiseptic compound.

(A) Antibiotics are classified as either bactericidal or bacteriostatic based on their action on bacteria.
Bactericidal antibiotics kill the bacteria,whereas bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit the growth of bacteria.
$Tetracycline$ is a well-known bacteriostatic antibiotic.
$Aminoglycosides$,$Penicillin$,and $Ofloxacin$ are examples of bactericidal antibiotics.

(D) Tranquilizers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress,and mild or even severe mental diseases. Examples include $Meprobamate$,$Equanil$,and $Chlordiazepoxide$.
$Bromopheniramine$ is an antihistamine,not a tranquilizer.

(B) Bithional is added to soaps to impart antiseptic properties and is used to reduce the odours produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter on the skin.

(D) An analgesic is a drug that relieves pain. Among the given options,$Paracetamol$ is a well-known analgesic and antipyretic drug. $Ofloxacin$ is an antibiotic,$Penicillin$ is an antibiotic,and $Aminoglycosides$ are a class of antibiotics.

(B) The chemicals that are used to bring down body temperature in high fever are called antipyretics. Examples include $Paracetamol$ and $Analgin$.

(B) Tranquilisers are drugs used to relieve mental ailments.
These are also known as psychotherapeutic drugs as they act on the central nervous system.

(B) Antiseptics are chemical substances that either kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms on living tissues. $Chloramine-T$ is a well-known antiseptic used to treat wounds and infections. Other examples include $Dettol$,$Savlon$,$Acriflavin$,$Boric \ acid$,$Phenol$,$Iodoform$,$KMnO_4$,and $Methylene \ blue$.

(A) $Sodium \ lauryl \ sulphate$ $(CH_3(CH_2)_{11}SO_4^-Na^+)$ is a classic example of an anionic detergent.
In anionic detergents,the anionic part of the molecule is involved in the cleansing action.
These detergents are commonly used in toothpaste and household cleaning products.
Therefore,the correct statement is that it is an anionic detergent used in toothpaste.

(D) Soaps are the sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids,typically containing more than $12$ carbon atoms,such as stearic,oleic,and palmitic acids.
These are prepared by heating fats or oils with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution,a process known as saponification.
The reaction is as follows:
$CH_2(OCOC_{17}H_{35})CH(OCOC_{17}H_{35})CH_2(OCOC_{17}H_{35}) + 3NaOH$ $\rightarrow 3C_{17}H_{35}COONa + CH_2(OH)CH(OH)CH_2(OH)$

(D) Sucralose is the artificial sweetener that contains chlorine.
It is a trichloro derivative of sucrose.
It is $600$ times sweeter than cane sugar.

(C) $BHA$ stands for Butylated Hydroxyanisole.
It is a common food preservative.
The molecular formula of $BHA$ is $C_{11}H_{16}O_{2}$.

(A) Butylated hydroxyanisole $(BHA)$ is a synthetic phenolic compound used as a food additive. It acts as an antioxidant,which helps in preventing the oxidation of food components,thereby increasing the shelf life of food products.

(C) Aspirin is chemically known as $2$-acetoxybenzoic acid.
It is prepared by the acetylation of salicylic acid ($2$-hydroxybenzoic acid) using acetic anhydride.
The structure consists of a benzene ring with a carboxylic acid group $(-COOH)$ and an acetoxy group $(-OCOCH_3)$ at the ortho position.
Therefore,the correct structural formula is represented by option $C$.

(C) The $2-$deoxy$-D-$glucose $(2-DG)$ was developed by the Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences $(INMAS)$,a laboratory of the Defence Research and Development Organisation $(DRDO)$,in collaboration with Dr. Reddy's Laboratories. The emergency use of this drug as an additive therapy for $COVID-19$ patients was approved by the Drug Controller General of India $(DCGI)$.

(C) $Aspirin$ is classified as a non-narcotic analgesic because it does not produce the typical effects associated with narcotic or opioid analgesics.
In addition to its analgesic effects,it also possesses anti-inflammatory and antipyretic (fever reducing) properties.
It is commonly used for relieving mild to moderate pain,reducing inflammation,headaches,etc.

(C)
Bromopheniramine is a well-known anti-histamine drug used to treat allergic symptoms.

(A) Equanil is a well-known tranquilizer used to treat stress,depression,and hypertension.

(C) $Prontosil$ is converted into $sulphanilamide$ in the body,which is the real active compound. Therefore,the statement that $Prontosil$ is not converted into $sulphanilamide$ is false.

(C) Paracetamol acts as both an antipyretic and an analgesic.
An antipyretic is a drug that reduces fever,while an analgesic is a drug that relieves pain.
Therefore,it is used to lower body temperature during high fever and also to provide relief from pain.

(A) Receptors are specialized proteins that are crucial for communication in the body.
They are typically embedded in the $ \text{cell membrane} $ so that their active sites are exposed to the outer surface of the cell,or they may be located intracellularly within the cell.

(B) An $Antagonist$ is a substance that binds to a receptor to block or dampen a biological response,rather than interacting directly with an enzyme's catalytic site in the context of enzyme inhibition mechanisms. $LSD$ is a well-known serotonin antagonist.
Conversely,$Allosteric$ $site$,$Co-enzymes$,and $Enzyme$ $inhibitors$ are all fundamental components or mechanisms involved in drug-enzyme interactions.

(C) The structure provided in the image is $Phthalimide$.
None of the given options ($sucralose$,$aspartame$,$saccharin$,$alitame$) represent $Phthalimide$.
$Saccharin$ is a common artificial sweetener with the structure $1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one \ 1,1-dioxide$.
Since the question asks to identify the compound and the provided options do not contain the correct name,this question is technically flawed. However,if this were a multiple-choice question where one must be selected,it is often misidentified in some contexts due to structural similarities in bicyclic systems,but strictly speaking,none of the options are correct.

(A) $BHA$ (Butylated hydroxyanisole) acts as a food additive which functions as an antioxidant.
It helps in preserving food by preventing the oxidation of fats and oils.
Saccharin is an artificial sweetener,while sugar syrup and salt are commonly used as food preservatives.

(A) Saccharin is manufactured from $toluene$ through a series of chemical reactions as shown below:
$1$. $Toluene$ is reacted with $ClSO_3H$ to form $o$-toluenesulphonyl chloride and $p$-toluenesulphonyl chloride.
$2$. The $o$-isomer is treated with $NH_3$ to form $o$-toluenesulphonamide.
$3$. This is then oxidized using alkaline $KMnO_4$ to form $o$-sulphamoylbenzoic acid.
$4$. Finally,upon heating,it undergoes dehydration to form $Saccharin$.

(C) Butylated hydroxy toluene $(BHT)$ is widely used as a food additive because it acts as an antioxidant. It prevents the oxidation of fats and oils in food,thereby increasing the shelf life of the product.