Drugs and Medicines Questions in English

(B) . Chloroxylenol is an antiseptic,not an antibiotic.
$B$. Sodium benzoate is a well-known food preservative.
$C$. Salts of propanoic acid are used as food preservatives,not antioxidants.
$D$. Veronal is a barbiturate derivative used as a sedative/hypnotic,not an analgesic.
Therefore,the correctly matched pair is $B$.

(A) Aspartame is an artificial sweetener,not a food preservative. It is roughly $100$ times as sweet as cane sugar.
Butylated hydroxy toluene $(BHT)$ is a well-known antioxidant.
Novestrol is an antifertility drug.
Bithionol is added to soaps to act as an antiseptic.

(B) $Ortho-sulphobenzimide$,commonly known as $Saccharin$,is the first popular artificial sweetening agent discovered.
It is about $550$ times as sweet as cane sugar.
It is excreted from the body in urine unchanged and is considered inert.
Therefore,it is used as an artificial sweetener by diabetic patients and people who need to control their calorie intake.

(A) Sucralose is a trichloro derivative of sucrose. It is an artificial sweetener that contains chlorine atoms in its structure. The chemical structure of sucralose is shown in the image,which clearly indicates the presence of chlorine atoms $(Cl)$. Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(D) Among the given options,$Sucrose$,$Glucose$,$Fructose$,and $Sucralose$ are sweetening agents.
$Sucrose$,$Glucose$,and $Fructose$ are carbohydrates that provide calories upon metabolism.
$Sucralose$ is a trichloro derivative of sucrose. It is an artificial sweetener that is stable at cooking temperature and does not provide any calories to the body.

(C) The structures of the given compounds are as follows:
$(a)$ Ranitidine: An antacid.
$(b)$ Saccharin: An artificial sweetener.
$(c)$ Salvarsan: An antimicrobial drug that contains an $-As=As-$ linkage in its structure.
$(d)$ Seldane: An antihistamine.
Therefore,Salvarsan contains the $-As=As-$ linkage,and option $(c)$ is the correct answer.

(D) $Sucralose$ is a trichloro derivative of sucrose,which contains chlorine (a halogen).
$Saccharin$ is an ortho-sulphobenzimide,which contains a sulphur atom.
Therefore,$X$ is $Sucralose$ and $Y$ is $Saccharin$.

(D) Antioxidants are food additives that prevent the oxidation of food components,thereby preserving their quality and shelf life.
$BHT$ (Butylated hydroxy toluene) is a widely used synthetic antioxidant in food products to prevent rancidity in fats and oils.
$Aspartame$ is an artificial sweetener.
$Sodium \ benzoate$ is a food preservative.
$Ortho-sulphobenzimide$ (Saccharin) is an artificial sweetener.
Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(A) Bactericidal antibiotics are those that kill bacteria. Examples include $Penicillin$,$Aminoglycosides$,and $Ofloxacin$.
Bacteriostatic antibiotics are those that inhibit the growth of bacteria. Examples include $Tetracycline$,$Chloramphenicol$,and $Erythromycin$.
Therefore,$Penicillin$ is a bactericidal antibiotic.

(B) Analgesic: Analgesics are medications designed to relieve pain. $Codeine$ is an example of an analgesic.
Tranquilizer: Tranquilizers are chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress and mental diseases. $Phenelzine$ is an example of a tranquilizer.
Antibiotic: Antibiotics are drugs used to treat infections. $Prontosil$ is an example of an antibiotic.
Antihistamine: Antihistamines block the action of histamine during allergic reactions. $Terfenadine$ is an example of an antihistamine.
Therefore,the correct matching is $A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II$.

(C) Chloramphenicol is a well-known broad-spectrum antibiotic.
It is classified as a bacteriostatic antibiotic,meaning it inhibits the growth of bacteria rather than killing them directly.
Therefore,the statement that it is a bactericidal antibiotic is incorrect,as bactericidal agents kill bacteria.
Chloramphenicol is effective against a wide range of infections,including pneumonia,typhoid,and meningitis.

(A) . Bithionol is an antiseptic added to soaps to reduce odor produced by bacteria.
$B$. Saccharin is an artificial sweetener.
$C$. Sodium benzoate is a common food preservative.
$D$. Norethindrone is an antifertility drug.
Therefore,the correct matching is $A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II$.

(A) Antihistamines are drugs that treat allergy symptoms by blocking the action of histamine.
$Dimetapp$ (brompheniramine) and $Seldane$ (terfenadine) are well-known examples of antihistamines.
$Iproniazid$ and $Nardil$ are antidepressants.
$Veronal$ and $Valium$ are tranquilizers.
$Heroin$ and $Codeine$ are narcotic analgesics.
Therefore,the correct pair is $Dimetapp$ and $Seldane$.

(A) Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a well-known drug that acts as an anti-platelet agent.
It inhibits the aggregation of blood platelets,which prevents the formation of blood clots.
Because blood clots can block arteries and lead to heart attacks,aspirin is widely used in low doses to prevent heart attacks.
Therefore,both the Assertion $(A)$ and the Reason $(R)$ are correct,and the Reason $(R)$ is the correct explanation for the Assertion $(A)$.

(A) The chemical $X$ used in the prevention of heart attack is Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid).
It acts as an anti-blood clotting agent.
The structure shown in option $A$ is that of Aspirin,which contains an acetyl group attached to the phenolic oxygen of salicylic acid.

(C) Chloramphenicol is a chlorine-containing antibiotic produced by microorganisms. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is very effective for the treatment of typhoid fever. It acts as a bacteriostatic drug,meaning it inhibits the growth of bacteria rather than killing them. Therefore,the statement that it is a bactericidal drug is incorrect.

(C) $\rightarrow (III), (B)$ $\rightarrow (II), (C)$ $\rightarrow (I), (D)$ $\rightarrow (IV)$
$(A)$ Antacid: Substances which neutralize excess acid in the stomach are called antacids. Example: Ranitidine.
$(B)$ Antihistamine: Substances which reduce the release of histamine are called antihistamines. Example: Seldane.
$(C)$ Tranquilizer: Substances that are used to treat nervous system disorders. Example: Serotonin.
$(D)$ Antibiotic: Substances which inhibit or kill the growth of bacteria. Example: Chloramphenicol.

(B) Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a non-narcotic analgesic that exhibits the following properties:
$1$. Anti-inflammatory $(A)$: It reduces inflammation.
$2$. Antipyretic $(C)$: It reduces fever.
$3$. Anticoagulant $(D)$: It prevents blood clotting.
It does not act as an antidepressant $(B)$ or a hypnotic $(E)$.
Therefore,the correct effects are $A, C, D$.

(B) $Chloramphenicol$ is a broad-spectrum antibiotic,not an antiseptic. Therefore,option $B$ is not correctly matched.

(C) $Equanil$ is a tranquilizer that is used to cure depression and hypertension.

(B) Tranquilizers are chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress,and mild or even severe mental diseases. Examples include $Valium$ and $Serotonin$.
$Heroin$ and $Codeine$ are analgesics.
$Dimetapp$ and $Seldane$ are antihistamines.
$Cimetidine$ and $Ranitidine$ are antacids.

(A) The given structure is of $Chloramphenicol$,which is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
It is used to treat various bacterial infections.

(B) Dimetapp (brompheniramine) is a synthetic drug that acts as an antihistamine.
Heroin is a narcotic analgesic.
Nardil is an antidepressant drug.
Veronal is a tranquilizer.

(A) Paul Ehrlich,a German bacteriologist,was awarded the Nobel Prize in $1908$ for medicine.
He discovered an arsenic-based compound,$Salvarsan$ (arsphenamine),for the treatment of syphilis.
Although $Salvarsan$ is toxic to human beings,its effect on the bacteria,$Treponema pallidum$ (the spirochete causing syphilis),is much greater than its effect on human beings.

(B) Paracetamol is an antipyretic drug. It is used to lower the body temperature in case of fever. Its chemical structure is $4$-acetamidophenol,which is represented as follows:
$HO-C_6H_4-NHCOCH_3$

(C) The correct matching is as follows:
$A$. Codeine is a narcotic analgesic $(III)$.
$B$. Dettol is an antiseptic $(I)$.
$C$. Tetracycline is an antibiotic $(II)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $A-III, B-I, C-II$,which corresponds to option $(c)$.

(B) Paracetamol is also known as $N$-($4$-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide or $N$-($4$-hydroxyphenyl)ethanamide. Its structure consists of a benzene ring substituted with a hydroxyl group $(-OH)$ at the para position and an acetamido group $(-NHCOCH_3)$ at the other para position. Comparing this with the given options,the structure in option $B$ represents paracetamol.

(A) Codeine,$(D)$ morphine,and $(F)$ heroin are classified as opiates or narcotics. These substances are primarily used for pain relief.
$(B)$ Thymine is a nitrogenous base found in $DNA$.
$(C)$ Epinephrine is a hormone and neurotransmitter released during extreme stress.
$(E)$ Thiamine is a vitamin $(Vitamin \ B_1)$.
Therefore,the correct combination of opiates is $(A, D, F)$,which corresponds to option $(A)$.

(A) Methacetin ($4$-methoxy-acetanilide) is a derivative of acetanilide and belongs to the class of analgesics and antipyretics.
It acts by reducing fever and relieving pain.
Therefore,it is classified as an antipyretic drug.
Thus,option $(A)$ is correct.

(B) Antioxidants are substances that retard the oxidative degradation of food. They act as sacrificial materials by being more readily oxidized than the food material they protect. They are often used as food additives to prevent rancidity.
Among the given options,$BHT$ (butylated hydroxy toluene) is a well-known antioxidant used in food preservation.
Sulfanilamide is a sulfa drug (antibacterial),Veronal is a barbiturate (tranquilizer),and Saccharin is an artificial sweetener.
Therefore,option $(b)$ is the correct answer.

(B) Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation. Butylated hydroxytoluene $(F)$ is an example of an antioxidant.
An antiseptic is a substance that prevents or slows down the growth of microorganisms. Bithionol $(C)$ is an example of an antiseptic.
Antibiotics are medicines that help stop infections caused by bacteria. Chloramphenicol $(B)$ is an example of an antibiotic.
Therefore,the correct sequence for antioxidant,antiseptic,and antibiotic is $F, C, B$.

(A) Codeine $(X)$ is a methyl ether of morphine,where $R^1 = OCH_3$ and $R^2 = OH$.
Heroin $(Y)$ is diacetylmorphine,where both hydroxyl groups of morphine are acetylated,so $R^1 = OCOCH_3$ (or $OAc$) and $R^2 = OCOCH_3$ (or $OAc$).

(C) Ranitidine is a histamine $H_2$-receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production. It is commonly known by the brand name $Zantac$. The chemical structure of ranitidine contains a furan ring,a thioether linkage,and a nitroethenediamine group. Among the given options,the structure that correctly represents ranitidine is shown in option $C$.

(A) Tetracycline,$C_{22}H_{24}N_{2}O_{8}$,is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
It is effective against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

(A) Histamine is a potent vasodilator. It causes the dilation of blood vessels,which leads to a decrease in blood pressure.

(A) Chloroxylenol is an example of an antiseptic.
Dettol is a mixture of chloroxylenol and $\alpha$-terpineol.
Chloroxylenol is responsible for the antiseptic and disinfectant properties of Dettol.

(B) Sulphapyridine is a sulfonamide antibiotic. Its chemical structure consists of a benzene ring substituted with an amino group $(-NH_2)$ at the para position and a sulfonamide group $(-SO_2NH-)$ attached to a pyridine ring. The correct structure is shown in option $B$.

(D) Phenacetin is a derivative of $p-$aminophenol and is used as an analgesic (painkiller). Its chemical structure is $N-(4-ethoxyphenyl)acetamide$. Comparing this with the given options,the structure in option $D$ corresponds to phenacetin,which features an ethoxy group $(-OC_2H_5)$ at the para position relative to the acetamido group $(-NHCOCH_3)$.

(A) $4$-hydroxyacetanilide is commonly known as $Paracetamol$.
It acts as an $Antipyretic$ (used to reduce body temperature) and as an $Analgesic$ (used to relieve pain).

(B) Among the given drugs,$ibuprofen$ is a non-narcotic (i.e.,not habit-forming) analgesic.
Note: $Diazepam$ is a hypnotic and sedative drug.
$Formalin$ and $terpineol$ possess antiseptic properties.

(D) Cationic detergents are quaternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates,chlorides,or bromides as anions.
They consist of a long hydrocarbon chain attached to a nitrogen atom,which carries a positive charge.
Because of this structure,the cationic part is the active site,which gives them germicidal properties.
They are relatively expensive compared to anionic detergents and are not used as common household detergents.
An example is $CH_3(CH_2)_{15}N^+(CH_3)_3Br^-$,known as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.

(D) Aspartame is a methyl ester of a dipeptide formed by the condensation of $L$-aspartic acid and $L$-phenylalanine.
It is approximately $100$ times as sweet as cane sugar.
Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(D) An artificial sweetening agent is a food additive that provides a sweet taste with little or no energy (calories).
$Aspartame$ is a well-known artificial sweetener.
It is approximately $200$ times sweeter than sucrose and is commonly used in beverages and cold drinks.
It is the methyl ester of a dipeptide formed from aspartic acid and phenylalanine,with the molecular formula $C_{14}H_{18}N_2O_5$.

(B) Saccharin is an artificial sweetener that is about $550$ times sweeter than cane sugar.
Its sodium salt is highly soluble in water.
It is of great value for diabetic patients as it provides no food energy.
It is excreted as such in the urine without being metabolized by the body,and it is considered safe for consumption.
Therefore,statements $(B)$ and $(C)$ are true.

(D) An artificial sweetening agent is a food additive that provides a sweet taste like that of sugar but with significantly less food energy.
Among the given options,$Alitame$ is an artificial sweetening agent.
It is approximately $2000$ times sweeter than cane sugar.
Its chemical structure is represented as follows:
$HOOC-CH_2-CH(NH_2)-CONH-CH(CH_3)-CONH-C(CH_3)_2-CH_2-S-C(CH_3)_2$ (or as shown in the provided image).