Drugs and Medicines Questions in English

(B) Soaps react with $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ ions present in hard water to form insoluble precipitates called scum,which reduces their cleaning efficiency.
Synthetic detergents,on the other hand,form $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ salts that are soluble in water.
Therefore,they do not form scum and remain effective in hard water.

(D) Squashes and fruit juices are preserved by adding $Na_2S_2O_5$ (Sodium metabisulphite).
It acts as a food preservative by releasing $SO_2$ gas,which inhibits the growth of microorganisms and prevents oxidation.

(C) Detergents are typically sodium salts of long-chain alkyl benzene sulphonic acids or alkyl hydrogen sulphates. Soaps are the sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids. Therefore,the statement that a detergent is a sodium salt of a fatty acid is incorrect.

(B) Aspirin is the common name for $2$-acetoxybenzoic acid,which is chemically known as Acetyl salicylic acid.
It is prepared by the acetylation of salicylic acid using acetic anhydride.
The structure is a benzene ring with a $-COOH$ group and an $-OCOCH_3$ group at the ortho position.

(B) An $Antipyretic$ is a type of medication that prevents or reduces fever by lowering body temperature from a raised state.

(D) $4-$chloro$-3, 5-$dimethylphenol is commonly known as Dettol,which is a well-known antiseptic.
It is a derivative of $3, 5-$xylenol where a chlorine atom is substituted at the $4-$position.

(A) Paraldehyde is primarily used as a sedative and hypnotic medication.
It was historically used to treat conditions such as insomnia and epilepsy,although its use has decreased over time due to the development of safer and more effective alternatives.
Paraldehyde is known for its sedative effects,which can induce sleep and reduce anxiety.
Therefore,it is classified as a medicine.

(C) Hexamethylene tetramine (urotropine) is used for the treatment of urinary tract infections (Urinary antiseptic).
It decomposes at an acidic $pH$ to form formaldehyde and ammonia,and the formaldehyde acts as a bactericidal agent.

(B) The correct answer is $B$. $N$-acetyl-para-aminophenol (also known as Paracetamol) is a non-narcotic analgesic.
Non-narcotic analgesics are drugs that relieve pain without causing addiction or mood modification.
Morphine is a narcotic analgesic,while Diazepam is a tranquilizer and Tetrahydrocannabinol is a psychoactive substance.

(C) Sodium benzoate is a substance which has the chemical formula $C_6H_5COONa$.
It is a widely used food preservative.
It is the sodium salt of benzoic acid and exists in this form when dissolved in water.
It can be produced by reacting sodium hydroxide with benzoic acid.

(B) Artificial sweeteners are used as sugar substitutes. $Aspartame$ is the most successful and widely used artificial sweetener. It is roughly $100$ times as sweet as cane sugar. It is considered safe for use in food products,especially for diabetic patients,as it does not contribute to calorie intake.

(C) Broad spectrum antibiotics are effective against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore,they act on a wide range of microorganisms.

(C) Broad spectrum antibiotics are effective against a wide range of microorganisms (pathogens),which are often referred to as antigens in this context. Therefore,they act on different antigens. The correct option is $(C)$.

(A) . $A$. Fleming discovered penicillin in $1929$.

(C) The medicine which promotes the secretion of urine is known as a diuretic. Diuretics are often used to treat conditions like hypertension and edema by helping the body eliminate excess salt and water.

(B) psychedelic agent,also known as a hallucinogen,is a drug that produces visual and auditory hallucinations.
Lysergic acid diethylamide $(LSD)$ is a well-known example of a psychedelic agent.

(B) Veronal is a derivative of barbituric acid. It acts as a tranquilizer and is used as a sedative to induce sleep and treat anxiety or depression.

(B) Acetyl salicylic acid is commonly known as aspirin,which is chemically $2$-acetoxybenzoic acid.

(A) Chloroxylenol is a common antiseptic used in products like Dettol.
Its chemical structure is a phenol ring with a chlorine atom at the $4-$position and two methyl groups at the $3$ and $5$ positions.
Therefore,the $IUPAC$ name for chloroxylenol is $4-$chloro$-3, 5-$dimethylphenol.
Thus,the correct option is $(A)$.

(C) An analgesic drug is one which relieves or decreases pain.
Examples include analgin,aspirin (non-narcotic analgesics),and morphine,codeine,heroin (narcotic analgesics).

(B) . Aspirin is an antipyretic,which is a drug responsible for lowering the body temperature of a feverish organism to normal.
Other examples of antipyretic drugs include $Paracetamol$ and $Phenacetin$.

(C) Tranquilizers are chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress,mild or even severe mental diseases. These are also known as psychotropic drugs.
$(a)$ Sedatives: These drugs are used to induce sleep and are given to patients who are violent or mentally agitated. Examples include $Equanil$ and $diazepam$.
$(b)$ Antidepressants: These drugs are used for patients who are suffering from severe depression and loss of self-confidence. Examples include $Tofranil$ and $amphetamine$.

(A) . Hypnotic drugs are substances that induce sleep and can be habit-forming.
Common examples of hypnotic drugs include $Luminal$ and $Seconal$.

(B) . Paracetamol is an antipyretic drug used to reduce fever and relieve mild pain.

(B) Antidepressants are a class of drugs used to treat depression. $Tofranil$ (also known as $Imipramine$) is a well-known tricyclic antidepressant.
$Luminol$ is used in forensic science to detect blood.
$Mescaline$ is a hallucinogen.
$Sulphadiazine$ is an antibiotic.

(A) Streptomycin is a well-known antibiotic that is highly effective in the treatment of tuberculosis.

(C) is the correct answer.
$Gammexane$ (benzene hexachloride) is used as an insecticide,not as an antiseptic.
$Iodoform$,$Dettol$,and $Gentian$ $violet$ are all known antiseptic agents.

(C) . Penicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is effective in the treatment of various bacterial infections,including pneumonia and bronchitis.

(A) Salol is Phenyl Salicylate,which is used as an antiseptic.

(A) Substances used for the treatment of malaria are known as antimalarials.
Examples include $Quinine$ and $Chloroquine$.
Therefore,the correct option is $(A)$.

(B) Morphine is an $Analgesic$ drug,which is used to relieve pain.

(C) $LSD$ (Lysergic acid diethylamide),mescaline,psilocybin,and $PCP$ are examples of hallucinogenic drugs.
These substances are known to alter a person's perception of reality,causing sensory distortions and hallucinations.

(D) Dettol (antiseptic) is a mixture of $4.8\%$ chloroxylenol,$9.9\%$ terpineol,and absolute alcohol. Therefore,all the given components are present in the formulation of Dettol.

(D) All of the given substances,$Baygon$,$Sevin$ (also known as $Carbaryl$),and $Methoxychlor$,are classified as insecticides used to control pests.

(C) Amoebic dysentery is caused by a protozoan $(Entamoeba \ histolytica)$.
Gonorrhoea is a bacterial disease caused by $Neisseria \ gonorrhoeae$.
Cholera is a bacterial disease caused by $Vibrio \ cholerae$.
Mumps is a viral disease.
Since both $B$ and $C$ are bacterial diseases,$C$ is the most commonly cited example in this context,though $B$ is also correct.

(D) is the correct answer.
$Tetracycline$,$Neomycin$,and $Carbomycin$ are examples of antibiotics.
$Cyclohexane$ is a cycloalkane (a hydrocarbon) and does not possess antibiotic properties.

(A) Phenacetin is a drug that acts as both an $ \text{analgesic} $ (pain reliever) and an $ \text{antipyretic} $ (fever reducer).
However,in the context of standard chemistry curriculum classifications,it is primarily categorized as an $ \text{antipyretic} $.

(A) Morphine is an alkaloid. Alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring organic compounds that are basic in nature,of plant origin,and contain at least one nitrogen atom in a heterocyclic ring structure.

(B) These are known as antipyretics.
An antipyretic is a drug that is responsible for lowering the body temperature of a feverish organism to normal.

(A) Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms (such as bacteria,fungi,and molds) that inhibit the growth of or destroy other microorganisms. $A$ significant number of antibiotics,such as streptomycin,are isolated from the soil-dwelling bacteria known as $Actinomycetes$.

(D) Hydrazine derivatives,particularly $Isoniazid$,are potent antimicrobial agents.
$Isoniazid$ is a first-line medication used in the treatment of $Tuberculosis$ $(TB)$.
It acts by inhibiting the synthesis of mycolic acids,which are essential components of the cell wall of $Mycobacterium \text{ } tuberculosis$.

(A) Tranquillizers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress,and mild or even severe mental diseases. They affect the central nervous system and induce sleep.

(D) $T.B.$,$Cholera$,etc.,are communicable diseases. Communicable diseases are caused by pathogens that can spread from one person to another.

(D) Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that contains a nitro group $( -NO_2 )$ attached to an aromatic ring. The structure is as follows:
$O_2N-C_6H_4-CH(OH)-CH(CH_2OH)-NH-CO-CHCl_2$ (Note: The provided image shows a simplified structure of Chloramphenicol,which is characterized by the presence of a nitro group on a benzene ring).

(C) $2, 4-$ Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid $(2, 4-D)$ is a synthetic auxin that acts as a selective herbicide. It is commonly used to control broad-leaf weeds in cereal crops and lawns.

(D) Sulpha drugs are a group of synthetic antibacterial agents that contain the sulphonamide group. They act as bacteriostatic agents,meaning they inhibit or stop the growth of bacteria rather than killing them directly.

(C) $Placebo$ is a substance that has no therapeutic effect,often used as a control in testing new drugs or to satisfy a patient's psychological need for treatment. It is commonly referred to as a $sugar \ pill$.

(A) . Antiseptics are chemical substances that either kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms.
They are applied to living tissues such as wounds,cuts,ulcers,and diseased skin surfaces.
Examples include $0.2\% \text{ solution of phenol}$,tincture of iodine ($2-3\% \ I_2$ in water/alcohol),and dyes like methylene blue.

(C) is the correct answer.
$Aspirin$,$Paracetamol$,and $Phenacetin$ are all antipyretics,which are used to reduce fever.
$Barbituric$ $acid$ and its derivatives are known as tranquilizers,which act on the central nervous system to induce sleep or reduce anxiety.

(C) The chlorinated insecticides are organic compounds containing chlorine atoms that act as insecticides.
$DDT$,Methoxychlor,and $BHC$ (Benzene Hexachloride) are all examples of chlorinated insecticides.
Parathion is an organophosphorus insecticide,not a chlorinated one. Its structure is $(C_2H_5O)_2P(S)OC_6H_4NO_2$.
Therefore,the correct option is $(C)$.