Drugs and Medicines Questions in English

(A) The correct matches are as follows:
$A$. Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic used to treat $3$. Typhoid fever.
$B$. Thyroxine is a hormone containing iodine,and its deficiency causes $4$. Goiter.
$C$. Chloroquine is an antimalarial drug used to treat $1$. Malaria.
$D$. Chloroform was historically used as an $2$. Anaesthetic.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2$.

(B) Hyperacidity produces sudden stomach pain. It is also responsible for chronic indigestion and in severe cases,it causes gastric ulcers. It may also lead to vomiting,loss of appetite,heartburn,and flatulence.

(N/A) Arsphenamine,also known as salvarsan,is a synthetic organic arsenic compound that was historically used to treat syphilis. It contains an $-As=As-$ linkage.
Azodyes are a class of compounds that contain an $-N=N-$ linkage. The structural similarity lies in the presence of a double bond between two identical atoms ($-As=As-$ in arsphenamine and $-N=N-$ in azodye).

(B) Tranquilizers are essential components of sleeping pills. Tranquilizers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress and mild or even severe mental diseases. These relieve anxiety,stress,irritability,or excitement by inducing a sense of well-being.

(N/A) Aspirin is a non-narcotic analgesic. It inhibits the synthesis of chemicals known as prostaglandins,which stimulate inflammation in tissues and cause pain. These drugs are effective in relieving skeletal pain,such as that caused by arthritis. Additionally,they have antipyretic properties (reducing fever) and possess anti-blood clotting activity. Because of its ability to prevent platelet coagulation,aspirin is used in the prevention of heart attacks.

(D) Antacids and antiallergic drugs cannot replace each other because they act on different receptors in the body. Antihistamines (like $Ranitidine$) are used to prevent the interaction of histamine with the receptors present in the blood vessel walls of the stomach,thereby controlling the secretion of $HCl$ (acidity). On the other hand,antiallergic drugs (like $Brompheniramine$) are used to block the histamine receptors that cause allergic reactions. Since the receptors involved in acidity and allergy are distinct,these drugs are not interchangeable.

(A) Anionic detergents such as sodium lauryl sulphate and sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate are commonly used in toothpaste formulations.

(B) Hair shampoos and conditioners often contain cationic detergents,such as Cetyltrimethy lammonium bromide
These detergents are quaternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates,chlorides,or bromides as anions.
Therefore,they belong to the class of cationic detergents.

(C) Dishwashing soaps are classified as non-ionic detergents. They are typically prepared by the reaction of stearic acid with polyethylene glycol.
$CH_{3}(CH_{2})_{16}COOH + HO(CH_{2}CH_{2}O)_{n}CH_{2}CH_{2}OH$ $\xrightarrow{-H_{2}O} CH_{3}(CH_{2})_{16}COO(CH_{2}CH_{2}O)_{n}CH_{2}CH_{2}OH$

(N/A) Synthetic detergents with highly branched hydrocarbon chains are resistant to bacterial degradation,leading to water pollution. The presence of side chains hinders the ability of bacteria to attack and break down the hydrocarbon structure. Therefore,the lesser the branching,the greater is the biodegradability of the detergent.

(N/A) Analgesics are chemical substances that reduce or abolish pain without causing impairment of consciousness,mental confusion,incoordination,paralysis,or other disturbances of the nervous system. These are classified into two groups: $(i)$ Non-narcotic analgesics and $(ii)$ Narcotic analgesics.

(B) person suffers from depression when they have low levels of the neurotransmitter $noradrenaline$.
$Noradrenaline$ plays a crucial role in mood regulation.
When the levels of $noradrenaline$ are low,the signal-sending activity in the brain is reduced,which leads to the feeling of depression.

(N/A) Antiseptics are chemical substances applied to living tissues such as wounds,cuts,ulcers,and diseased skin to kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms.
Disinfectants are chemical substances applied to inanimate objects such as floors,drainage systems,and instruments to kill microorganisms,but they are harmful to living tissues.

(B) Narcotic analgesics which are obtained from the opium poppy plant are called opiates. $Morphine$ and its derivatives,such as $heroin$ and $codeine$,are common examples of opiates.

(N/A) Narcotic analgesics,when administered in medicinal doses,relieve pain and produce sleep. Since these drugs relieve pain and produce sleep,they are chiefly used for the relief of postoperative pain,cardiac pain,pains of terminal cancer,and during childbirth.

(N/A) Drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function are called antagonists. These are useful when blocking of a message is required. In contrast,drugs that mimic the natural messenger by switching on the receptor are called agonists,which are useful when there is a lack of natural chemical messenger.

(B) Antimicrobial drugs are chemical substances that selectively destroy,prevent the development of,or inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes such as bacteria,fungi,viruses,or other parasites. Their primary mode of action is to combat infections and cure diseases caused by these microorganisms.

(B) Bathing soaps are potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids. They are usually soft and are free from unused alkali.
On the other hand,washing soaps are sodium salts of long-chain fatty acids. They are usually hard and contain some residual alkali.

(N/A) Antacids control only symptoms and not the cause. They work by neutralizing the acid produced in the stomach but do not control the cause of excess acid production.
Antihistamines are drugs that suppress the action of histamine,which is the chemical responsible for stimulating the secretion of pepsin and $HCl$ in the stomach.
Antihistamines prevent the binding of histamine with the receptors present in the stomach wall,resulting in lower acid production and,therefore,providing a better and more effective treatment.

(N/A) Histamine is a potent vasodilator. It performs various functions in the body:
$(i)$ It contracts muscles in the gut and bronchi.
$(ii)$ It relaxes other muscles,such as those in the walls of blood vessels.
$(iii)$ It is responsible for congestion in the nose associated with common cold and allergies.
$(iv)$ It stimulates the release of pepsin and $HCl$ in the stomach.

(N/A) Tranquilizers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress,and mild or even severe mental diseases. For removing depression and to boost the mood,specific types of tranquilizers known as antidepressants are used.
These drugs inhibit the enzymes which catalyze the degradation of the neurotransmitter noradrenaline.
As a result,the concentration of noradrenaline increases,and it is slowly metabolized,allowing it to activate its receptor for longer periods.
An example of such an antidepressant is $Iproniazid$ or $Phenelzine$.

(N/A) Some drugs can block the binding site of the enzyme and prevent the binding of substrate,or can inhibit the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Such drugs are called enzyme inhibitors.

(N/A) $Sucralose$ is a derivative of sucrose which is used as an artificial sweetener.
Its appearance and taste are similar to sugar.
It is stable at cooking temperatures and contributes zero calories to the diet.

(N/A) Some drugs do not bind to the enzyme's active site. Instead,they bind to a different site on the enzyme known as the allosteric site.
This binding of an inhibitor at the allosteric site changes the shape of the active site in such a way that the substrate cannot recognize or bind to it.
If the bond formed between an enzyme and an inhibitor is a strong covalent bond and cannot be broken easily,the enzyme is blocked permanently. In such cases,the body degrades the enzyme-inhibitor complex and synthesizes a new enzyme.

(B) Receptor proteins are embedded in the cell membrane in such a way that their small part possessing the active site projects out of the surface of the membrane and opens on the outside region of the cell membrane.

(A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2) $\rightarrow 3, B$ $\rightarrow 4, C$ $\rightarrow 1, D$ $\rightarrow 2$
$1$. Ranitidine is an antacid,but in the context of these options,it is often classified under antihistamines (specifically $H_2$-receptor antagonists).
$2$. Furacine is an antiseptic.
$3$. Phenelzine is a tranquilizer (antidepressant).
$4$. Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic.

(A) $CH_3(CH_2)_{16}COO(CH_2CH_2O)_nCH_2CH_2OH$ is a nonionic detergent because it does not contain any ions.
$(B)$ $C_{17}H_{35}COO^-Na^+$ is sodium stearate,which is a soap.
$(C)$ $CH_3(CH_2)_{10}CH_2SO_3^-Na^+$ is an anionic detergent because the large part of the molecule is an anion.
$(D)$ $[CH_3(CH_2)_{15}N(CH_3)_3]^+Br^-$ is a cationic detergent because the large part of the molecule is a cation.
Therefore,the correct match is $A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1$.

(A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1) Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is a cationic detergent used in hair conditioners.
$(B)$ Sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate is an anionic detergent used in toothpaste.
$(C)$ Shaving soap contains sodium stearate,sodium carbonate,and rosin.
$(D)$ Non-ionic detergents like esters of high molecular mass alcohols with fatty acids are used in liquid dishwashing detergents.
Therefore,the correct matching is: $(A$ $\rightarrow 3), (B$ $\rightarrow 4), (C$ $\rightarrow 2), (D$ $\rightarrow 1)$.

(A-2, B-4, C-1, D-5, E-3) $A \rightarrow 2$ (Antagonists bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function).
$B \rightarrow 4$ (Agonists mimic the natural messenger).
$C \rightarrow 1$ (Chemical messengers communicate messages between neurons or between neurons and muscles).
$D \rightarrow 5$ (Inhibitors inhibit the activities of enzymes).
$E \rightarrow 3$ (Receptors are crucial to the body's communication process).

(A-5, B-6, C-4, D-7, E-2, F-1, G-3) The correct matches are:
$A \rightarrow 5$ (Analgesics provide pain-killing effect).
$B \rightarrow 6$ (Antiseptics are applied to diseased skin surfaces).
$C \rightarrow 4$ (Antihistamines prevent the interaction of histamine with its receptor).
$D \rightarrow 7$ (Antacids are used for the treatment of acidity).
$E \rightarrow 2$ (Tranquilizers are used for the treatment of stress).
$F \rightarrow 1$ (Antibiotics inhibit the growth of microorganisms and can be given orally).
$G \rightarrow 3$ (Disinfectants are applied to inanimate objects).
Therefore,the correct sequence is: $A-5, B-6, C-4, D-7, E-2, F-1, G-3$.

(N/A) Paul Ehrlich,a German bacteriologist,investigated arsenic-based structures to produce less toxic substances for the treatment of syphilis. He developed the medicine,arsphenamine,known as $Salvarsan$. It was the first effective treatment discovered for syphilis.
Ehrlich also worked on azo dyes and noted a structural similarity between $Salvarsan$ and azo dyes. The $-As=As-$ linkage present in arsphenamine resembles the $-N=N-$ linkage present in azo dyes,where the arsenic atom replaces the nitrogen atom.
Regarding the resemblance between azo dyes and $Prontosil$,$Prontosil$ is an azo dye itself. It contains the $-N=N-$ linkage,which is the characteristic functional group of all azo dyes. $Prontosil$ was developed based on the observation that certain dyes could selectively stain and bind to bacteria,leading to the search for compounds that structurally resemble azo dyes and exhibit antibacterial properties.

(N/A) $1$. Minimizing Pollution: Pollution caused by synthetic detergents can be minimized by using biodegradable detergents. Detergents with highly branched hydrocarbon chains are non-biodegradable and accumulate in the environment. Therefore,using detergents with straight-chain hydrocarbons allows microorganisms to easily degrade them.
$2$. Classification of Detergents:
$(i)$ Anionic Detergents: These are sodium salts of sulfonated long-chain alcohols or hydrocarbons. Example: Sodium lauryl sulfate $(CH_3(CH_2)_{10}CH_2OSO_3^-Na^+)$.
(ii) Cationic Detergents: These are quaternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates,chlorides,or bromides. Example: Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.
(iii) Non-ionic Detergents: These do not contain any ions. They are formed by the reaction of stearic acid with polyethylene glycol. Example: Liquid dishwashing detergents.

(A) The two drugs commonly used in the treatment of cancer are:
$(i)$ Taxol
$(ii)$ Cisplatin

(N/A) The medicine used to treat patients suffering from $AIDS$ is $AZT$ (Azidothymidine).

(N/A) $(i)$ Cis-platin and Taxol
$(ii)$ Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
$(iii)$ $AZT$ (Azidothymidine)
$(iv)$ Ampere

(A) The correct matches are as follows:
$(A)$ Antibiotic chloramphenicol is used for the treatment of $(3)$ Typhoid.
$(B)$ Deficiency of thyroxine hormone containing iodine causes $(1)$ Goitre.
$(C)$ Chloroquine is used for the treatment of $(2)$ Malaria.
$(D)$ Halothane is used as an $(4)$ Anaesthetic.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4)$.

(C) $i$. Ranitidine $\rightarrow$ Antacid $(d)$
$ii$. Nardil (Phenelzine) $\rightarrow$ Antidepressant $(a)$
$iii$. Chloramphenicol $\rightarrow$ Antibiotic $(b)$
$iv$. Dimetane (Brompheniramine) $\rightarrow$ Antihistamine $(c)$
Therefore,the correct matching is $i-d, ii-a, iii-b, iv-c$.

(A) Novestrol (Ethynylestradiol) contains a phenolic group,a tertiary alcoholic group,and an alkyne group.
$(1)$ The phenolic group reacts with $Br_2 / \text{water}$ to give a white precipitate and also gives a characteristic color test with $FeCl_3$.
$(2)$ The tertiary alcoholic group reacts with Lucas reagent $(ZnCl_2 / HCl)$ to give a turbidity test.
Therefore,it reacts with $Br_2 / \text{water}$,$ZnCl_2 / HCl$,and $FeCl_3$.

(C) $Seldane$ is an antihistamine drug.
It functions by competing with natural histamine for binding sites on the histamine receptor,thereby inhibiting the action of the histamine receptor.

(C) The molecule shown in the image is $Brompheniramine$.
$Brompheniramine$ is a well-known drug that belongs to the class of antihistamines.
Antihistamines are drugs that interfere with the natural action of histamine by competing with histamine for binding sites of receptor where histamine exerts its effect.
Therefore,it acts as an anti-histamine.

(D) Antidepressant drugs are used to enhance mood.
Nor-adrenaline is a neurotransmitter,and if its level is low in the body,the person suffers from depression.
In such a situation,an antidepressant drug is required to restore the balance.

(D) Cationic detergents are quaternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates,chlorides,or bromides as anions.
$Cetyltrimethyl \ ammonium \ bromide$ is a well-known cationic detergent,represented as $[CH_3(CH_2)_{15}N(CH_3)_3]^+ Br^-$.
It is used in hair conditioners.
Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(B) Chloramphenicol is a well-known antibiotic.
It is classified as a bacteriostatic antibiotic,meaning it inhibits the growth of bacteria rather than killing them directly.
It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic,which means it is effective against a wide range of microorganisms,including both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Therefore,the statement that it inhibits the growth of only gram-positive bacteria is incorrect.

(D) The chemicals which are used to protect food from microbial action,i.e.,which arrest the process of fermentation,acidification,and any other decomposition of food,are known as food preservatives.
Table salt,sugar,vegetable oil,vinegar,sodium benzoate $(C_6H_5COONa)$,sodium metabisulphite $(Na_2S_2O_5)$,and vitamin $E$ are common examples of food preservatives.

(B) The structure shown is $2$-acetoxybenzoic acid,commonly known as $aspirin$.
$Aspirin$ is a well-known drug that acts as an $analgesic$ (pain reliever) and an $antipyretic$ (fever reducer).
It also possesses anti-inflammatory properties,but among the given options,$analgesic$ is the most standard classification for its primary use.

(B) Antihistamines act as both antacids and antiallergic agents.
They interfere with the natural action of histamine by competing with histamine for binding sites of receptors where histamine exerts its effect.
For example,drugs like cimetidine are designed to prevent the interaction of histamine with the receptors present in the stomach wall,thereby acting as an antacid.

(C) Some drugs do not bind to the enzyme's active site. Instead,they bind to a different site on the enzyme called the allosteric site.
This binding of an inhibitor at the allosteric site changes the shape of the active site in such a way that the substrate cannot recognize or bind to it.
Such an inhibitor is known as a non-competitive inhibitor.
Therefore,the statement that an allosteric inhibitor competes with the enzyme's active site is incorrect,as it binds to a different site.

(A) . Antacid: $ii$. Cimetidine
$b$. Artificial sweetener: $iv$. Alitame
$c$. Antifertility: $i$. Novestrol
$d$. Tranquilizers: $iii$. Valium
Therefore,the correct matching is $a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii$.

(C) . Antifertility drug $\rightarrow$ $(iii)$. Norethindrone
$(b)$. Antibiotic $\rightarrow$ $(iv)$. Salvarsan
$(c)$. Tranquilizer $\rightarrow$ $(i)$. Meprobamate
$(d)$. Artificial sweetener $\rightarrow$ $(ii)$. Alitame
Therefore,the correct matching is $(a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)$.