Seed and Fruit Questions in English

(C) Seeds are classified into two main categories based on their storage behavior: $Orthodox$ and $Recalcitrant$ seeds.
$1$. $Orthodox$ seeds are those that can tolerate desiccation (moisture reduction) and low temperatures,allowing them to be stored for long periods in seed banks.
$2$. $Recalcitrant$ seeds are those that cannot tolerate desiccation or freezing temperatures; they lose viability if their moisture content drops below a certain level and are sensitive to cold storage.
Therefore,seeds that show tolerance to moisture and temperature reduction are called $Orthodox$ seeds.

(A) Seeds are classified into two main categories based on their tolerance to desiccation and low temperature: Orthodox and Recalcitrant.
Orthodox seeds are those that can be dried to low moisture content (around $5\%$) and stored at low temperatures for long periods without losing viability. Most agricultural crops, including cereals (like wheat, rice, maize) and legumes (like beans, peas, lentils), produce orthodox seeds.
Recalcitrant seeds, on the other hand, are sensitive to desiccation and cannot be stored for long periods under dry conditions (e.g., mango, cocoa).
Therefore, cereal and legume seeds are classified as orthodox seeds.

(A) Perisperm is the persistent,dry,and nutritive tissue derived from the nucellus that remains in the seed of some plants (e.g.,black pepper,beet). In most angiosperms,the nucellus is consumed during the development of the embryo,but in certain species,a portion of it persists,which is known as perisperm.

(C) In flowering plants,after the process of fertilization,the ovule develops into a seed.
The integuments of the ovule,which are the protective layers surrounding the nucellus,undergo hardening and dehydration to form the seed coat (testa and tegmen).
Therefore,the seed coat is derived from the integuments of the ovule.

(C) Perisperm is the persistent remnant of the nucellus in a seed. In most angiosperms, the nucellus is consumed during seed development. However, in some plants like beet $(Beta \, vulgaris)$ and black pepper $(Piper \, nigrum)$, the nucellus persists as a thin, dry layer known as perisperm. Therefore, both $A$ and $B$ are correct.

(B) The $hilum$ is a small scar or mark on the seed coat. It represents the point of attachment of the developing seed to the $funicle$ (the stalk of the ovule). During the development of the seed from the ovule,the $funicle$ provides nutrients to the ovule. Once the seed matures,the $funicle$ detaches,leaving behind the $hilum$ as a scar.

(C) In flowering plants,the ovule develops into a seed after fertilization.
The integuments of the ovule harden and transform into the protective seed coat.
The outer integument forms the testa,and the inner integument forms the tegmen.

(D) In some seeds,such as black pepper and beet,remnants of the nucellus are persistent. This residual,persistent nucellus is known as the perisperm. During seed development,the nucellus is usually consumed by the developing embryo,but in these specific cases,it remains as a nutritive tissue.

(C) In castor $(Ricinus \ communis)$,the integuments of the ovule grow and proliferate near the micropylar region. This specialized outgrowth is known as the $Caruncle$ (or $Strophiole$). The $Caruncle$ is a fleshy,white,sponge-like structure that helps in the absorption of water,thereby facilitating seed germination.

(B) $Capsella$ is a dicotyledonous plant. In $Capsella$,the cotyledons are pushed above the soil surface due to the rapid elongation of the hypocotyl. This type of seed germination,where the cotyledons emerge above the ground,is known as $Epigeal$ germination.

(B) In certain seeds,the outer integument of the ovule undergoes a transformation where it becomes fleshy and succulent. This specific structure is known as the $Sarcotesta$. This is commonly observed in seeds like those of the pomegranate $(Punica \ granatum)$. The $Aril$ is a different structure that develops from the funiculus,while the $Testa$ is the general outer seed coat.

(A) In flowering plants,after fertilization,the ovule matures into a seed. The integuments of the ovule transform into the seed coat. Specifically,the outer integument develops into the outer seed coat,known as the $Testa$,while the inner integument develops into the inner seed coat,known as the $Tegmen$.

(A) false fruit (or pseudocarp) is a fruit derived from parts of the plant other than the ovary,such as the thalamus or receptacle.
In an apple ($Malus$ $domestica$),the edible part is the fleshy thalamus,which develops along with the ovary.
Therefore,the apple is considered a false fruit.
In contrast,guava,tomato,and banana are true fruits as they develop solely from the ovary after fertilization.

(D) In some seeds,such as black pepper and beet,remnants of the nucellus are still persistent. This residual,persistent nucellus is known as the $Perisperm$.

(C) In flowering plants,after fertilization,the ovule develops into a seed. The protective covering of the seed,known as the seed coat,is formed by the transformation of the integuments of the ovule. The outer integument typically forms the testa,while the inner integument forms the tegmen. Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(C) Non-albuminous seeds (also known as exalbuminous seeds) are those in which the endosperm is completely consumed by the developing embryo during seed maturation.
In plants like $Pea$ and $Groundnut$,the endosperm is entirely used up,and the food reserves are stored in the cotyledons.
Therefore,both $Pea$ and $Groundnut$ are examples of non-albuminous seeds.

(C) In angiosperms,the ovule is protected by one or two protective layers called integuments.
After fertilization,the ovule matures into a seed.
The outer integument develops into the seed coat called the testa,while the inner integument develops into the inner seed coat called the tegmen.
Therefore,the tegmen develops from the inner integument.

(C) The structure that develops from the integument of the ovule is the seed coat (testa and tegmen). The seed coat protects the embryo and helps in the germination process by regulating water uptake and gas exchange. Therefore,the correct answer is seed coat.

(A) In angiosperms,after the process of double fertilization,the ovule undergoes structural changes to develop into a seed. The ovary matures to become the fruit. Therefore,the seed develops from the ovule.

(C) The micropyle is a small pore present in the seed coat.
During seed germination,the micropyle facilitates the entry of water and oxygen (air) into the seed,which is essential for the metabolic activities required for the embryo to grow.
While the micropyle serves as the entry point for the pollen tube during fertilization in the ovule,in the context of a mature seed,its primary function is the absorption of water and exchange of gases.

(C) In angiosperms,after the process of fertilization,the ovule develops into a seed. The integuments of the ovule,which are the protective layers surrounding the nucellus,undergo hardening and dehydration to transform into the seed coat (testa and tegmen). Therefore,the seed coat is derived from the integuments of the ovule.

(B) In a seed,the $hilum$ represents the scar on the seed coat where the seed was attached to the $funicle$ (the stalk of the ovule). The $raphe$ is the ridge formed by the stalk of the ovule as it is fused with the body of the ovule during development. Therefore,the raphe and hilum are structures associated with the attachment point of the seed to the funicle.

(B) The phenomenon in which seeds germinate while the fruit is still attached to the parent plant is known as $Vivipary$. This is commonly observed in mangrove plants (e.g.,$Rhizophora$) growing in saline marshy areas. In this process,the embryo continues to grow and emerges out of the fruit while it is still attached to the parent tree,allowing the seedling to establish itself quickly in the soft mud upon falling.

(C) In angiosperms (flowering plants), the ovules develop into seeds and the ovary develops into a fruit after fertilization.
The wall of the ovary matures into the fruit wall, which is known as the $Pericarp$.
Therefore, the seeds are enclosed within the fruit, protected by the $Pericarp$.

(B) In the structure of a seed,the seed coat is typically differentiated into two layers.
The outer layer is known as the $Testa$.
The inner layer is known as the $Tegmen$.
Therefore,the $Tegmen$ represents the inner seed coat.

(A) In some seeds,such as black pepper and beet,remnants of the nucellus are also persistent. This residual,persistent nucellus is the perisperm. Castor $(Ricinus \ communis)$ seeds contain endosperm (albuminous),a persistent perisperm,and a seed coat. Therefore,castor is the correct example.

(B) In monocotyledonous seeds,such as those of cereals (e.g.,wheat,maize),the embryo consists of a single cotyledon.
This large,shield-shaped cotyledon is known as the $Scutellum$.
It is situated towards one side (lateral) of the embryonal axis.
Therefore,the correct answer is $B$.

(D) false fruit (or pseudocarp) is a fruit derived not only from the ovary but also from other accessory floral parts like the thalamus or receptacle.
In apple,strawberry,and cashew,the thalamus contributes to fruit formation.
Therefore,all the given options are examples of false fruits.

(B) In some seeds,such as black pepper and beet,remnants of the nucellus are persistent. This persistent nucellus is known as the $Perisperm$. The nucellus is the central part of the ovule,and while it is usually consumed during embryo development,in these specific cases,it remains as a nutritive tissue.

(D) After fertilization in angiosperms,the ovule undergoes several structural changes to develop into a seed.
$1$. The embryo sac develops into the embryo.
$2$. The integuments of the ovule harden and transform into the seed coat (testa and tegmen).
$3$. The funiculus often persists as the stalk of the seed.
Since all these structures undergo specific developmental changes post-fertilization,the correct answer is $D$.

(B) In some seeds,such as black pepper and beet,remnants of the nucellus are persistent. This residual,persistent nucellus is known as the $Perisperm$.

(A) In most flowering plants,fruits develop from the ovary after fertilization.
However,in certain species,fruits develop without the process of fertilization.
This phenomenon of fruit development without fertilization is known as $Parthenocarpy$.
$Parthenogenesis$ refers to the development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg.
$Amphimixis$ is the normal sexual reproduction involving the fusion of gametes.
$Apomixis$ is a form of asexual reproduction that mimics sexual reproduction,often involving seed formation without fertilization.

(C) In flowering plants,after fertilization,the ovule develops into a seed. The protective covering of the seed,known as the seed coat,is derived from the integuments of the ovule. The outer integument forms the testa,while the inner integument forms the tegmen.

(A) true fruit is defined as a fruit that develops exclusively from the $Ovary$ of a flower after fertilization.
In contrast,false fruits (pseudocarps) develop from other floral parts such as the $Thalamus$ or $Pedicel$ in addition to the $Ovary$.
Therefore,the correct answer is $Ovary$.

(D) The aril is a specialized outgrowth from the funicle that covers the seed in certain plants.
In $Litchi$ $(Litchi \text{ chinensis})$, the fleshy, edible part is the aril, which develops from the base of the ovule and grows upwards to cover the seed.
Therefore, the correct option is $D$.

(D) Vivipary is a phenomenon where seeds germinate while still attached to the parent plant. In annual crop plants,this is considered an undesirable trait because if seeds germinate prematurely on the mother plant,they cannot be harvested,dried,or stored effectively for the next planting season. This leads to significant post-harvest losses and makes the seeds unsuitable for long-term storage.

(A) In monocotyledonous seeds such as wheat or maize,the embryo consists of a single large shield-shaped cotyledon known as the $scutellum$.
This $scutellum$ is situated towards one side (lateral) of the embryonic axis.
Therefore,the $scutellum$ is homologous to the $cotyledon$ found in other monocotyledonous plants.

(C) The seed of the castor plant ($Ricinus$ $communis$) is characterized by several distinct features:
$1$. It is an endospermic (albuminous) seed,meaning it contains endosperm as the food storage tissue.
$2$. It contains perisperm,which is the persistent nucellus found in some seeds.
$3$. It possesses a caruncle,which is a fleshy,outgrowth near the hilum that helps in water absorption and seed dispersal.
Therefore,castor is the correct example.

(A) Seeds are broadly classified into two types based on their storage behavior: Orthodox and Recalcitrant.
Orthodox seeds are those that can be dried to low moisture content (around $5\%$) and stored at low temperatures for long periods without losing viability.
Most cereals (like wheat, rice, maize) and legumes (like beans, peas) are classified as Orthodox seeds.
Recalcitrant seeds, on the other hand, cannot tolerate desiccation or low temperatures and lose viability quickly if dried.
Therefore, the seeds of various cereals and legumes are Orthodox seeds.

(C) Orchid seeds are extremely small and lack endosperm or significant food reserves,which makes them dependent on mycorrhizal fungi for germination in nature.
Because they lack stored food,they cannot germinate independently in standard soil conditions.
To propagate them,the embryos are extracted from the seeds and grown in a specialized nutrient-rich culture medium (in vitro) to support their development.
Therefore,both statements are correct,and the lack of stored food (Statement-$X$) is the reason why they must be grown in a culture medium (Statement-$Y$).

(C) Orchid seeds are extremely small and are known as 'dust seeds'.
They lack an endosperm or any significant stored food reserves.
Because they do not have stored food,they rely on a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi for germination and early development.
In contrast,seeds of bean,maize,and groundnut contain significant amounts of stored food (endosperm or cotyledons) to support the initial growth of the embryo.

(A) Orchid seeds are extremely small and lack an endosperm or any significant food reserves.
Because they lack stored nutrients,they cannot germinate on their own in natural soil conditions.
To overcome this,the embryos are extracted from the seeds and grown in a specialized nutrient-rich culture medium (in vitro) to support their development.
Therefore,both the statement and the reason are true,and the reason correctly explains why the embryo must be extracted and grown in a culture medium.

(B) In flowering plants, after the process of double fertilization, the floral parts undergo significant changes.
$1$. The $ovule$ develops into the $seed$.
$2$. The $ovary$ develops into the $fruit$.
$3$. The $integuments$ of the ovule develop into the $seed coat$ ($testa$ and $tegmen$).
Therefore, the correct option is $B$.

(B) After fertilization, the flower undergoes several changes. The $ovary$ matures and develops into the $fruit$, while the $ovules$ inside the ovary develop into $seeds$. Therefore, the correct answer is the $ovary$.

(B) In $Angiosperms$ (flowering plants),the reproductive structures are organized into flowers. After fertilization,the ovules mature into seeds,and the ovary matures into a fruit. This is a characteristic feature that distinguishes $Angiosperms$ from $Gymnosperms$,where seeds are naked and fruits are not formed.

(B) In flowering plants, after the process of fertilization:
$1$. The $ovule$ develops into the $seed$.
$2$. The $ovary$ matures and develops into the $fruit$.
Therefore, the correct sequence is that the ovule becomes the seed and the ovary becomes the fruit.

(C) The correct answer is $C$.
In a castor seed,the testa and tegmen are fused together.
The seed coat is tough and shiny due to the presence of scleroprotein.
At the narrower end,a brownish,spongy outgrowth is found,which is known as the caruncle.
The caruncle is carbohydrate in nature and develops as an integumental outgrowth after fertilization,helping to absorb water.
Below the seed coat,a thin membrane covers the kernel,which is the perisperm (the persistent nucellus).
Beneath the perisperm lies a large,white,swollen,and oily mass known as the endosperm.

(B) : Parthenocarpic fruits are fruits that develop without the process of fertilization. These fruits are naturally seedless. For example, $\text{Banana}$ is a well-known parthenocarpic fruit.

(C) The correct answer is $C$.
An ovule is an integumented megasporangium found in spermatophytes,which develops into a seed after fertilization.
The stalk of the ovule is called the funiculus or funicle.
The point of attachment of the body of the ovule to the funiculus is known as the hilum.
In a mature seed,the hilum appears as a scar,representing the point where the seed was attached to the funicle.

(D) The correct answer is $D$.
Non-albuminous or exalbuminous seeds are those in which the endosperm is completely consumed during embryo development.
In these seeds,the food is stored in the cotyledons.
Examples include pea,bean,and groundnut.
In contrast,albuminous or endospermic seeds (like maize,wheat,and castor) retain a portion of the endosperm in the mature seed.