Method of birth control Questions in English

(A) The oral contraceptive 'Saheli' was developed by scientists at the Central Drug Research Institute $(CDRI)$ in Lucknow,India.
It is a non-steroidal,once-a-week pill used for female contraception.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(B) Diaphragms,cervical caps,and vaults are barrier methods of contraception used by females. These devices are designed to be inserted into the female reproductive tract to prevent the entry of sperm into the uterus. Unlike some other contraceptive methods,these devices are reusable after proper cleaning.

(B) Periodic abstinence is a natural method of contraception where couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day $10$ to $17$ of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected.
As ovulation occurs on about the $14$th day and the ovum survives for about $1-2$ days,and sperm can survive in the female reproductive tract for up to $2-3$ days,this period is considered the 'fertile period'.
Therefore,avoiding coitus during this time prevents conception.
This method is also known as the rhythm method or calendar method.

(B) Physical barriers,such as condoms,are considered the safest method of birth control among the given options.
They provide a dual benefit: they act as a mechanical barrier to prevent conception and also protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
The rhythm method is unreliable due to irregular cycles.
Termination of pregnancy $(MTP)$ is a medical procedure with associated risks and is not a primary contraceptive method.
Foams are chemical spermicides that are less effective when used alone compared to barrier methods.

(C) Condoms are barrier methods of contraception made of thin rubber or latex sheaths.
In males,they are used to cover the penis.
In females,they are used to cover the vagina and cervix.
These barriers prevent the deposition of ejaculated semen into the female reproductive tract,thereby preventing the contact between sperm and ovum.

(B) $IUD$ stands for Intra Uterine Devices, which are used for contraception.
$(i)$ These devices are inserted by doctors into the uterus through the vagina.
$(ii)$ There are three types of $IUDs$:
- Non-medicated $IUDs$: They increase the phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus, $e.g.$, Lippes loop.
- Copper Releasing $IUDs$: Along with the phagocytosis of sperms, the released copper ions suppress sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of the sperm, $e.g.$, $Cu-T, Cu-7, \text{multiload-}375$.
- Hormone Releasing $IUDs$: They make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms, $e.g.$, $\text{progestasert}, LNG-20$.

(A) Coitus interruption is also known as the withdrawal method. It is a natural method of contraception where the male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation to avoid insemination.
Natural methods of contraception are ways to prevent fertilization without the use of drugs or devices. These include:
$(i)$ Periodic Abstinence: Couples avoid coitus from day $10$ to $17$ of the menstrual cycle when ovulation is expected to occur.
$(ii)$ Coitus interruption or withdrawal method: The male partner withdraws the penis from the vagina just before ejaculation to avoid insemination.
$(iii)$ Lactational Amenorrhoea: This method is based on the fact that ovulation and the menstrual cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition. As long as the mother breastfeeds the child,the chances of conception are almost nil.

(A) Oral contraceptives (pills) contain either progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen. They work primarily by inhibiting $A-$ovulation and implantation. Additionally,they alter the quality of cervical $B-$mucus to prevent or retard the entry of sperms into the uterus. Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(D) Intra Uterine Devices $(IUDs)$ are used for contraception.
$(i)$ These devices are inserted by doctors into the uterus through the vagina.
$(ii)$ There are three types of $IUDs$:
$1.$ Non-medicated $IUDs$: These increase the phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus,$e.g.$,Lippes loop.
$2.$ Copper Releasing $IUDs$: Along with the phagocytosis of sperms,the released copper ions suppress the sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of the sperm,$e.g.$,$Cu-T$,$Cu-7$,Multiload-$375$.
$3.$ Hormone Releasing $IUDs$: These make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms,$e.g.$,Progestasert,$LNG-20$.
Therefore,$Cu-T$,$Cu-7$,and Multiload-$375$ are all examples of copper-releasing $IUDs$.

(A) Oral contraceptive pills contain synthetic progesterone and estrogen. These hormones act by inhibiting the secretion of $FSH$ and $LH$ from the anterior pituitary gland. The suppression of $LH$ surge prevents the process of ovulation,thereby preventing pregnancy.

(C) The $Male \ Condom$ is a barrier method of contraception designed specifically for use by men.
Diaphragms, oral pills, and $Copper \ T$ (an intrauterine device) are all methods of contraception used by women.
Therefore, the correct option is $C$.

(B) In male sterilization,a small part of the $A-$vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum. This surgical procedure is known as $B-$vasectomy. It acts as a permanent method of contraception by preventing the transport of sperm.

(B) In female sterilization,the $A-$Fallopian tube is cut and tied to prevent the movement of the ovum to the uterus. This surgical procedure is known as $B-$tubectomy. Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(D) Birth control methods are used to prevent unwanted pregnancies.
$IUDs$ (Intrauterine Devices) are effective contraceptive methods that prevent fertilization or implantation.
$GIFT$ (Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer),$ZIFT$ (Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer),and $IVF-ET$ (In Vitro Fertilization-Embryo Transfer) are all Assisted Reproductive Technologies $(ART)$ used to treat infertility,not for birth control.

(A) Contraceptive pills,commonly known as oral contraceptives,primarily contain synthetic forms of the hormones $Progesterone$ and $Estrogen$.
These hormones work by inhibiting ovulation,altering the cervical mucus to prevent sperm entry,and changing the lining of the uterus to prevent implantation.
Among the options provided,$Progesterone$ is the key component responsible for these contraceptive effects.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(D) The correct answer is Lippes loop.
Intra Uterine Devices $(IUDs)$ are used for contraception.
$(i)$ These devices are inserted by doctors into the uterus through the vagina.
$(ii)$ There are three types of $IUDs$:
$1$. Non-medicated $IUDs$: These increase the phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus,$e.g.$,Lippes loop.
$2$. Copper Releasing $IUDs$: Along with the phagocytosis of sperms,the copper ions released suppress sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of the sperm,$e.g.$,$Cu-T$,$Cu-7$,Multiload-$375$.
$3$. Hormone Releasing $IUDs$: These make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms,$e.g.$,Progestasert,$LNG-20$.

(D) Contraceptive pills contain either progesterone alone or a combination of progesterone and estrogen.
These hormones act through several mechanisms to prevent pregnancy:
$1$. They inhibit the release of $FSH$ and $LH$ from the pituitary gland,which prevents ovulation.
$2$. They alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent or retard the entry of sperms.
$3$. They alter the uterine endometrium to make it unsuitable for implantation of the zygote.
Therefore,all the mentioned actions are part of the contraceptive effect.

(C) Fertilisation occurs in the ampullary region of the fallopian tube. For fertilisation to happen,the sperm must be able to reach the ovum.
In condition $A$,there is only a partial blockage,which might still allow some sperm to pass.
In conditions $B$ and $C$,there is a complete blockage of the fallopian tubes,preventing the sperm from reaching the ovum.
In condition $D$,the oviducts (fallopian tubes) are cut and tied (tubectomy),which creates a permanent physical barrier,making fertilisation impossible.
Therefore,in conditions $B$,$C$,and $D$,fertilisation is impossible. However,based on the provided options,the most accurate choice representing complete obstruction or surgical disconnection is $C$ and $D$.

(D) The correct statements are as follows:
$(i)$ Oral contraceptive pills contain hormones that inhibit the release of eggs from the ovary,thereby preventing ovulation.
$(ii)$ Copper-$T$ (an intrauterine device) releases copper ions which suppress sperm motility and their fertilizing capacity,and it also prevents implantation of the embryo in the uterus.
$(iii)$ Vasectomy is a surgical sterilization method in males where the vas deferens is cut and tied,which prevents the transport of sperm into the semen. Thus,the semen produced does not contain any sperm.
Therefore,all three statements are correct.

(A) The surgical methods of contraception,also known as sterilization,involve blocking the transport of gametes.
In males,this procedure is called $Vasectomy$,where a small part of the $vas$ $deferens$ is removed or tied up.
In females,it is called $Tubectomy$,where a small part of the $Fallopian$ $tubes$ is removed or tied up.
These procedures effectively prevent the motility and transport of gametes (sperm or ova),thereby preventing fertilization.
In $Vasectomy$,the semen still contains secretions from accessory glands like the seminal vesicles,prostate,and $Cowper's$ glands,but it lacks sperm.

(D) Natural methods of contraception work on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum and sperm meeting.
Lactational amenorrhoea is a natural method based on the fact that ovulation and the menstrual cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition.
Implantation is a biological process,not a contraceptive method.
Condoms are barrier methods.
Vasectomy,Tubectomy,and Sterilisation are surgical methods (permanent methods).
Therefore,only $II$ (Lactational amenorrhoea) is a natural method.

(B) $IUDs$ (Intra Uterine Devices) are effective contraceptive methods.
$1$. $IUDs$ must be inserted by doctors or expert nurses,not by the user herself.
$2$. $IUDs$ increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus,which is their primary mechanism of action.
$3$. $IUDs$ do not suppress gametogenesis; they primarily act by preventing fertilization or implantation.
$4$. $IUDs$ need to be replaced after a specific period depending on the type (e.g.,Copper-$T$ or hormonal $IUDs$).
Therefore,the correct statement is that $IUDs$ increase phagocytosis reaction in the uterus.

(B) The hormone-releasing $IUD$ among the given options is $LNG-20$.
Intra Uterine Devices $(IUDs)$ are used for contraception and are inserted by doctors into the uterus through the vagina.
$IUDs$ are classified into three types:
$1$. Non-medicated $IUDs$: These increase the phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus,$e.g.$,Lippes loop.
$2$. Copper-releasing $IUDs$: Along with the phagocytosis of sperms,the released copper ions suppress sperm motility and their fertilizing capacity,$e.g.$,$Cu-T$,$Cu-7$,Multiload-$375$.
$3$. Hormone-releasing $IUDs$: These make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperms,$e.g.$,Progestasert,$LNG-20$.

(A) Oral contraceptive pills contain synthetic forms of progesterone and estrogen.
These hormones act via negative feedback mechanisms to suppress the secretion of $FSH$ (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) and $LH$ (Luteinizing Hormone) from the anterior pituitary gland.
By inhibiting $FSH$ and $LH$,these pills prevent the maturation of ovarian follicles and ovulation,thereby preventing pregnancy.

(C) The correct answer is Hormone releasing $IUDs$.
Intra Uterine Devices $(IUDs)$ are used for contraception.
$(i)$ These devices are inserted by doctors into the uterus through the vagina.
(ii) There are three types of $IUDs$:
- Non-medicated $IUDs$: These increase the phagocytosis of sperm within the uterus,e.g.,Lippes loop.
- Copper Releasing $IUDs$: Along with phagocytosis of sperm,the copper ions released suppress sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of the sperm,e.g.,$Cu-T$,$Cu-7$,Multiload-$375$.
- Hormone Releasing $IUDs$: These make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperm,e.g.,Progestasert,$LNG-20$.

(D) The most effective and ethical method to control population growth is to practice and implement family planning. Family planning involves the use of contraceptive methods and birth control measures to regulate the number and spacing of children. This approach empowers individuals and couples to make informed decisions about their reproductive health,leading to a stable population growth rate. Education is a contributing factor,but family planning is the direct mechanism for population control.

(C) Barrier Methods:
These methods prevent the contact of sperm and ovum with the help of barriers.
$(i)$ Condoms are barriers made of thin rubber/latex sheath used to cover the penis in the male or vagina and cervix in the female. It prevents the deposition of the ejaculated semen into the vagina of the female.
(ii) Diaphragms,cervical caps,and vaults are barriers made of rubber that are inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix during coitus.
(iii) Spermicidal creams,jellies,and foams are used along with these barriers to increase their contraceptive efficiency.

(C) Diaphragms are barrier methods of contraception used by females.
They are made of rubber and are inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix during coitus.
By covering the cervix,they prevent the entry of sperms into the uterus,thus acting as physical barriers.
Statement $i$ is incorrect because they are placed in the vagina,not inside the uterus.
Statement $iv$ is incorrect because diaphragms themselves are not spermicidal; however,they are often used in conjunction with spermicidal creams,jellies,or foams to increase their efficacy.
Therefore,statements $ii$ and $iii$ are correct.

(D) Copper $T$ is an Intrauterine Device $(IUD)$ used for contraception.
It functions primarily by releasing copper ions $(Cu^{2+})$ into the uterus.
These copper ions suppress the motility and fertilizing capacity of sperm,thereby preventing fertilization.
Additionally,$IUDs$ like Copper $T$ increase phagocytosis of sperm within the uterus and alter the uterine environment,which makes the uterus unsuitable for implantation of the embryo.
Therefore,it prevents both fertilization and implantation.

(C) Oral contraceptives and hormonal implants both function by releasing synthetic hormones,typically a combination of oestrogen and progesterone,to prevent ovulation and alter cervical mucus.
They differ in their site of administration: oral contraceptives are taken by mouth (systemic),whereas hormonal implants are inserted subdermally (under the skin).
They also differ significantly in their duration of action: oral contraceptives must be taken daily,whereas hormonal implants provide long-term contraception lasting for several years.

(A) Hormonal implants consist of small,matchstick-sized capsules containing synthetic hormones (progesterone or a combination of progesterone and oestrogen). These are surgically inserted under the skin of the inner arm,just above the elbow. Once implanted,they slowly release the hormones into the bloodstream over a period of several years to prevent pregnancy.

(C) The correct answer is $(c)$.
Intra Uterine Devices $(IUDs)$ are effective contraceptive methods.
$(i)$ Non-medicated $IUDs$ (e.g.,Lippes loop) increase the phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.
$(ii)$ Copper releasing $IUDs$ (e.g.,$Cu-T$,$Cu-7$,Multiload $375$) release copper ions which suppress sperm motility and fertilizing capacity,in addition to increasing phagocytosis.
$(iii)$ Hormone releasing $IUDs$ (e.g.,Progestasert,$LNG-20$) make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperms.
Since both non-medicated $IUDs$ (often categorized under general $IUD$ functions in some contexts) and copper-releasing $IUDs$ exhibit phagocytic activity,option $(c)$ is the most appropriate choice.

(C) Mechanical barriers are devices used to prevent the physical meeting of sperm and ovum during intercourse.
$A$ $Loop$,$B$ $Copper-T$,and $D$ $Dalcon$ $shield$ are all types of Intrauterine Devices $(IUDs)$,which are chemical or hormonal methods of contraception.
$C$ $Diaphragm$ is a mechanical barrier made of rubber that is inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix,thereby preventing sperm from entering the uterus.

(A) Progesterone, progesterone-oestrogen combinations, and $IUDs$ are highly effective as emergency contraceptives if administered within $72 \; \text{hours}$ of unprotected sexual intercourse. These methods work by preventing or delaying ovulation or by preventing implantation of the fertilized egg.

(B) Periodic abstinence involves avoiding sexual intercourse during the fertile period to prevent conception.
Ovulation typically occurs around the $14^{th}$ day of the menstrual cycle.
Since sperm can survive in the female reproductive tract for $2-3$ days and the ovum remains viable for about $24$ hours,the period from day $10$ to day $17$ of the menstrual cycle is considered the 'fertile period' or 'ovulatory phase'.
Therefore,avoiding sexual intercourse during this time significantly reduces the chances of pregnancy.
However,the effectiveness of this method is limited because it requires a regular menstrual cycle,and the exact time of ovulation can be difficult to predict.

(B) Copper-releasing $IUDs$ (like $Cu-T$,$Cu-7$,$Multiload-375$) function through the following mechanisms:
$1$. They increase the phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.
$2$. They release $Cu^{2+}$ ions,which suppress the sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of the sperms.
Statement $III$ refers to the mechanism of hormone-releasing $IUDs$ (like $Progestasert$,$LNG-20$),which make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.
Therefore,only statements $I$ and $II$ are correct for $Cu$-based $IUDs$.

(B) $Statement 1$ is true because condoms act as a physical barrier that prevents the exchange of body fluids, thereby protecting against $AIDS$ and other sexually transmitted infections $(STIs)$ in addition to preventing pregnancy.
$Statement 2$ is also true because hormonal implants (like Norplant) are small, flexible rods containing synthetic progestogen that are inserted under the skin of the upper arm to provide long-term contraception.
However, $Statement 2$ does not explain why condoms are effective against $AIDS$; they are two independent facts about different contraceptive methods. Therefore, $Statement 2$ is not the correct explanation for $Statement 1$.

(B) . Pill: These are oral contraceptives that prevent ovulation.
$B$. Condom: These are barrier methods that prevent sperms from reaching the cervix.
$C$. Vasectomy: This is a surgical sterilization method in males where the vas deferens is cut and tied,resulting in semen that contains no sperms.
$D$. Cu-$T$: This is a type of Intra Uterine Device $(IUD)$ used for contraception.
Therefore,the correct matching is $A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1$.

(D) The correct matching is as follows:
$(A)$ Barrier methods prevent the physical meeting of sperm and ovum. Examples include condoms and cervical caps. Thus,$(A)-(3)$.
$(B)$ $IUD$ (Intrauterine Device) includes devices like Copper-$T$ which are inserted into the uterus. Thus,$(B)-(1)$.
$(C)$ Surgical techniques (sterilization) include vasectomy in males and tubectomy in females. Thus,$(C)-(2)$.
$(D)$ Administering hormones involves the use of oral contraceptive pills and drugs like Saheli. Thus,$(D)-(4)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(A)-(3), (B)-(1), (C)-(2), (D)-(4)$.

(C) Oral contraceptive pills contain either progestogens alone or in combination with oestrogen.
These pills work primarily by inhibiting ovulation and implantation.
Additionally,they alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent or retard the entry of sperms into the uterus.
Statement $III$ describes the function of barrier methods (like condoms),and statement $IV$ is incorrect as pills do not inhibit spermatogenesis in males.
Therefore,only statements $I$ and $II$ are correct regarding the mechanism of action of contraceptive pills.

(C) The correct option is $C$.
$A-$Vasectomy (male sterilization),$B-$Tubectomy (female sterilization).
$C-$Vas deferens cut and tied (in males).
$D-$Fallopian tube cut and tied (in females).
Surgical methods,also called sterilization,are terminal methods used to prevent pregnancy. They work by blocking the transport of gametes.
$1.$ Vasectomy: In males,a small portion of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum.
$2.$ Tubectomy: In females,a small part of the Fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through the vagina.

(C) Spermicidal creams contain chemical agents that kill sperm cells. When these creams are used in conjunction with barrier methods of contraception like condoms,diaphragms,cervical caps,and vaults,they significantly increase the overall effectiveness of these contraceptive devices by providing an additional chemical barrier against fertilization.

(B) Statement $I$ is false because tubectomy and vasectomy are surgical sterilization methods with little to no long-term side effects.
Statement $II$ is false because the purpose of tubectomy is to block the fallopian tubes to prevent the transport of the egg,not to prevent egg formation (ovulation still occurs).
Statement $III$ is true as oral contraceptive pills contain either progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen.
Statement $IV$ is true as these pills inhibit ovulation and implantation.

(C) Copper releasing $IUDs$ (Intra Uterine Devices) function by releasing copper ions $(Cu^{2+})$ into the uterus.
These copper ions increase the phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.
Furthermore,the released copper ions significantly suppress the motility of the sperms and reduce their fertilizing capacity.
Examples of copper-releasing $IUDs$ include $Cu-T$,$Cu-7$,and $Multiload-375$.

(A) Emergency contraceptives,such as pills containing progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations,are designed to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sexual intercourse.
These methods are highly effective if administered within $72 \;hrs$ of coitus (unprotected sexual intercourse).
They work primarily by inhibiting or delaying ovulation,altering the cervical mucus to prevent sperm entry,or preventing implantation if fertilization has already occurred.
Therefore,the correct time frame for their effectiveness is $72 \;hrs$ post-coitus.

(B) 'Saheli' is a non-steroidal oral contraceptive pill developed by the Central Drug Research Institute $(CDRI)$ in Lucknow.
It is a 'once-a-week' pill that is highly effective as a contraceptive.
It is known for having very few side effects compared to other hormonal contraceptives.
Therefore,the correct statements are $I$ (Developed at $CDRI$),$III$ ('Once-a-week' pill),$V$ (High contraceptive value),and $VI$ (Very few side effects).
Statement $II$ is incorrect because 'Saheli' is non-steroidal.

(A) Based on the provided figures:
$A$ represents Condoms (barrier method).
$B$ represents Copper$-T$ (intrauterine device).
$C$ represents Implants (hormonal method).
$D$ represents Vasectomy (surgical method in males where vas deferens is cut and tied).
$E$ represents Tubectomy (surgical method in females where fallopian tubes are cut and tied).
Therefore,the correct matching is $A-IV, B-V, C-III, D-II, E-I$.

(D) Copper-$T$ is an Intrauterine Device $(IUD)$ that releases copper ions $(Cu^{2+})$ into the uterus.
These copper ions suppress the motility of sperm and their fertilizing capacity.
By reducing sperm motility,the $IUD$ effectively prevents the sperm from reaching the egg,thereby inhibiting fertilization.
Therefore,Copper-$T$ prevents both the fertilization of the egg and reduces sperm motility.

(C) $I$. Ovulation does not occur during the period of intense lactation,which is correct.
$II$. Chances of failure are almost nil up to six months following parturition,which is correct.
$III$. Since it is a natural method,side effects are almost nil,which is correct.
$IV$. It is a natural method of contraception,which is correct.
$V$. The increase in phagocytosis of sperms is a characteristic of $IUDs$ (Intra Uterine Devices),not lactational amenorrhoea. Therefore,this statement is incorrect.
Thus,statements $I, II, III$ and $IV$ are correct.

(A) $IUD$ (Intra Uterine Devices) are highly effective and widely used for spacing children.
New improved $IUD$s are available,which offer greater durability to prevent unwanted pregnancy.
Some of these devices are effective for a period ranging from $1$ to $5$ years.
Therefore,for delaying pregnancy or maintaining a gap between children,$IUD$ is considered the most ideal contraceptive method.