Method of birth control Questions in English

(A) The Rhythm method (also known as the periodic abstinence or calendar method) relies on predicting the fertile period of a woman's menstrual cycle.
It is based on the assumption that ovulation occurs $14$ days before the next menstrual cycle.
However,the failure rate of this method is very high (approximately $20-30\;\%$) because very few women have perfectly regular menstrual cycles.
Variations in cycle length due to stress,illness,or hormonal changes make it difficult to accurately predict the fertile window,leading to a high risk of unintended pregnancy.
Therefore,both the Assertion and the Reason are correct,and the Reason provides the correct explanation for the high failure rate.

(A) Vasectomy (in males) and tubectomy (in females) are surgical methods of contraception,also known as sterilization.
These methods are highly effective because they physically block the transport of gametes (sperm or ovum),resulting in a failure rate that is nearly zero percent.
However,these procedures are intended to be permanent,and their surgical reversibility is very poor,making them unsuitable for individuals who may wish to have children in the future.
Therefore,both the Assertion and the Reason are correct,and the Reason explains why these methods are considered permanent surgical interventions.

(A) Lactational amenorrhoea is a natural method of contraception based on the fact that ovulation does not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition.
During this period,the high levels of prolactin (the hormone responsible for milk production) in the mother's blood inhibit the secretion of gonadotropins ($LH$ and $FSH$) from the anterior pituitary gland.
Since gonadotropins are essential for the maturation of ovarian follicles and ovulation,their inhibition prevents ovulation,thereby acting as a natural contraceptive method.

(C) : Gossypol is a phenolic compound derived from the cotton plant. It has been studied as a male contraceptive because it inhibits spermatogenesis by affecting the germinal epithelium of the testes.
$R$: Centchroman (marketed as Saheli) is a non-steroidal oral contraceptive pill. It does not inhibit ovulation; instead,it acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator $(SERM)$ that prevents the implantation of the fertilized ovum in the uterus.
Therefore,the Assertion is correct,but the Reason is incorrect.

(D) Oral contraceptives or contraceptive pills are used to control fertility.
These pills contain a mixture of synthetic oestrogen and progesterone or only synthetic progesterone.
These hormones act by inhibiting ovulation,altering the cervical mucus to prevent sperm entry,and changing the uterine lining to prevent implantation.

(A) Tubectomy is a surgical method of female sterilization,which involves cutting and tying (tubal ligation) of the fallopian tubes. By blocking the fallopian tubes,the sperm is prevented from reaching the ovum,thereby preventing fertilization.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$(a)$ Vaults are barrier methods that prevent the entry of sperm through the Cervix. Thus,$(a)-(i)$.
$(b)$ $IUDs$ (Intra Uterine Devices) like Lippes loop increase phagocytosis of sperms within the Uterus. Thus,$(b)-(iii)$.
$(c)$ Vasectomy is a surgical sterilization method in males involving the removal or ligation of a small part of the Vas deferens. Thus,$(c)-(ii)$.
$(d)$ Tubectomy is a surgical sterilization method in females involving the removal or ligation of a small part of the fallopian tube. Thus,$(d)-(iv)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(a)-(i), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iv)$,which corresponds to option $(B)$.

(B) Intrauterine devices $(IUDs)$ are effective contraceptive methods. They are categorized into three types:
$1$. Non-medicated $IUDs$: e.g.,Lippes loop.
$2$. Copper-releasing $IUDs$: These increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus and suppress sperm motility and fertilizing capacity of sperms. Examples include $CuT$,$Cu-7$,and Multiload $375$.
$3$. Hormone-releasing $IUDs$: These make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms. Examples include Progestasert and $LNG-20$.
Therefore,$LNG-20$ is a hormone-releasing $IUD$.

(B) Lippe's loop is a type of $IUD$ (Intrauterine Device).
Specifically,it is classified as a non-medicated $IUD$ because it does not release any hormones or metal ions.
It works by increasing phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(A) The correct matching is as follows:
$(a)$ Diaphragms are barrier methods that cover the cervix,thereby blocking the entry of sperms into the uterus. Thus,$(a)-(iv)$.
$(b)$ Contraceptive pills contain hormones (progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations) that inhibit ovulation and implantation,and also alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent sperm entry. Thus,$(b)-(i)$.
$(c)$ Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs) like Copper-$T$ increase the phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus,which reduces sperm count and motility. Thus,$(c)-(ii)$.
$(d)$ Lactational amenorrhea is a natural method based on the fact that ovulation and the menstrual cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition. Thus,$(d)-(iii)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii)$.

(D) Withdrawal or coitus interruptus is a natural method of contraception in which the male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination.
Therefore,both options $A$ and $C$ refer to the same method.

(C) Nirodh is a well-known and widely used brand of male condoms in India. It is promoted by the government to encourage safe sexual practices and to act as a barrier method for contraception. Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(A) Barrier methods (like condoms,diaphragms,cervical caps,and vaults) prevent the physical meeting of sperm and ovum. When these are used in conjunction with chemical agents like spermicidal creams,jellies,and foams,these chemicals kill the sperms and immobilize them. This combination significantly increases the overall contraceptive efficiency by providing a dual layer of protection against fertilization.

(C) Diaphragms,cervical caps,and vaults are barrier methods of contraception. These devices are made of rubber and are inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix during coitus. By covering the cervix,they physically block the entry of sperm into the uterus,thereby preventing fertilization.

(A) The classification of Intrauterine Devices $(IUDs)$ is as follows:
$1$. Copper releasing $IUDs$: These devices release copper ions which suppress sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of sperms. Examples include $CuT$,$Cu 7$,and Multiload $375$. Thus,$P-I$.
$2$. Non-medicated $IUDs$: These are the first generation of $IUDs$ which work primarily by causing a foreign body reaction in the uterus,leading to phagocytosis of sperms. Example is Lippes loop. Thus,$Q-II$.
$3$. Hormone releasing $IUDs$: These devices release hormones (progestogens) that make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperms. Examples include Progestasert and $LNG-20$. Thus,$R-III$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $(P-I), (Q-II), (R-III)$.

(A) Intrauterine Devices $(IUDs)$ are considered the ideal contraceptive for females who want to delay pregnancy and space out children.
These devices are inserted by doctors or expert nurses in the uterus through the vagina.
$IUDs$ are highly effective,long-acting,and reversible,making them the most widely accepted method for birth spacing in India.

(B) The method described is $Lactational \text{ } amenorrhea$.
It is a natural method of contraception based on the biological fact that ovulation does not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition.
As long as the mother breastfeeds the child fully, the levels of prolactin remain high, which inhibits the release of gonadotropins ($FSH$ and $LH$), thereby preventing ovulation.
This method is effective only up to a maximum period of $6$ months following parturition.

(C) Copper-releasing $IUDs$ (like $CuT$,$Cu7$,$Multiload$ $375$) release $Cu^{2+}$ ions.
These ions perform the following functions:
$1$. They suppress the motility of sperms $(I)$.
$2$. They inhibit the fertilizing capacity of sperms $(II)$.
$3$. They do not affect the uterus or cervix in the way hormone-releasing $IUDs$ do (which make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperms).
Therefore,only statements $I$ and $II$ are correct.

(B) Based on the provided images:
$P$ represents a male condom.
$Q$ represents a female condom.
$R$ represents a Copper $T$ (an intrauterine device).
$S$ represents hormonal implants.
Matching these with Column-$II$:
$P$ (Male condom) matches with $II$.
$Q$ (Female condom) matches with $I$.
$R$ (Copper $T$) matches with $IV$.
$S$ (Implant) matches with $III$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(P-II), (Q-I), (R-IV), (S-III)$.

(D) Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are widely used as a method of birth control. These pills contain either progestogens alone or a combination of progestogens and estrogen. They work by inhibiting ovulation and implantation,as well as altering the quality of cervical mucus to prevent the entry of sperm. Therefore,the correct answer is that they contain progestogens or a combination of progestogens and estrogen.

(D) In the provided image:
$P$ represents Vasectomy,which is a surgical sterilization method in males where the vas deferens is cut and tied to prevent the transport of sperm.
$Q$ represents Tubectomy,which is a surgical sterilization method in females where the fallopian tubes are cut and tied to prevent the transport of the ovum.
Therefore,the correct sequence is Vasectomy and Tubectomy.

(B) The correct matching is as follows:
$P$. Surgical methods: Tubectomy $(II)$
$Q$. Oral pills: Easy to take orally $(I)$
$R$. $IUDs$: $Cu 7$ $(V)$
$S$. Barrier methods: Diaphragm $(IV)$
$T$. Natural methods: Withdrawal $(III)$
Therefore, the correct sequence is $(P-II), (Q-I), (R-V), (S-IV), (T-III)$.

(D) Progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen can be used by females as injections or implants under the skin. These hormonal contraceptives work by inhibiting ovulation and altering the cervical mucus to prevent sperm entry. Therefore,both options $A$ and $C$ are correct.

(C) Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are a common method of birth control.
These pills contain either progestogens or a combination of progestogen and estrogen.
The standard regimen involves taking the pill daily for $21$ days,starting preferably within the first five days of the menstrual cycle.
After completing the $21$-day course,a gap of $7$ days is maintained,during which withdrawal bleeding (menstruation) occurs.
This cycle is repeated as long as the woman wishes to prevent pregnancy.

(D) Emergency contraceptives are used within $72$ hours of unprotected intercourse to prevent unwanted pregnancy.
Progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen can be used as emergency contraceptives.
$IUDs$ (Intrauterine Devices) are also highly effective if inserted within $72$ hours of unprotected intercourse.
Therefore,all the given options are effective as emergency contraceptives.

(C) Physical barriers are methods used to prevent the physical meeting of sperm and ovum.
$1$. Copper-$T$ and Lippes loop are Intrauterine Devices $(IUDs)$.
$2$. Diaphragms,cervical caps,and vaults are physical barriers made of rubber or latex that cover the cervix in the female reproductive tract to block the entry of sperm.
$3$. Coitus interruptus is a behavioral method of contraception.
Therefore,the diaphragm is the correct physical barrier method.

(B) Sterilization methods (such as vasectomy in males and tubectomy in females) are considered the most effective and permanent methods of birth control.
These surgical procedures block the transport of gametes,thereby preventing fertilization.
Induced abortion is a medical procedure used to terminate a pregnancy,not a primary method of birth control.
Periodic abstinence and condoms have higher failure rates compared to sterilization.

(D) Tubectomy is a surgical sterilization procedure for females. In this method,a small part of the fallopian tubes is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through the vagina. This blocks the transport of the ovum,thereby preventing the fusion of the sperm and the ovum,which is known as fertilization. Therefore,the primary purpose of tubectomy is to prevent fertilization.

(A) Tubectomy is a surgical sterilization procedure performed in females.
In this procedure,a small part of the fallopian tubes is removed or tied up to prevent the fertilization of the egg by the sperm.
This acts as a permanent method of contraception.
In contrast,the surgical sterilization procedure performed in males is called vasectomy.

(A) Periodic abstinence is a natural method of contraception where couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day $10$ to $17$ of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected.
This period is called the 'fertile period' because the chances of fertilization are very high during these days.
Therefore,abstaining from coitus during this time prevents conception.

(C) Vasectomy is a permanent surgical method of contraception in males.
In this procedure,a small part of the $vas \ deferens$ is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum.
This blocks the transport of sperm from the testes to the urethra.
Therefore,it prevents the entry of sperm into the urethra,while sperm production in the testes and semen production by accessory glands continue normally.

(A) Vasectomy is a surgical method of contraception in males. In this procedure,a small part of the $vas \ deferens$ is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum. This prevents the transport of sperm from the testes to the urethra,thereby preventing fertilization.

(A) Sterilization (surgical methods) is a terminal method of contraception. It is highly effective in preventing pregnancy as it blocks the transport of gametes (vasectomy in males and tubectomy in females). However,the reversibility of these procedures is very poor,making them permanent methods of birth control.

(D) Lactational Amenorrhea is a natural method of contraception based on the fact that ovulation and the menstrual cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition.
This method is highly effective only up to a maximum period of $6$ months following parturition.
Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(A) Natural methods of contraception,such as periodic abstinence,withdrawal (coitus interruptus),and lactational amenorrhea,rely on behavioral changes or physiological timing.
These methods have a very high failure rate compared to other contraceptive methods because they require strict adherence and are highly susceptible to human error or miscalculation of the menstrual cycle.

(B) $Saheli$ is a new oral contraceptive for females developed by the Central Drug Research Institute $(CDRI)$ in Lucknow,India.
It contains a non-steroidal preparation called $Centchroman$.
It is a 'once a week' pill with very few side effects and high contraceptive value.
Therefore,the statement that it is a steroidal preparation is incorrect.

(A) Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs) are contraceptive methods inserted into the uterus by doctors or expert nurses.
They are categorized as non-medicated IUDs (e.g.,Lippes loop),copper-releasing IUDs (e.g.,CuT,Cu7,Multiload $375$),and hormone-releasing IUDs (e.g.,Progestasert,$LNG$-$20$).
Progestogens are a class of hormones used in contraceptive pills or implants,but they are not classified as IUDs themselves.
Therefore,Progestogens is the correct answer.

(C) Intrauterine devices $(IUDs)$ function through various mechanisms:
$1$. Statement $(a)$ is incorrect because $IUDs$ actually increase the phagocytosis of sperm within the uterus.
$2$. Statement $(b)$ is correct; copper ions released from copper-releasing $IUDs$ (like $CuT$) suppress sperm motility and their fertilizing capacity.
$3$. Statement $(c)$ is incorrect because $IUDs$ make the cervix hostile to sperm,preventing their entry.
$4$. Statement $(d)$ is correct; copper ions suppress the fertilization capacity of sperm.
$5$. Statement $(e)$ is incorrect because $IUDs$ are inserted by doctors or expert nurses in the uterine cavity and do not require surgical intervention.
Therefore,statements $(b)$ and $(d)$ are correct.

(C) The correct answer is option $C$ because:
$1$. Vaults are barrier methods of contraception made of rubber,which are inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix during coitus.
$2$. Periodic abstinence is a natural method of contraception in which couples avoid coitus during the fertile period.
$3$. Lactational amenorrhea is a natural method of contraception based on the fact that ovulation and the menstrual cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition.
$4$. Coitus interruptus is a natural method of contraception in which the male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation to avoid insemination.

(C) The correct answer is option $C$ because:
- Lippes loop is a non-medicated $IUD$ $(A-III)$.
- Multiload $375$ is a copper-releasing $IUD$ $(B-I)$.
- $LNG-20$ is a hormone-releasing $IUD$ $(C-IV)$.
- Progestogens are used as implants $(D-II)$.

(C) Vasectomy is a surgical method of contraception performed in males,where a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up to block the transport of sperms.
Progesterone,progestogen-estrogen combinations,and vaults are all methods used for female contraception.
Progesterone and progestogen-estrogen combinations are used in oral pills or injections to prevent ovulation.
Vaults are barrier methods used by females to prevent the entry of sperms into the uterus.

(A) Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs) are clinical devices inserted into the uterus by doctors or expert nurses to prevent pregnancy.
From the given list,the IUDs are:
$1$. Lippes loop
$2$. Multiload $375$
$3$. Cu-$T$
$4$. $LNG$-$20$
Condom,Diaphragm,Cervical Cap,and Vaults are barrier methods,not IUDs.
Therefore,there are $4$ devices that are IUDs.

(B) Intrauterine devices $(\text{IUDs})$ are effective contraceptive methods. They are categorized into three types:
$1$. Non-medicated $\text{IUDs}$: Example is Lippes loop.
$2$. Copper-releasing $\text{IUDs}$: These release copper ions which suppress sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of sperms. Examples include $\text{CuT}$,$\text{Cu7}$,and Multiload $375$.
$3$. Hormone-releasing $\text{IUDs}$: These make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperms. Examples include Progestasert and $\text{LNG}-20$.
Therefore,Multiload $375$ is a copper-releasing $\text{IUD}$.

(D) Emergency contraception refers to methods that can prevent pregnancy after unprotected sexual intercourse or failure of a contraceptive method.
Unwanted-$72$ is a well-known emergency contraceptive pill that contains the hormone levonorgestrel.
It is most effective when taken within $72$ hours of unprotected intercourse.
Diaphragms are barrier methods used during intercourse,not for emergency use.
Daily tablets (like combined oral contraceptive pills) are used for regular,daily contraception.
Saheli is a non-steroidal,once-a-week oral contraceptive pill.

(B) Hormone-releasing IUDs,such as $LNG-20$ and Progestasert,function by making the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.
$LNG-20$ is a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device that releases hormones locally,which alters the uterine environment and thickens the cervical mucus,thereby preventing sperm entry and implantation.

(A) Saheli is a non-steroidal oral contraceptive pill developed by $CDRI$ (Central Drug Research Institute) in Lucknow,India.
It is taken once a week,making it distinct from daily contraceptive pills.
It has very few side effects and possesses high contraceptive value.
Therefore,the statement 'Contains steroidal preparation' is incorrect and is the odd one out.

(B) Barrier methods are contraceptives that physically prevent the sperm from reaching the ovum.
Among the given options:
$1$. $IUD$ (Intrauterine Device) is a clinical method.
$2$. Condoms are barrier methods.
$3$. Pills are hormonal/chemical methods.
$4$. Diaphragms are barrier methods.
$5$. Cervical caps are barrier methods.
$6$. Vaults are barrier methods.
$7$. Sterilisation is a surgical method.
Therefore,the barrier methods are: Condoms,Diaphragms,Cervical caps,and Vaults.
The total count is $4$.

(B) Barrier methods are designed to prevent the physical meeting of the sperm and the ovum.
Condoms are a type of barrier method made of thin rubber or latex sheath that covers the penis in the male or is used in the female to prevent the deposition of semen into the vagina.
$IUDs$ (Intrauterine Devices) work by increasing phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus or by releasing copper ions to suppress sperm motility.
Periodic abstinence involves avoiding coitus from day $10$ to $17$ of the menstrual cycle when ovulation is expected.
Pills contain hormones that inhibit ovulation or alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent the entry of sperms.
Therefore,the correct answer is Condom.

(C) diaphragm is a barrier method of contraception.
It is a rubber dome-shaped device that is inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix.
By covering the cervix,it physically blocks the entry of sperms into the uterus,thereby preventing fertilization.
Lactational amenorrhea is a natural method based on the absence of menstruation during breastfeeding.
$IUD$s (Intrauterine Devices) are devices inserted into the uterus that increase phagocytosis of sperms or release hormones.
Tubectomy is a surgical sterilization method in females where the fallopian tubes are blocked or cut.

(D) The diagram shows Tubectomy,which is a surgical sterilization method in females.
$1$. It is a permanent method of contraception,meaning it is intended to be irreversible.
$2$. It is highly effective in preventing conception by blocking the fallopian tubes.
$3$. Since it is a surgical procedure designed to be permanent,it has very poor reversibility,not high reversibility.
Therefore,the incorrect statement is that it has high reversibility.