Respiratory volumes and capacities Questions in English

(B) The correct matching is based on standard respiratory volumes:
$(a)$ Tidal volume $(TV)$: The volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration is approximately $500\,mL$ $(iii)$.
$(b)$ Inspiratory Reserve volume $(IRV)$: Additional volume of air, a person can inspire by a forcible inspiration, is $2500-3000\,mL$ $(i)$.
$(c)$ Expiratory Reserve volume $(ERV)$: Additional volume of air, a person can expire by a forcible expiration, is $1000-1100\,mL$ $(iv)$.
$(d)$ Residual volume $(RV)$: Volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible expiration, is $1100-1200\,mL$ $(ii)$.
Thus, the correct sequence is $a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii$.

(A) Expiratory Capacity $(EC)$ is defined as the total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration.
It is calculated as the sum of Tidal Volume $(TV)$ and Expiratory Reserve Volume $(ERV)$.
Formula: $EC = TV + ERV$.
Given: $TV = 500 \; mL$ and $ERV = 1000 \; mL$.
Calculation: $EC = 500 \; mL + 1000 \; mL = 1500 \; mL$.
The Residual Volume $(RV)$ is not required to calculate the Expiratory Capacity.
Therefore,the correct answer is $1500 \; mL$.

(A) Pulmonary ventilation is calculated as: $\text{Tidal Volume} \times \text{Respiratory Rate}$.
For $A$: $185 \, cc/breath \times 35 \, breaths/min = 6475 \, cc/min$.
For $B$: $259 \, cc/breath \times 25 \, breaths/min = 6475 \, cc/min$.
Since both values are equal, the pulmonary ventilation of $A$ and $B$ is the same.

(D) The volume of air inspired or expired during a normal breath is known as tidal volume $(TV)$.
It is approximately $500\, ml$.
$A$ healthy human can inspire or expire approximately $6000$ to $8000\, ml$ of air per minute,given that the normal breathing rate is $12-16$ times per minute.

(B) The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration is defined as the $Vital \ Capacity$ $(VC)$.
$Vital \ Capacity$ is the sum of $Inspiratory \ Reserve \ Volume$ $(IRV)$,$Tidal \ Volume$ $(TV)$,and $Expiratory \ Reserve \ Volume$ $(ERV)$.
Mathematically,$VC = IRV + TV + ERV$.
This represents the total amount of air a person can exhale after a maximum inhalation or inhale after a maximum exhalation.

(N/A) Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that a person can breathe in after a forced expiration,or the maximum volume of air that a person can breathe out after a forced inspiration. It is calculated as the sum of $IRV + TV + ERV$. In a healthy human adult,it is approximately $3.5-4.5$ litres. Its significance lies in the fact that it provides a reserve of air for increased physical activity,ensures efficient ventilation of the lungs,and facilitates better gaseous exchange between the blood and the environment.

(N/A) The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration is known as functional residual capacity $(FRC)$.
It includes expiratory reserve volume $(ERV)$ and residual volume $(RV)$.
$ERV$ is the additional volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration,which is about $1000 \, mL$ to $1100 \, mL$.
$RV$ is the volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forced expiration,which is about $1100 \, mL$ to $1200 \, mL$.
Therefore,$FRC = ERV + RV$.
$FRC \approx 1000 \, mL + 1100 \, mL = 2100 \, mL$ to $1100 \, mL + 1200 \, mL = 2300 \, mL$.
Thus,the functional residual capacity of the human lungs is approximately $2100 \, mL$ to $2300 \, mL$.

(N/A)

$a$. Inspiratory reserve volume $(IRV)$	$a$. Expiratory reserve volume $(ERV)$
$1$. It is the additional volume of air that can be inspired by a forcible inspiration.	$1$. It is the additional volume of air that can be expired by a forcible expiration.
$2$. It is about $2500-3500 \, mL$.	$2$. It is about $1000-1100 \, mL$.

$b$. Inspiratory capacity $(IC)$	$b$. Expiratory capacity $(EC)$
$1$. Total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration.	$1$. Total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration.
$2$. $IC = TV + IRV$	$2$. $EC = TV + ERV$

$c$. Vital capacity $(VC)$	$c$. Total lung capacity $(TLC)$
$1$. Maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration.	$1$. Total volume of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration.
$2$. Includes $ERV + TV + IRV$.	$2$. Includes $RV + ERV + TV + IRV$.

(N/A) Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal respiration.
It is approximately $500 \,mL$ per breath,which corresponds to about $6000$ to $8000 \,mL$ of air per minute.
The hourly tidal volume for a healthy human can be calculated as:
Tidal volume per minute $= 6000$ to $8000 \,mL/min$
Tidal volume in an hour $= (6000 \text{ to } 8000 \,mL/min) \times (60 \,min/hour)$
$= 360,000$ to $480,000 \,mL/hour$
$= 3.6 \times 10^{5} \,mL$ to $4.8 \times 10^{5} \,mL/hour$
Therefore,the hourly tidal volume for a healthy human is approximately $3.6 \times 10^{5} \,mL$ to $4.8 \times 10^{5} \,mL$.

(N/A) Respiratory Volumes:
Tidal Volume $(TV)$: It is the volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration. It is approximately $500 \,mL$,i.e.,a healthy man can inspire or expire approximately $6000$ to $8000 \,mL$ of air per minute.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume $(IRV)$: The additional volume of air a person can inspire by a forcible inspiration. This averages $2500 \,mL$ to $3000 \,mL$.
Expiratory Reserve Volume $(ERV)$: The additional volume of air a person can expire by a forcible expiration. This averages $1000 \,mL$ to $1100 \,mL$.
Residual Volume $(RV)$: The volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible expiration. This averages $1100 \,mL$ to $1200 \,mL$.
Capacities:
By adding up a few respiratory volumes described above,one can derive various pulmonary capacities,which can be used in clinical diagnosis.
Inspiratory Capacity $(IC)$: It is the total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration. This includes tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume $(IC = TV + IRV)$,which is $3000$ to $3500 \,mL$.
Expiratory Capacity $(EC)$: It is the total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration. This includes tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume $(EC = TV + ERV)$,which is $1500$ to $1600 \,mL$.
Functional Residual Capacity $(FRC)$: It is the volume of air that will remain in the lungs after a normal expiration. This includes $ERV + RV$ $(FRC = ERV + RV)$,which is $2100$ to $2300 \,mL$.
Vital Capacity $(VC)$: The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration. This includes $ERV + TV + IRV$,or the maximum volume of air a person can breathe out after a forced inspiration.
Total Lung Capacity $(TLC)$: The total volume of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration. This includes $RV + ERV + TV + IRV$ or $VC + RV$. $TLC$ is about $5100$ to $5800 \,mL$.

(N/A)

Inspiratory reserve volume $(IRV)$	Expiratory reserve volume $(ERV)$
$(1)$ Additional volume of air,a person can inspire by a forcible inspiration.	$(1)$ Additional volume of air,a person can expire by a forcible expiration.
$(2)$ Average volume is $2500 \; ml$ to $3000 \; ml$.	$(2)$ Average volume is $1000 \; ml$ to $1100 \; ml$.

(N/A)

Vital Capacity	Total Lung Capacity
$(1)$ The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration.	$(1)$ The total volume of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration.
$(2)$ It includes Inspiratory Reserve Volume $(IRV)$,Tidal Volume $(TV)$,and Expiratory Reserve Volume $(ERV)$.	$(2)$ It includes all respiratory volumes: $IRV + TV + ERV + RV$ (Residual Volume).
$(3)$ Average volume is approximately $4000 \; ml$ to $4600 \; ml$.	$(3)$ Average volume is approximately $5100 \; ml$ to $5800 \; ml$.

(N/A) Tidal volume: It is the volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration. It is approximately $500 \ mL$. $A$ healthy man can inspire or expire approximately $6000$ to $8000 \ mL$ of air per minute.
$(b)$ Residual volume: The volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible expiration. This averages $1100 \ mL$ to $1200 \ mL$.
$(c)$ Asthma: This is a respiratory disorder characterized by difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles.

(A) The standard respiratory volumes and capacities are as follows:
$(a)$ Tidal Volume $(TV)$: Approximately $500 \ ml$.
$(d)$ Expiratory Capacity $(EC)$: $TV + ERV = 500 \ ml + 1000 \ ml = 1500 \ ml$.
$(b)$ Residual Volume $(RV)$: Approximately $1100-1200 \ ml$.
$(c)$ Inspiratory Reserve Volume $(IRV)$: Approximately $2500-3000 \ ml$.
Comparing these values: $500 \ ml (TV) < 1100-1200 \ ml (RV) < 1500 \ ml (EC) < 2500-3000 \ ml (IRV)$.
Therefore,the ascending order is $(a) < (b) < (d) < (c)$.

(N/A) Inspiratory Capacity $(IC) = TV + IRV$
$(b)$ Expiratory Capacity $(EC) = TV + ERV$
$(c)$ Functional Residual Capacity $(FRC) = ERV + RV$
Explanation:
$1.$ Inspiratory Capacity $(IC)$ is the total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration. This includes Tidal Volume $(TV)$ and Inspiratory Reserve Volume $(IRV)$.
$2.$ Expiratory Capacity $(EC)$ is the total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration. This includes Tidal Volume $(TV)$ and Expiratory Reserve Volume $(ERV)$.
$3.$ Functional Residual Capacity $(FRC)$ is the volume of air that will remain in the lungs after a normal expiration. This includes Expiratory Reserve Volume $(ERV)$ and Residual Volume $(RV)$.

(A) The correct answer is option $A$.
Total Lung Capacity $(TLC)$ is defined as the total volume of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration.
This includes the sum of all respiratory volumes: $TLC = RV + ERV + TV + IRV$.
Therefore,it comprises the Residual Volume $(RV)$,Expiratory Reserve Volume $(ERV)$,Tidal Volume $(TV)$,and Inspiratory Reserve Volume $(IRV)$.

(A) Tidal Volume $(TV)$ is the volume of air inspired or expired during a normal,relaxed breath.
Its value is approximately $500 \; mL$.
It consists of $150 \; mL$ of anatomical dead space volume and $350 \; mL$ of alveolar volume.

(C) Residual Volume $(RV)$ is the volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a forcible expiration.
It typically averages about $1200\; mL$ in a healthy human adult.
This volume ensures that the lungs do not collapse even after maximum exhalation.

(B) Vital Capacity $(VC)$ is defined as the maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration.
It is calculated as the sum of Inspiratory Reserve Volume $(IRV)$,Tidal Volume $(TV)$,and Expiratory Reserve Volume $(ERV)$.
Formula: $VC = IRV + TV + ERV$.
Given values: $IRV = 3000\; mL$,$TV = 500\; mL$,and $ERV = 1100\; mL$.
Calculation: $VC = 3000 + 500 + 1100 = 4600\; mL$.

(B) Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath.
This is approximately $500 \; mL$ in an adult person.

(C) The volume of air inspired or expired per minute is known as the minute ventilation or pulmonary ventilation.
It is calculated by multiplying the tidal volume (approximately $500\; mL$) by the breathing rate (approximately $12$ to $16$ times per minute).
Therefore,the calculation is $500\; mL \times 12 = 6000\; mL$ and $500\; mL \times 16 = 8000\; mL$.
Thus,a healthy man can inspire or expire approximately $6000$ to $8000\; mL$ of air per minute.

(A) Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath.
This is approximately $500\; mL$ or $0.5\; L$ in a healthy adult person.

(A) Expiratory reserve volume $(ERV)$ is the additional volume of air that a person can expire by a forcible expiration after a normal expiration.
It typically ranges from $1000\; mL$ to $1100\; mL$.
Among the given options,$1000\; mL$ is the correct value.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume $(IRV)$ is approximately $2500-3000\; mL$.
Vital capacity is approximately $4000\; mL$.
Total lung capacity is approximately $5000-6000\; mL$.

(D) Residual volume $(RV)$ is the volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible expiration. Its average value is approximately $1200 \; mL$.
Tidal volume $(TV)$ is the volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration. Its average value is approximately $500 \; mL$.
Since $1200 \; mL > 500 \; mL$,the residual volume is greater than the tidal volume.

(B) $I.$ Residual Volume $(RV)$: The volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible expiration,which is approximately $1100 \ mL$ to $1200 \ mL$.
$II.$ Tidal Volume $(TV)$: Volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration,which is approximately $500 \ mL$.
$III.$ Total Lung Capacity $(TLC)$: Total volume of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration,which is approximately $5000 \ mL$ to $6000 \ mL$.

(A) Tidal Volume $(TV)$ is defined as the volume of air inspired or expired during a normal,involuntary breath.
In an average healthy young adult,this volume is approximately $500 \; mL$.
Other respiratory volumes are:
$(i)$ Inspiratory Reserve Volume $(IRV)$: The additional volume of air a person can inhale by a forcible inspiration,approximately $2500 \; mL$ to $3000 \; mL$.
$(ii)$ Expiratory Reserve Volume $(ERV)$: The additional volume of air a person can expire by a forcible expiration,approximately $1000 \; mL$ to $1100 \; mL$.
$(iii)$ Residual Volume $(RV)$: The volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible expiration,approximately $1100 \; mL$ to $1200 \; mL$.

(D) Total Lung Capacity $(TLC)$ is defined as the total volume of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration.
It includes the sum of all respiratory volumes: Residual Volume $(RV)$,Expiratory Reserve Volume $(ERV)$,Tidal Volume $(TV)$,and Inspiratory Reserve Volume $(IRV)$.
Mathematically,it can also be expressed as the sum of Vital Capacity $(VC)$ and Residual Volume $(RV)$,where $VC = IRV + TV + ERV$.
Therefore,all the given statements are correct.

(B) spirometer is an instrument used to measure the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs.
$RV$ (Residual Volume) is the volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible expiration.
Since this air cannot be exhaled,it cannot be measured directly by a spirometer.
Therefore,$RV$ cannot be measured using a spirometer.

(B) Dead space refers to the volume of air that is inhaled during breathing but does not participate in gas exchange because it remains in the conducting airways (such as the trachea and bronchi). In a healthy human adult,the anatomical dead space is approximately $150\; mL$.

(B) The standard values for respiratory volumes and capacities in a healthy adult human are as follows:
$1$. Tidal Volume $(TV)$: $500 \; mL$
$2$. Expiratory Reserve Volume $(ERV)$: $1000 \; mL - 1100 \; mL$
$3$. Residual Volume $(RV)$: $1100 \; mL - 1200 \; mL$
$4$. Vital Capacity $(VC)$: $3500 \; mL - 4600 \; mL$
Comparing these values,the order of increasing volume is: $TV < ERV < RV < VC$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $I < III < II < IV$.

(D) Vital capacity $(VC)$ is defined as the maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration.
It includes the Expiratory Reserve Volume $(ERV)$,Tidal Volume $(TV)$,and Inspiratory Reserve Volume $(IRV)$.
Mathematically,$VC = ERV + TV + IRV$.
Residual Volume $(RV)$ is the volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forced expiration,and it is not part of the vital capacity.

(A) Tidal Volume $(TV)$ is the volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration,which is approximately $500$ ml for a healthy man.
Minute volume (pulmonary ventilation) is calculated as $TV \times \text{Breathing rate}$.
Given that the breathing rate is $12-16$ times per minute,the minute volume is $500 \text{ ml} \times (12-16) \text{ per minute} = 6000-8000$ ml/min.
Therefore,the correct value for minute volume is approximately $6000-8000$ ml/min.

(B) The volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forceful expiration is known as Residual Volume $(RV)$.
$1$. Tidal Volume $(TV)$: It is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal respiration,approximately $500 \; ml$.
$2$. Residual Volume $(RV)$: It is the volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forceful expiration,approximately $1100 \; ml$ to $1200 \; ml$.
$3$. Inspiratory Reserve Volume $(IRV)$: The additional volume of air,a person can inspire by a forcible inspiration,approximately $2500 \; ml$ to $3000 \; ml$.
$4$. Expiratory Reserve Volume $(ERV)$: The additional volume of air,a person can expire by a forcible expiration,approximately $1000 \; ml$ to $1100 \; ml$.

(C) Sphygmomanometer $\rightarrow$ Used to measure blood pressure.
Stethoscope $\rightarrow$ Used to check the normal rhythm of the heart (i.e.,to listen to normal and abnormal heart sounds).
Spirometer $\rightarrow$ Used to assess pulmonary (lung) function.
Electrocardiograph $\rightarrow$ Instrument used for taking an $ECG$ (electrocardiogram).

(D) The additional volume of air that a person can inspire by a forceful inspiration is called the Inspiratory Reserve Volume $(IRV)$.
This volume represents the extra air that can be inhaled over and above the Tidal Volume $(TV)$.
The average value of $IRV$ is approximately $2500 \; ml$ to $3000 \; ml$.
In contrast,Inspiratory Capacity $(IC)$ is the total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration,which is calculated as $IC = TV + IRV$.

(A) The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a normal expiration is called the Functional Residual Capacity $(FRC)$.
It is calculated as the sum of Expiratory Reserve Volume $(ERV)$ and Residual Volume $(RV)$.
Mathematically,$FRC = ERV + RV$.
Its average value is approximately $2500 \; ml$.

(B) When a person exhales forcefully,they expire both the Tidal Volume $(TV)$ and the Expiratory Reserve Volume $(ERV)$.
After this forceful expiration,the lungs are left with the Residual Volume $(RV)$.
When the person then inhales under normal conditions without any extra effort,they only inhale the Tidal Volume $(TV)$.
Therefore,the volume inhaled immediately under normal conditions is $TV$ only.

(A) The measurement of respiratory volumes and capacities is essential for the clinical assessment of pulmonary functions.
This measurement is performed using an instrument called a $Spirometer$.
$A$ $Spirometer$ helps in the assessment of pulmonary functions in health and disease.
$Electrocardiograph$ $(ECG)$ is used for heart activity.
$Stethoscope$ is used to listen to internal body sounds.
$Sphygmomanometer$ is used to measure blood pressure.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(B) The additional volume of air that a person can expire by a forcible expiration is known as Expiratory Reserve Volume $(ERV)$.
$TV$ (Tidal Volume) is the volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration.
$IRV$ (Inspiratory Reserve Volume) is the additional volume of air that a person can inspire by a forcible inspiration.
$EC$ (Expiratory Capacity) is the total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration $(TV + ERV)$.

(D) The respiratory volumes and capacities are defined as follows:
$1$. $TV$ (Tidal Volume) is the volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration,which is approximately $500 \ mL$.
$2$. $IRV$ (Inspiratory Reserve Volume) is the additional volume of air a person can inspire by a forcible inspiration,which is approximately $2500 \ mL$ to $3000 \ mL$.
$3$. $VC$ (Vital Capacity) is the maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration,which is approximately $4000 \ mL$ to $4600 \ mL$.
$4$. $TLC$ (Total Lung Capacity) is the total volume of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration,which includes $RV + ERV + TV + IRV$. It is approximately $5000 \ mL$ to $6000 \ mL$.
Comparing these values,$TLC$ has the largest volume.

(A) Functional Residual Capacity $(FRC)$ is defined as the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a normal expiration.
It is calculated as the sum of Expiratory Reserve Volume $(ERV)$ and Residual Volume $(RV)$.
Mathematically,$FRC = ERV + RV$.

(B) The respiratory volumes and capacities are calculated as follows:
$P. TLC - IC = (ERV + TV + IRV + RV) - (TV + IRV) = ERV + RV = 1100-1200 \, mL$ (Residual Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume). Thus,$P-II$.
$Q. IC - IRV = (TV + IRV) - IRV = TV = 500 \, mL$ (Tidal Volume). Thus,$Q-I$.
$R. TLC - VC = (ERV + TV + IRV + RV) - (ERV + TV + IRV) = RV = 1100-1200 \, mL$. Wait,let's re-evaluate: $TLC - VC = RV$. The value for $RV$ is $1100-1200 \, mL$.
Let's re-check the options based on standard values:
$P. TLC - IC = ERV + RV = 1100-1200 + 1000 = 2100-2200 \, mL$ (approx $2100-2600 \, mL$). Thus,$P-IV$.
$Q. IC - IRV = TV = 500 \, mL$. Thus,$Q-I$.
$R. TLC - VC = RV = 1100-1200 \, mL$. Thus,$R-II$.
$S. ERV + TV = ERV + TV = 1000 + 500 = 1500-1600 \, mL$. Thus,$S-III$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $P-IV, Q-I, R-II, S-III$.

(B) Inspiratory Capacity $(IC)$ is defined as the total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration.
It includes tidal volume $(TV)$ and inspiratory reserve volume $(IRV)$.
Mathematically,$IC = TV + IRV$.

(D) Expiratory Capacity $(EC)$ is defined as the total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration.
It includes Tidal Volume $(TV)$ and Expiratory Reserve Volume $(ERV)$.
Mathematically,$EC = TV + ERV$.

(B) The respiratory volumes are as follows:
$1$. $IRV$ (Inspiratory Reserve Volume): $2500 \ mL$ to $3000 \ mL$.
$2$. $TV$ (Tidal Volume): $500 \ mL$.
$3$. $ERV$ (Expiratory Reserve Volume): $1000 \ mL$ to $1100 \ mL$.
$4$. $EC$ (Expiratory Capacity): $TV + ERV = 500 + 1100 = 1600 \ mL$.
Comparing these values,$TV$ $(500 \ mL)$ is the lowest.

(D) Total Lung Capacity $(TLC)$ is the total volume of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration.
It includes:
$1$. Vital Capacity $(VC)$ + Residual Volume $(RV)$. Since $VC = IRV + TV + ERV$,then $TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV$.
$2$. Inspiratory Capacity $(IC)$ + Functional Residual Capacity $(FRC)$. Since $IC = IRV + TV$ and $FRC = ERV + RV$,then $IC + FRC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV$.
Therefore,all the given options represent the formula for $TLC$.

(C) After a forcible expiration,the volume of air that still remains in the lungs is called the Residual Volume $(RV)$.
This volume cannot be exhaled even by a forceful expiration because the lungs do not collapse completely due to the presence of intrapleural pressure.
$FRC$ is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration $(ERV + RV)$.
$ERV$ is the additional volume of air that can be expired by a forcible expiration.
$EC$ is the total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration $(TV + ERV)$.

(C) Vital Capacity $(VC)$ is defined as the maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration. This includes Expiratory Reserve Volume $(ERV)$,Tidal Volume $(TV)$,and Inspiratory Reserve Volume $(IRV)$.
Mathematically,$VC = ERV + TV + IRV$.
Statement $(a)$ is correct as it lists the components of $VC$.
Statement $(c)$ is correct as it defines $VC$ as the maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after forced expiration.
Statement $(e)$ is also correct because the maximum volume of air a person can breathe out after a forced inspiration is equivalent to the $VC$ (the total exchangeable air).
Therefore,statements $(a), (c),$ and $(e)$ are correct.

(A) The correct answer is $A$.
Vital capacity $(VC)$ is defined as the maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration.
It includes the Inspiratory Reserve Volume $(IRV)$,Tidal Volume $(TV)$,and Expiratory Reserve Volume $(ERV)$.
Mathematically,$VC = IRV + TV + ERV$.

$(A)$ The correct matches are as follows:
$A.$ Expiratory capacity $(EC)$ $=$ Tidal volume $(TV)$ $+$ Expiratory reserve volume $(ERV)$. This matches $II$.
$B.$ Functional residual capacity $(FRC)$ $=$ Expiratory reserve volume $(ERV)$ $+$ Residual volume $(RV)$. This matches $IV$.
$C.$ Vital capacity $(VC)$ $=$ Expiratory reserve volume $(ERV)$ $+$ Tidal volume $(TV)$ $+$ Inspiratory reserve volume $(IRV)$. This matches $I$.
$D.$ Inspiratory capacity $(IC)$ $=$ Tidal volume $(TV)$ $+$ Inspiratory reserve volume $(IRV)$. This matches $III$.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III$.