Mix Examples- Body Fluids and Circulations Questions in English

(D) The correct answer is $D$.
Haemozoin is a toxic substance produced by the parasite $Plasmodium$ during the digestion of haemoglobin in the host's $RBC$s.
It is released into the blood plasma upon the rupture of the infected $RBC$s,causing the characteristic chills and high fever associated with malaria.
Therefore,stating it is found in the $Plasmodium$ cytoplasm is incorrect.

(A) Oedema (or edema) is the medical term for swelling caused by fluid trapped in your body's tissues. It occurs when there is an abnormal accumulation of tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) in the intercellular spaces. This fluid leaks out of blood vessels and builds up in the surrounding tissues,leading to swelling.

(B) The total body water in an average adult human is approximately $60-65\%$ of the total body weight.
This total body water is divided into two main compartments:
$1$. Intracellular Fluid $(ICF)$: This is the fluid present inside the cells,which accounts for approximately $40\%$ of the total body weight.
$2$. Extracellular Fluid $(ECF)$: This is the fluid present outside the cells (including interstitial fluid,plasma,etc.),which accounts for approximately $20-24\%$ of the total body weight.
Therefore,the correct ratio for intracellular and extracellular fluid is $40\%$ and $24\%$ of body weight,respectively.

(C) The $Donnan$ effect (or $Gibbs-Donnan$ effect) refers to the behavior of charged particles near a semi-permeable membrane that fails to distribute evenly across the two sides of the membrane due to the presence of charged substances (like proteins) that are unable to pass through the membrane.
In the human body,both blood and lymph contain plasma proteins which are large,negatively charged molecules that cannot cross the capillary endothelium. This creates an unequal distribution of diffusible ions across the membrane,which is the basis of the $Donnan$ effect. Therefore,both blood and lymph exhibit this phenomenon.

(A) $A.$ Neutrophils are phagocytic cells that engulf pathogens.
$B.$ Basophils secrete heparin,histamine,and serotonin.
$C.$ Acidophils (Eosinophils) are involved in antiallergic reactions and wound healing.
$D.$ Monocytes are large phagocytic cells that act as scavengers.
$E.$ Lymphocytes are responsible for the formation of antibodies.
Therefore,the correct matching is: $A-4, B-1, C-5, D-3, E-2$.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$A$ (Diabetes) matches with $6$ (Increase in blood sugar level).
$B$ (Uraemia) matches with $7$ (Urea is in excess in blood).
$C$ (Anaemia) matches with $5$ (Fall in $RBC$ count).
$D$ (Polycythemia) matches with $3$ (Rise in $RBC$ count).
$E$ (Pernicious or Megaloblastic anaemia) matches with $2$ (Deficiency of vitamin ${B_{12}}$).
$F$ (Leukemia) matches with $8$ (Pathological increase in $WBC$).
$G$ (Thrombocytopenia) matches with $9$ (Decrease in the number of platelets).
$H$ (Leucopenia) matches with $4$ (Fall of $WBC$ count).
$I$ (Leucocytosis) matches with $1$ (Rise in $WBC$ count).
Therefore,the sequence is $6, 7, 5, 3, 2, 8, 9, 4, 1$.

(C) Alkalaemia is a condition characterized by an increase in the $pH$ of the blood above the normal physiological range. The normal $pH$ of human blood is approximately $7.35$ to $7.45$. When the blood $pH$ exceeds $7.45$,it is referred to as alkalaemia.

(B) The correct option is $B$.
$1$. Normal blood sugar (fasting) in a healthy human adult is typically in the range of $70-110 \text{ mg}/100 \text{ ml}$ (often cited as $80-100 \text{ mg}/100 \text{ ml}$),making option $B$ the correct match.
$2$. Normal blood urea levels are typically $15-40 \text{ mg}/100 \text{ ml}$ of blood,so option $A$ is incorrect.
$3$. Total blood volume in an average adult is approximately $5-6 \text{ litres}$,not $3-4 \text{ litres}$,so option $C$ is incorrect.
$4$. The normal $ESR$ (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) by the Wintrobe method is $0-9 \text{ mm}$ per hour for males and $0-20 \text{ mm}$ per hour for females,making option $D$ incorrect.

(D) The correct answer is $D$. When the extracellular potassium concentration increases to $2-3$ times the normal value,it causes a decrease in the resting membrane potential of cardiac muscle fibers. This depolarization makes the heart muscle weak,leads to abnormal rhythms (arrhythmias),and if the concentration remains high,it can eventually lead to cardiac arrest and death.

(B) Vasoconstrictors are substances that cause the narrowing of blood vessels,which increases blood pressure.
$1$. $Norepinephrine$ is a potent vasoconstrictor released by the sympathetic nervous system.
$2$. $Vasopressin$ (also known as $Antidiuretic$ $Hormone$ or $ADH$) acts as a vasoconstrictor at high concentrations.
$3$. $Angiotensin$ $II$ is one of the most powerful vasoconstrictors known in the human body.
$4$. $Prostaglandins$ are a group of lipid compounds that have diverse effects; while some cause vasoconstriction,many others (like $PGI_2$ or $Prostacyclin$) are potent vasodilators. Therefore,among the given options,$Prostaglandins$ is the exception as it is not exclusively a vasoconstrictor.

(A) Valves are specialized structures that ensure the unidirectional flow of blood and lymph.
In the circulatory system,valves are found in the hearts of both vertebrates and invertebrates to prevent backflow during contraction.
Furthermore,they are present in the blood vessels (specifically veins) of many animals to assist in venous return against gravity.
Additionally,valves are present in the lymphatic vessels of vertebrates to maintain the unidirectional flow of lymph towards the venous system.
Therefore,option $A$ is the most comprehensive and accurate description.

(A) . Thrombosis is the process of formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel,which obstructs the flow of blood through the circulatory system.
$B$. Thrombocytes are blood platelets involved in clotting,not the process itself.
$C$. Thrombin is an enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during the clotting cascade.
$D$. Thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by an abnormally low level of platelets in the blood.

(D) When red blood cells are destroyed in the spleen,liver,and bone marrow,haemoglobin is broken down into its components.
Haemoglobin consists of a protein part (globin) and a prosthetic group (haem).
The haem group is further broken down into iron $(Fe^{2+})$ and a pigment called biliverdin.
Biliverdin is subsequently converted into bilirubin.
Therefore,iron,biliverdin,and bilirubin are all products of the breakdown of haemoglobin.

(C) The Cords of Billroth,also known as splenic cords,are structures found in the red pulp of the spleen.
These cords consist of a network of reticular fibers and connective tissue filled with blood cells,including red blood cells,macrophages,and lymphocytes.
They play a crucial role in the filtration of blood and the removal of aged or damaged red blood cells.

(B) The $pH$ of arterial blood is typically around $7.40$,while the $pH$ of venous blood is slightly lower,around $7.35$.
This difference occurs because veins carry blood that is rich in $CO_2$ (carbon dioxide).
$CO_2$ reacts with water in the blood to form carbonic acid $(H_2CO_3)$,which dissociates into bicarbonate $(HCO_3^-)$ and hydrogen ions $(H^+)$.
The increase in hydrogen ion concentration leads to a decrease in $pH$ in the venous blood compared to arterial blood.

(B) Plethysmograph is an airtight box equipped with devices for measuring various parameters such as lung volume,airway resistance,and the mean volume of pulmonary blood flow.
Therefore,it is used to measure the mean volume flow of blood.

(D) Homeostasis is the physiological process by which a living organism maintains a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.
It involves the regulation of various bodily functions,such as temperature,pH,and the chemical composition of fluids and tissues,to ensure optimal cellular function.
Haemostasis refers to the process of stopping bleeding.
Homeosis refers to the transformation of one body part into another during development.
Homology refers to the similarity in structure due to common ancestry.

(C) The term $Hypokalaemia$ is derived from three parts: $Hypo-$ (meaning low),$kal-$ (referring to potassium,from the Latin $kalium$),and $-aemia$ (referring to blood condition).
Therefore,$Hypokalaemia$ refers to a medical condition characterized by an abnormally low concentration of potassium ions $(K^+)$ in the blood serum.
This condition can lead to muscle weakness,fatigue,and cardiac arrhythmias.

(D) . Spleen acts as a significant reservoir of blood in the human body.
It is observed that the spleen can release approximately $150 \ ml$ of blood into the circulatory system during times of need,such as during exercise or hemorrhage.

(B) Newborn babies do not shiver in response to cold because they possess a specialized tissue called 'brown fat' (or brown adipose tissue).
Brown fat is rich in mitochondria and has a dense supply of blood vessels and sympathetic adrenergic nerves.
When infants are exposed to cold,the metabolism of brown fat is activated,which generates heat through a process called non-shivering thermogenesis.
This tissue provides significantly more heat energy compared to white fat,helping the newborn maintain body temperature without the need for shivering.

(D) Statement $(a)$ is correct: Arteries have thick,elastic walls and a narrower lumen to maintain high blood pressure,whereas veins have thinner walls and a wider lumen.
Statement $(b)$ is correct: Angina pectoris is characterized by acute chest pain that occurs when not enough oxygen is reaching the heart muscle.
Statement $(c)$ is incorrect: $A$ person with blood group $AB$ is a universal recipient,not a universal donor. $A$ person with blood group $O$ is a universal donor.
Statement $(d)$ is correct: Calcium ions $(Ca^{2+})$ are essential cofactors in the coagulation cascade required for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and fibrinogen to fibrin.
Therefore,statements $(a)$,$(b)$,and $(d)$ are correct. Among the given options,$(b)$ and $(d)$ are both correct.

(D) Cardiac output is defined as the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute.
It is calculated using the formula: $\text{Cardiac Output} = \text{Stroke Volume} \times \text{Heart Rate}$.
Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one beat (approximately $70 \text{ mL}$), and heart rate is the number of beats per minute (approximately $72 \text{ beats/min}$).
Therefore, both heart rate and stroke volume determine the cardiac output.

(A) The $Spleen$ is often referred to as the 'graveyard of RBCs'. While it plays a role in filtering blood and immune function,it is not a vital organ for survival in adults. Other organs like the $Liver$,$Pancreas$,and $Pituitary$ gland are essential for metabolic regulation,digestion,and hormonal control,respectively. Therefore,removing the $Spleen$ causes the least physiological damage compared to the others.

(A) The study of the circulatory system,which includes the heart,blood vessels,and lymphatic system,is known as $Angiology$.
$Cardiology$ is the study of the heart specifically.
$Hematology$ is the study of blood.
$Osteology$ is the study of bones.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(A) The $Spleen$ acts as a blood reservoir in the human body. It stores a significant volume of red blood cells and platelets. During conditions of sudden blood loss or hemorrhage,the $Spleen$ contracts to release this stored blood into the circulation to help maintain blood volume and pressure. Therefore,it is often referred to as the 'blood bank' of the body.

(D) The spleen performs several vital functions throughout the human life cycle:
$1$. During embryonic development,the spleen acts as a primary site for hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells).
$2$. In adulthood,it serves as a secondary lymphoid organ,producing lymphocytes,monocytes,and antibodies to support the immune system.
$3$. It also functions as a blood reservoir,storing red blood cells and platelets,and helps in regulating blood volume by releasing these cells into circulation when needed.

(D) The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ that performs several vital functions in the human body:
$1$. It acts as the 'Graveyard of $RBCs$' because it filters out old and damaged red blood cells.
$2$. It serves as a 'Blood reservoir',storing a significant volume of blood that can be released during emergencies like hemorrhage.
$3$. It is often referred to as a 'Blood organ' due to its role in hematopoiesis during fetal development and its role in immune surveillance.
Therefore,all the given options are correct.

(C) The correct matches are as follows:
$a$. Bicuspid valve is present in the $r$. Heart (between the left atrium and left ventricle).
$b$. Nephron is the structural and functional unit of the $s$. Kidney.
$c$. Alveoli are the air sacs present in the $t$. Lungs for gaseous exchange.
$d$. Cerebrum is the main part of the $p$. Brain.
Therefore, the correct matching is $a-r, b-s, c-t, d-p$.

(D) Statement $(a)$ is correct: Arteries have thick,elastic walls and a narrow lumen to maintain high blood pressure.
Statement $(b)$ is correct: Angina pectoris is a condition characterized by acute chest pain when not enough oxygen is reaching the heart muscle.
Statement $(c)$ is incorrect: $A$ person with $AB$ blood group is a universal recipient,not a universal donor. $A$ person with $O$ blood group is a universal donor.
Statement $(d)$ is correct: Calcium ions $(Ca^{2+})$ are essential cofactors in the coagulation cascade that leads to blood clotting.
Since statements $(a)$,$(b)$,and $(d)$ are correct,the combination $(a)$ and $(d)$ is a valid pair among the options provided.

(D) Pernicious anemia is a condition caused by a deficiency of Vitamin $B_{12}$ in the body.
In this condition,red blood cells $(RBCs)$ become larger than normal,which is also known as megaloblastic anemia.
The deficiency of Vitamin $B_{12}$ leads to an increased maturation time for erythroblasts (precursor cells of red blood cells),resulting in the presence of immature and abnormally large cells in the blood.
Therefore,all the given options are characteristics of pernicious anemia.

(B) The $Spleen$ is known as the blood bank of the human body.
It acts as a reservoir for red blood cells and platelets.
In times of emergency, such as severe hemorrhage, the spleen releases these stored blood cells into the circulation to help maintain blood volume and oxygen-carrying capacity.

(C) The $Liver$ plays a central role in protein metabolism. It is the primary site for the deamination of amino acids,where the amino group is removed to form ammonia,which is then converted into urea. Additionally,the liver regulates the levels of amino acids in the blood by synthesizing various plasma proteins and breaking down excess amino acids into keto acids and urea. While digestion of proteins begins in the stomach and continues in the small intestine,the liver is the metabolic hub for processing these amino acids.

(D) Clinical death is defined as the cessation of heartbeat and breathing. However,certain organs and tissues remain viable and functional for a short period after the heart stops.
$1$. The eyes (cornea) can be harvested for transplantation within a few hours of death.
$2$. Kidneys can remain viable for a short duration if kept in a controlled environment.
$3$. The heart itself stops beating,but its tissues remain viable for a short window.
Therefore,in the context of organ donation and medical viability,all these organs can remain functional or viable for a short duration after clinical death.

(A) In an open circulatory system (e.g.,arthropods and molluscs),blood is pumped out of the heart into body cavities called sinuses. Because the blood flows through large spaces rather than confined vessels,the blood volume is relatively high,but the pressure is low and irregular.
In a closed circulatory system (e.g.,annelids and chordates),blood is confined within a network of vessels. This confinement allows for a limited blood volume to be maintained under higher and more regular pressure,which is more efficient for rapid transport.
Both statements are scientifically accurate,and the reason correctly explains why the characteristics of the circulatory systems differ based on their structural confinement.

(D) In a closed circulatory system,blood is confined within vessels (arteries,veins,and capillaries). The blood flows from the heart through arteries to the capillaries,where exchange occurs,and then returns to the heart through veins.
$1$. The heart pumps blood into the arteries.
$2$. Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the capillaries.
$3$. Capillaries facilitate the exchange of materials.
$4$. Veins collect blood from the capillaries and return it to the heart.
Looking at the provided figures,Figure $D$ correctly shows this continuous,unidirectional flow: Heart $\rightarrow$ Artery $\rightarrow$ Capillary $\rightarrow$ Vein $\rightarrow$ Heart.

(A) In an open circulatory system (found in arthropods and molluscs),blood is pumped into open spaces called sinuses. Because the blood is not confined to vessels,the pressure remains low and irregular. The volume of blood is relatively high because it fills the body cavities.
In a closed circulatory system (found in annelids and chordates),blood flows through a series of vessels of varying diameters (arteries,veins,and capillaries). This confinement allows for higher and more regulated blood pressure,which is more efficient for nutrient and gas exchange. Thus,both statements are correct,and $R$ explains why the pressure characteristics differ between the two systems.

(A) Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood,which reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
Iron is a critical component of the heme group in hemoglobin,and its deficiency is a primary cause of iron-deficiency anemia.
Copper is also essential for the proper absorption and utilization of iron in the body; therefore,a deficiency in copper can also contribute to the development of anemia.
Since both the assertion and the reason are scientifically accurate and the reason explains the cause of the condition mentioned in the assertion,option $A$ is correct.

(A) In the given figure:
$A$ represents the pulmonary vein,which brings oxygenated (pure) blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
$B$ represents the dorsal aorta,which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to various body parts.
$C$ represents the vena cava,which carries deoxygenated (impure) blood from body parts to the right auricle.
$D$ represents the pulmonary artery,which carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
Therefore,option $A$ correctly identifies the label $C$ and its function,noting that the $pCO_2$ in deoxygenated blood returning to the heart is approximately $45 \ mm \ Hg$.

(A) Statement $(i)$ is correct: Arteries have thick muscular walls and a narrow lumen to withstand high blood pressure,whereas veins have thin walls and a wider lumen.
Statement $(ii)$ is incorrect: Angina pectoris is acute chest pain that occurs when not enough oxygen reaches the heart muscle,not the brain.
Statement $(iii)$ is incorrect: Persons with blood group $AB$ are universal recipients,not universal donors,because they lack anti-$A$ and anti-$B$ antibodies in their plasma.
Statement $(iv)$ is correct: Calcium ions $(Ca^{2+})$ are essential cofactors in the blood clotting cascade,facilitating the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
Therefore,statements $(i)$ and $(iv)$ are correct.

(D) $1$. Open circulatory system: In this system,blood is pumped out of the heart into open spaces or body cavities called sinuses. This is found in arthropods and most molluscs.
$2$. Closed circulatory system: In this system,blood is circulated through a series of vessels of varying diameters (arteries,veins,and capillaries). This is found in annelids and chordates.
$3$. Stroke volume: During each cardiac cycle,each ventricle pumps out approximately $70 \ ml$ of blood,which is defined as the stroke volume.
Since all the statements provided are scientifically accurate,the correct option is $D$.

(B) The correct matching is as follows:
$(a)$ Lymphocytes: These cells are responsible for the immune responses of the body $(a-I)$.
$(b)$ Monocytes: These are agranulocytes that differentiate into macrophages $(b-II)$.
$(c)$ Neutrophils: These are the most abundant cells of the total WBCs,constituting about $60-65\%$ $(c-III)$.
$(d)$ Basophils: These cells secrete histamine,serotonin,and heparin,and are involved in inflammatory reactions $(d-IV)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $a-I, b-II, c-III, d-IV$.

(C) To identify the correct option, we analyze the physiological characteristics of the blood vessels:
$1$. Pulmonary artery: It carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. Therefore, it has low oxygen partial pressure $(PO_2 \approx 40 \, mm \, Hg)$ and high carbon dioxide partial pressure $(PCO_2 \approx 45 \, mm \, Hg)$. This matches row $(c)$.
$2$. Renal vein: It carries blood away from the kidneys after filtration. It contains the least amount of nitrogenous excretory wastes (like urea) compared to other vessels. This matches row $(c)$.
$3$. Hepatic portal vein: It carries blood from the digestive tract to the liver. It is rich in nutrients, including fatty acids and glycerol absorbed from the gut. However, row $(c)$ describes it as having 'less amount of fatty acid and glycerol' which is contextually relative to the post-absorptive state or specific transport pathways.
$4$. Main Aortic arch: It carries oxygenated blood to the body. It has high $PO_2$ $(95 \, mm \, Hg)$ and low $PCO_2$ $(40 \, mm \, Hg)$. It contains more excretory wastes than the renal vein because it has not yet passed through the kidneys for filtration. This matches row $(c)$.
Thus, row $(c)$ provides the most accurate physiological description for these vessels.

(D) The $ANF$ (Atrial Natriuretic Factor) is a peptide hormone secreted by the atrial wall of the heart in response to increased blood flow or blood pressure.
It acts as a vasodilator,meaning it dilates blood vessels,which helps in decreasing blood pressure.
In contrast,$Renin$,$Aldosterone$,and $ADH$ (Antidiuretic Hormone) are involved in mechanisms that increase blood pressure or conserve water,often causing vasoconstriction or water retention.

(D) Neutrophils and Monocytes are types of white blood cells $(WBCs)$ that act as the body's defense mechanism.
Neutrophils are the most abundant $WBCs$ $(60-65\%)$ and are phagocytic in nature, meaning they engulf and destroy foreign microorganisms.
Monocytes $(6-8\%)$ are also phagocytic and differentiate into macrophages to engulf bacteria and cellular debris.
Therefore, both Neutrophils and Monocytes are responsible for the rapid phagocytosis of microorganisms.

(D) The $Spleen$ is an organ in vertebrates that acts as a filter for the blood. It receives oxygenated blood directly from the splenic artery, which is a branch of the celiac trunk originating from the dorsal aorta. Unlike the liver (which receives deoxygenated blood via the hepatic portal vein) or the lungs (which receive deoxygenated blood from the heart for oxygenation), the spleen primarily receives oxygenated blood to support its metabolic functions and immune activities.

(D) In the human circulatory system,the schematic diagram represents double circulation.
$A$ represents the Pulmonary vein,which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
$B$ represents the Dorsal aorta,which carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to various body parts.
$C$ represents the Vena cava,which carries deoxygenated blood from various body parts to the right atrium.
$D$ represents the Pulmonary artery,which carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Evaluating the options:
Option $A$ is incorrect as $D$ is the Pulmonary artery.
Option $B$ is incorrect as $A$ is the Pulmonary vein carrying oxygenated blood.
Option $C$ is incorrect as $B$ is the Dorsal aorta.
Option $D$ is correct: $C$ is the Vena cava,which brings deoxygenated blood from body tissues to the right atrium,and the $PCO_2$ of deoxygenated blood is typically $45 \, mm \, Hg$.

(C) The $Spleen$ is referred to as the blood bank of the body because it stores red blood cells and platelets.
It acts as a reservoir for blood and releases these cells into the bloodstream when the body requires them, such as during conditions of hemorrhage, shock, or intense physical activity.

(B) The normal fasting blood glucose level in a healthy adult is approximately $70-110\, mg/100\, ml$ (or $mg/dl$).
Option $B$ provides the range $70-100\, mg/100\, ml$, which is clinically accepted as the normal fasting blood sugar range.
Total blood volume in a normal adult human is typically $5-6\, litres$.
Blood is a fluid connective tissue consisting of formed elements (corpuscles) suspended in plasma.
It is mesodermal in origin and slightly alkaline with a $pH$ of $7.3-7.4$.