Method of birth control Questions in English

(D) Periodic abstinence is a natural method of contraception that involves avoiding or abstaining from coitus from day $10$ to $17$ of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected.
Since this method does not involve the use of any chemicals,hormones,or physical devices,it has no side effects.
In contrast,oral pills,implants,and intrauterine devices (IUDs) are hormonal or mechanical methods that can cause various side effects such as nausea,abdominal pain,breakthrough bleeding,or irregular menstrual cycles.

(C) Saheli is a non-steroidal,once-a-week oral contraceptive pill used for birth control.
It was developed by the Central Drug Research Institute $(CDRI)$ located in Lucknow,India.
It contains a compound called centchroman,which inhibits implantation of the fertilized ovum.

(A) The $\text{IUDs}$ (Intra Uterine Devices) are categorized into three types: non-medicated,copper-releasing,and hormone-releasing.
$1$. Non-medicated $\text{IUDs}$: Example is Lippes loop.
$2$. Copper-releasing $\text{IUDs}$: Examples are $\text{CuT}$,$\text{Cu7}$,and Multiload $375$.
$3$. Hormone-releasing $\text{IUDs}$: Examples are Progestasert and $\text{LNG}-20$.
Therefore,$\text{LNG}-20$ is a hormone-releasing $\text{IUD}$.

(D) Diosgenin is a plant-derived sapogenin,a chemical compound that serves as a precursor for the synthesis of various steroid hormones.
It is extracted from the tubers of the yam plant $(Dioscorea)$.
In the pharmaceutical industry,diosgenin is primarily used as a starting material for the commercial production of synthetic progesterone and other oral contraceptives,commonly known as birth control pills.

(B) The rhythm method,also known as the periodic abstinence method,is a natural method of contraception.
It is based on the biological fact that ovulation typically occurs on the $14$th day of a $28$-day menstrual cycle.
Since the ovum survives for about $1$ to $2$ days and sperm can remain viable in the female reproductive tract for up to $3$ days,the period from day $10$ to day $17$ of the menstrual cycle is considered the 'fertile period' or 'unsafe period'.
Avoiding sexual intercourse during this fertile window helps prevent conception.
However,this method has a high failure rate because menstrual cycles can be irregular.

(D) Implanon is a hormonal contraceptive implant that works primarily by inhibiting ovulation and thickening the cervical mucus to prevent sperm entry. It does not act as a physical barrier to prevent the entry of ejaculated semen into the female reproductive tract; that function is performed by barrier methods like condoms. Therefore,the statement in option $D$ is incorrect.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. Coitus interruptus is a natural method of contraception,which corresponds to $iv$.
$2$. Cervical cap is a barrier method of contraception,which corresponds to $v$.
$3$. Multi load $375$ is an Intra Uterine Device $(IUD)$,which corresponds to $i$.
$4$. Saheli is an oral contraceptive pill (non-steroidal),which corresponds to $ii$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $1-iv, 2-v, 3-i, 4-ii$.

(A) Intrauterine Devices $(IUDs)$ are effective contraceptive methods. They are categorized based on their mechanism of action:
$1$. Non-medicated $IUDs$: e.g.,Lippes loop.
$2$. Copper-releasing $IUDs$: These increase copper ion release,which suppresses sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of sperms. Examples include $CuT$,$Cu7$,and Multiload $375$.
$3$. Hormone-releasing $IUDs$: These make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperms. Examples include Progestasert and $LNG-20$.
Therefore,$LNG-20$ is a hormone-releasing $IUD$.

(A) Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are widely used as a method of birth control.
These pills contain synthetic forms of the hormones progesterone and estrogen.
These hormones work by inhibiting the secretion of $FSH$ and $LH$ from the pituitary gland,which prevents ovulation.
Additionally,they alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent the entry of sperm.

(C) Sterilization is a permanent method of contraception.
In human females,the sterilization procedure is known as $Tubectomy$.
In this surgical procedure,a small part of the $Fallopian$ tube is removed or tied up to block the passage of the ovum,thereby preventing fertilization.
$Vasectomy$ is the sterilization procedure performed in human males.
$Coitus$ $interruptus$ and $Rhythm$ $method$ are behavioral methods of contraception,not sterilization procedures.

(D) Oral contraceptive pills,commonly known as birth control pills,primarily function by preventing the release of an egg from the ovary,a process known as ovulation.
These pills contain synthetic versions of the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
By maintaining high levels of these hormones,the pills inhibit the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone $(FSH)$ and luteinizing hormone $(LH)$ from the pituitary gland.
Without the surge of $LH$,ovulation does not occur,thereby preventing pregnancy.

(B) Vasectomy is a surgical sterilization procedure for males.
In this technique,a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum.
This blocks the transport of sperm from the testes to the urethra,thereby preventing fertilization.
Tubectomy is the corresponding surgical procedure for females,involving the blocking of fallopian tubes.

(D) The use of $Progesterone-estrogen$ combinations or their administration with $IUDs$ within $72$ hours of coitus has been found to be very effective as emergency contraceptives. These are used to avoid possible pregnancy due to rape or casual unprotected intercourse.

(D) The correct answer is $D$.
$LNG-20$ is a hormone-releasing $IUD$ that releases levonorgestrel,a synthetic progestogen.
Lippes loop is a non-medicated $IUD$.
$CuT$ and Multiload $375$ are copper-releasing $IUDs$.

(A) The correct option is $A$.
Progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen can be used by females as injections or implants under the skin.
These methods are highly effective and have a much longer effective period compared to oral pills.
Progestasert is an intrauterine device $(IUD)$,not an injection or implant.
Therefore,only $(i)$ and $(ii)$ are correct.

(B) The correct option is $B$.
Non-medicated $IUDS$ are devices that do not release any hormones or metal ions.
Lippes Loop is a classic example of a non-medicated $IUD$ made of plastic.
$LNG-20$ is a hormone-releasing $IUD$.
Multiload-$375$ and $Cu-7$ are copper-releasing $IUDS$.

(C) Periodic abstinence is a natural method of contraception.
This method works on the principle of avoiding or abstaining from coitus from day $10$ to $17$ of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected.
As chances of fertilization are very high during this period,it is called the fertile period.
Therefore,by abstaining from coitus during this period,conception could be prevented.

(B) Multiload $375$ is a copper-releasing Intrauterine Device $(IUD)$.
These devices increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus and the copper ions released suppress sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of sperms.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(C) Contraceptive pills for females,often referred to as oral contraceptives,primarily contain either a combination of synthetic $Progestogen$ and $Estrogen$ or only $Progestogen$.
These hormones work by inhibiting ovulation,altering the cervical mucus to prevent sperm entry,and changing the lining of the uterus to prevent implantation.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(C) The correct answer is $C$. Natural methods of contraception,such as the rhythm method,withdrawal,or lactational amenorrhea,involve no use of chemicals,hormones,or surgical procedures. Therefore,they have no side effects compared to other methods like $IUDs$ (which may cause bleeding or pain),physical barriers (which may cause allergic reactions),or sterilization (which is a surgical procedure with potential risks).

(B) Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are classified into generations based on their mechanism of action:
$1$. First-generation IUDs are non-medicated or inert IUDs, such as the $Lippes Loop$.
$2$. Second-generation IUDs are copper-releasing IUDs, which include $CuT$, $Cu7$, and $Multiload 375$.
$3$. Third-generation IUDs are hormone-releasing IUDs, such as $Progestasert$ and $LNG-20$.
Therefore, $Multiload 375$ is a second-generation (copper-releasing) $IUD$.

(A) $LNG-20$ is a hormone-releasing Intrauterine Device $(IUD)$.
It releases the hormone levonorgestrel into the uterus,which makes the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperm.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(C) Emergency contraceptives (such as pills containing progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations) are effective in preventing pregnancy if administered within $72$ hours of unprotected coitus. They work by preventing or delaying ovulation,altering the cervical mucus,or preventing implantation of the fertilized egg. Therefore,the correct timing is within $72$ hours of coitus.

(A) Vasectomy is a surgical procedure for male sterilization or permanent contraception. During this procedure,the surgeon makes a small incision on the scrotum to access the vas deferens. The vas deferens are then cut and tied or sealed to prevent sperm from entering the ejaculate. Therefore,the initial step is making a small incision on the scrotum.

(C) The correct matching is as follows:
$p$. Natural method: $iii$. Coitus interruptus (a method of avoiding pregnancy by withdrawing the penis before ejaculation).
$q$. Barrier method: $i$. Cervical caps (devices that prevent sperm from reaching the cervix).
$r$. Multiload $375$: $v$. Copper releasing $IUD$ (a device that releases copper ions to suppress sperm motility).
$s$. $LNG-20$: $ii$. Hormone releasing $IUD$ (a device that releases levonorgestrel to prevent implantation and thicken cervical mucus).
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(p-iii), (q-i), (r-v), (s-ii)$.

(A) Lactational amenorrhea refers to the natural absence of menstruation that occurs during the period of intense lactation following childbirth.
During this phase,high levels of prolactin inhibit the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone $(GnRH)$ from the hypothalamus,which in turn prevents the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone $(FSH)$ and luteinizing hormone $(LH)$.
As a result,ovulation does not occur,and the menstrual cycle is temporarily suspended.
This method is used as a natural contraceptive,effective for up to $6$ months postpartum.

(C) Amniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic technique based on the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing fetus.
It is primarily used to determine the sex of the fetus and to detect any chromosomal abnormalities or genetic disorders.
Due to the misuse of this technique for female foeticide,it is legally banned in many countries,including India,for the purpose of sex determination.

(D) The correct answer is $D$.
Natural methods of contraception work on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum and sperm meeting.
$A$,$B$,and $C$ are natural methods.
$D$ (Implants) are hormonal preparations that are inserted under the skin,which are considered a chemical or barrier-based artificial method of contraception,not a natural one.

(B) Vasectomy.
Vasectomy is a surgical method of sterilization in males.
In this procedure,a small part of the $vas \ deferens$ is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum.
This prevents the transport of sperm,thereby acting as a permanent contraceptive method.

(B) $LNG-20$ is a hormone-releasing $IUD$ (Intra Uterine Device).
It releases levonorgestrel,a synthetic progestogen,which makes the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperm.
In contrast,Multiload $375$ is a copper-releasing $IUD$,and Lippes loop is a non-medicated $IUD$.

(A) is the incorrect statement.
Contraceptives are not regular requirements for the maintenance of reproductive health.
They are used specifically to prevent unwanted pregnancies and to space births,rather than to maintain general reproductive health.
Options $B$,$C$,and $D$ are correct statements regarding the role and potential side effects of contraceptives.

(A) The correct answer is $A$.
Administration of progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations within $72$ hours of coitus has been found to be very effective as emergency contraceptives.
These are used to avoid possible pregnancy resulting from rape or casual unprotected intercourse.

(A) Periodic abstinence.
Periodic abstinence is a natural method of contraception where couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day $10$ to $17$ of the menstrual cycle,when ovulation could be expected. This period is called the fertile period. As a result,chances of conception are prevented by abstaining from coitus during this period. This method requires a correct understanding of the menstrual cycle to be effective.

$(A)$ The correct matching is as follows:
$(A)$ Surgical methods: These are permanent contraceptive methods, such as Tubectomy (in females) and Vasectomy (in males). Thus, $(A)-(r)$.
$(B)$ Barrier methods: These prevent the physical meeting of sperm and ovum, such as Condoms. Thus, $(B)-(p)$.
$(C)$ Natural methods: These work on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum and sperm meeting, such as Lactational amenorrhea. Thus, $(C)-(s)$.
$(D)$ Chemical methods: These involve the use of hormonal preparations to prevent ovulation, such as oral contraceptive Pills. Thus, $(D)-(q)$.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $A-(r), B-(p), C-(s), D-(q)$.

(B) is the correct answer.
Lactational amenorrhea refers to the absence of menstruation during the period of intense lactation following parturition.
As long as the mother breastfeeds the infant fully,the high levels of prolactin inhibit the release of gonadotropins ($LH$ and $FSH$) from the pituitary gland.
This inhibition prevents ovulation,thereby preventing conception.
This method is effective for up to $6$ months following parturition.

(A) hormone releasing $IUDs$.
Progestasert is a hormone-releasing $IUD$ that releases progesterone.
It makes the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms by increasing the viscosity of cervical mucus,which prevents sperm entry.

(C) The correct answer is $C$.
$IUDs$ (Intrauterine Devices) are effective contraceptive methods used by females.
Copper-releasing $IUDs$ (like $CuT$,$Cu7$,and $Multiload$ $375$) release copper ions $(Cu^{2+})$ into the uterus.
These ions suppress sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of sperms.
Additionally,they increase the phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus,thereby preventing fertilization.

(A) The correct matching is as follows:
$A$. Chemical methods involve the use of chemicals like spermicidal jellies, creams, and foams to kill sperms. Thus, $A = s$.
$B$. $IUDs$ (Intrauterine Devices) include devices like Copper $T$, Copper $7$, and Lippes loop. Thus, $B = q$.
$C$. Barrier methods prevent the physical meeting of sperm and ovum, such as condoms, diaphragms, and cervical caps. Thus, $C = r$.
$D$. Sterilisation methods are surgical procedures to block gamete transport, such as tubectomy (in females) and vasectomy (in males). Thus, $D = p$.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $A = s, B = q, C = r, D = p$.

(D) Barrier methods (such as condoms) are available for both males and females. Similarly,sterilization procedures are available for both males (vasectomy) and females (tubectomy). Therefore,both barrier methods and sterilization are applicable to both genders.

(C) Progestasert is a hormone-releasing $IUD$ $(A-III)$.
Multiload $375$ is a copper-releasing $IUD$ $(B-IV)$.
Diaphragm is a barrier method made of rubber used by females $(C-I)$.
Saheli is an oral contraceptive $(D-II)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II$.