Anatomy of Cockroach Questions in English

(B) The suboesophageal ganglia is connected to the mandibular,maxillary,and labial nerves. It acts as the principal motor centre in the cockroach,controlling the movements of the mouthparts.

(D) All living organisms require respiration to survive. The cockroach does not rely on its blood (haemolymph) for oxygen transport because it lacks respiratory pigments like haemoglobin. Instead, the cockroach possesses a specialized network of tubes called the $tracheal \text{ } system$. Air enters through openings called spiracles and travels through tracheae and tracheoles, delivering oxygen directly to the tissues. Therefore, the blood does not play a role in the transport of respiratory gases.

(B) If the head of a cockroach is cut off,it will still remain alive for as long as one week. This is because the nervous system of the cockroach is decentralized. The head holds only a small portion of the nervous system (supraoesophageal ganglia),while the majority of the nervous system,including the ventral nerve cord and segmental ganglia,is situated along the ventral part of the body. Therefore,the cockroach does not die immediately upon decapitation.

(D) In a cockroach,the oesophagus opens into a sac-like structure called the crop,which is used for storing food.
Following the crop is the gizzard,which helps in grinding the food particles.
$A$ ring of $6-8$ blind tubules,called hepatic or gastric caecae,is present at the junction of the foregut and midgut,which secretes digestive juices.
Malpighian tubules,present at the junction of the midgut and hindgut,help in the removal of excretory products.
The hindgut is differentiated into the ileum,colon,and rectum.
The rectum finally opens out through the anus.

(B) - Crop; $B$ - Gizzard; $C$ - Hepatic caecae; $D$ - Malpighian tubules.
$1$. The crop is a large,sac-like structure used for storing food.
$2$. The crop is followed by the gizzard (proventriculus),which has thick circular muscles and an inner cuticle forming six highly chitinous plates called teeth,used for grinding food particles.
$3$. At the junction of the foregut and midgut,a ring of $6-8$ blind tubules is present,called hepatic or gastric caecae,which secrete digestive juices.
$4$. Malpighian tubules are yellow-colored,thin,filamentous structures located at the junction of the midgut and hindgut. They are the primary excretory organs that absorb nitrogenous wastes from the hemolymph and convert them into uric acid,which is then excreted through the hindgut.

(B) Alary muscles (the structure marked as $B$) are located in pairs in the chambers of the cockroach heart.
They consist of $13$ pairs of wing-shaped involuntary muscles which expand and contract to facilitate the flow of haemolymph through the heart.

(A) Based on the anatomy of the female reproductive system of a cockroach:
$A$ represents the Spermatheca,which is a pair of sac-like structures used for storing sperm.
$B$ represents the Collaterial glands,which are branched glands that secrete the material for the egg case (ootheca).
$C$ represents the Gonapophyses,which are chitinous structures that help in copulation and egg-laying.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $A$-Spermatheca,$B$-Collaterial glands,$C$-Gonapophyses.

(C) In the given figure,the labels $1, 2, 3$ and $4$ represent the following structures:
$1$: Oesophagus
$2$: Crop
$3$: Gizzard (Proventriculus)
$4$: Malpighian tubules
The gizzard (proventriculus) is a short,muscular organ located after the crop. It contains thick chitinous plates that help in grinding the food particles. Therefore,the correct structure is $3$.

(D) In the female reproductive system of a cockroach,the female genital pouch consists of two parts: the genital chamber and the vestibulum.
Based on the provided diagram,label $3$ represents the genital chamber and label $4$ represents the vestibulum.
Together,these two structures form the genital pouch.

(D) In cockroaches,the development is paurometabolous,which means development occurs through nymphal stages.
The nymph grows by moulting approximately $13$ times to reach the adult form.

(B) In the male reproductive system of a cockroach,the testes are paired structures. Each testis is $3-4$ lobed and is located dorsolaterally in the $4^{th}, 5^{th},$ and $6^{th}$ abdominal segments.

(B) The phallic organs (also known as the conglobate gland) are part of the male reproductive system of the cockroach.
These organs are located below the utricular gland in the $6$th abdominal segment.
They communicate with the exterior through a pore situated close to the gonophore and assist in the formation of the spermatophore.

(B) In the digestive system of a cockroach,the gizzard (proventriculus) is situated between the crop and the mesenteron (midgut).
It consists of an outer layer of thick circular muscles and a thick inner cuticle that forms six highly chitinous plates called teeth.
These teeth help in grinding the food particles before they enter the midgut for digestion.

(B) The correct matching is as follows:
$A$. Periplaneta americana belongs to the Phylum Arthropoda $(A-II)$.
$B$. $A$ ring of $6-8$ blind tubules refers to the hepatic caecae present at the junction of the foregut and midgut $(B-I)$.
$C$. The vascular system in cockroaches is of the open type $(C-V)$.
$D$. $10$ pairs of small holes on the lateral sides of the body are called spiracles, which are used for respiration $(D-III)$.
$E$. Excretion in cockroaches is performed by Malpighian tubules $(E-IV)$.
Thus, the correct sequence is $A-II, B-I, C-V, D-III, E-IV$.

(C) Statement $(i)$ is correct: The head of a cockroach is formed by the fusion of $6$ embryonic segments.
Statement $(ii)$ is correct: Cockroaches possess mouthparts of the biting and chewing type.
Statement $(iii)$ is incorrect: The crop is a sac-like structure located in the foregut,which is used for the storage of food. The midgut is primarily involved in digestion and absorption.

(A) Statement $(i)$ is correct: The nervous system of the cockroach consists of a series of fused,segmentally arranged ganglia joined by paired longitudinal connectives on the ventral side.
Statement $(ii)$ is incorrect: There are three ganglia in the thorax and six in the abdomen.
Statement $(iii)$ is correct: The sense organs include antennae,eyes,maxillary palps,labial palps,and anal cerci.
Statement $(iv)$ is incorrect: Each eye consists of about $2000$ hexagonal ommatidia,not $5000$.

(C) The respiratory system of a cockroach consists of a network of trachea that open through $10$ pairs of small holes called spiracles present on the lateral side of the body. Thus,statement $(i)$ is incorrect because it mentions $12$ pairs instead of $10$ pairs.
Statement $(ii)$ is correct as thin branching tubes (tracheoles) carry oxygen from the air to all parts of the body.
Statement $(iii)$ is correct as the opening of the spiracles is regulated by sphincters.
Statement $(iv)$ is correct as the exchange of gases takes place at the tracheoles by diffusion.

(D) The digestive system of a cockroach is divided into three parts: foregut,midgut,and hindgut.
Statement $(i)$ is correct: The mouth opens into a short tubular pharynx,which leads to a narrow tubular passage called the oesophagus.
Statement $(ii)$ is correct: The gizzard (proventriculus) has thick chitinous plates that help in grinding the food particles.
Statement $(iii)$ is correct: At the junction of the foregut and midgut,a ring of $6-8$ blind tubules called hepatic or gastric caecae is present,which secretes digestive juices.
Statement $(iv)$ is correct: At the junction of the midgut and hindgut,a ring of $100-150$ yellow-coloured,thin,filamentous Malpighian tubules is present,which helps in the removal of excretory products from the haemolymph.
Since all statements are correct,the correct option is $(D)$.

(D) The excretory system of a cockroach consists of Malpighian tubules,which are the primary excretory organs. Statement $(i)$ is correct.
Malpighian tubules absorb nitrogenous waste products from the haemolymph and convert them into uric acid. This uric acid is then excreted out through the hindgut. Statement $(ii)$ is correct.
Besides Malpighian tubules,other structures like the fat body,nephrocytes,and urecose glands also assist in the process of excretion in cockroaches. Statement $(iii)$ is correct.
Since all three statements are correct,the correct option is $(D)$.

(B) The correct answer is $B$.
$1$. The $Phallic$ $gland$ is a component of the male reproductive system in cockroaches,not the excretory system.
$2$. Its duct opens into the left phallomere,and its secretion contributes to the formation of the outermost layer of the spermatophore.
$3$. In contrast,the $Fat$ $body$,$Urecose$ $gland$,and $Malpighian$ $tubules$ are all involved in the storage or excretion of nitrogenous wastes in the cockroach.

(A) In cockroach,respiration occurs through a system of air tubes called tracheae.
Inspiration (intake of air) in cockroaches is primarily a passive process.
When the abdominal muscles relax,the abdominal cavity expands.
This expansion creates space for the tracheal trunks to expand,which reduces the internal pressure within the tracheal system.
Due to this pressure gradient,atmospheric air rushes into the tracheae through the spiracles.
Therefore,both the Assertion and the Reason are correct,and the Reason provides the correct explanation for the Assertion.

(C) In an open circulatory system,instead of capillaries,blood vessels open directly into spaces called sinuses.
The fluid present in these organisms is a mixture of blood and interstitial fluid,which is known as haemolymph.
This fluid is pumped from the blood vessels into large sinuses,where it directly bathes the internal organs.

(C) In female cockroaches,the $7$th sternum is boat-shaped and together with the $8$th and $9$th sterna forms a brood or genital pouch $(P-I, Q-III)$.
In both sexes,the $10$th segment bears a pair of jointed filamentous structures called anal styles ($R-II$ is incorrect in the provided options,but based on standard anatomy,the $10$th segment bears anal cerci,while anal styles are present only in males on the $9$th sternum. Re-evaluating the provided options: $P-I$ (7th sternum is boat-shaped),$Q-III$ (8th and 9th sterna form the genital pouch),and $R-II$ (10th segment is associated with anal structures). Thus,the correct match is $P-I, Q-III, R-II$).

(B) In a cockroach,the alimentary canal is divided into three regions: foregut,midgut,and hindgut.
At the junction of the foregut and midgut,a ring of $6-8$ blind tubules called hepatic or gastric caeca is present.
These caeca secrete digestive juices that aid in the process of digestion.
Therefore,the correct location is the junction of the foregut and midgut.

(B) In cockroaches,the alimentary canal is divided into three regions: foregut,midgut,and hindgut.
At the junction of the midgut and hindgut,there are about $100 - 150$ yellow-colored,thin,thread-like structures called Malpighian tubules.
These tubules help in the removal of excretory products from the haemolymph.

(C) In the digestive system of a cockroach:
$P$ represents the hepatic caecae,which are a ring of $6-8$ blind tubules present at the junction of the foregut and midgut.
$Q$ represents the Malpighian tubules,which are a ring of $100-150$ yellow-colored,thin,filamentous structures present at the junction of the midgut and hindgut,responsible for excretion.

(D) The digestive system of a cockroach consists of the alimentary canal divided into three regions: foregut,midgut,and hindgut.
$1$. The foregut includes the Mouth,Pharynx,Oesophagus,Crop (for food storage),and Gizzard (for grinding food).
$2$. The midgut is the site of digestion and absorption.
$3$. The hindgut consists of the Ileum,Colon,and Rectum,which opens to the exterior through the Anus.
Therefore,the correct sequence is: Mouth $\rightarrow$ Pharynx $\rightarrow$ Oesophagus $\rightarrow$ Crop $\rightarrow$ Gizzard $\rightarrow$ Midgut $\rightarrow$ Ileum $\rightarrow$ Colon $\rightarrow$ Rectum $\rightarrow$ Anus.

(B) The heart of a cockroach consists of an elongated muscular tube lying along the mid-dorsal line of the thorax and abdomen.
It is differentiated into $13$ funnel-shaped chambers with ostia on either side.
Blood from sinuses enters the heart through these ostia and is pumped anteriorly to the sinuses again.
Option $B$ is incorrect because the heart is located along the mid-dorsal line,not the mid-ventral line.

(C) The diagram shows the circulatory system of a cockroach. The structure labeled $P$ represents the alary muscles. In cockroaches,the heart consists of an elongated tube with funnel-shaped chambers. These chambers are supported by triangular,fan-shaped muscles known as alary muscles,which help in the circulation of hemolymph by contracting and relaxing.

(B) In a cockroach,the respiratory system consists of a network of trachea that open through $10$ pairs of small holes called spiracles present on the lateral side of the body.
These $10$ pairs are distributed as follows: $2$ pairs in the thoracic region and $8$ pairs in the abdominal region.
Therefore,the total number of spiracles is $10$ pairs,which equals $20$ individual spiracles.

(D) In a cockroach $(Periplaneta \ americana)$,the structures associated with excretion are:
$1$. Malpighian tubules: The primary excretory organs.
$2$. Fat bodies: Store uric acid and perform metabolic functions.
$3$. Nephrocytes: Specialized cells involved in excretion.
$4$. Uricose glands: Present in males,they store uric acid.
Kidneys are absent in cockroaches (they are vertebrate structures). Antennae glands (green glands) are found in crustaceans like prawns,not in cockroaches.
Therefore,there are $4$ structures associated with excretion: Malpighian tubules,Fat bodies,Nephrocytes,and Uricose glands.

(D) In the cockroach,the nervous system consists of a series of fused,segmentally arranged ganglia joined by paired longitudinal connectives on the ventral side.
Three ganglia lie in the thorax,and six ganglia lie in the abdomen.
The nervous system of the cockroach is spread throughout the body.
The head holds a bit of a nervous system while the rest is situated along the ventral (belly-side) part of its body.
Option $B$ is incorrect because the distribution is reversed: there are $3$ thoracic ganglia and $6$ abdominal ganglia,but the statement in the option is factually incorrect regarding the specific arrangement or count if interpreted as a general description of the system's structure. Actually,the nervous system is segmentally arranged,and the statement in $B$ is the standard anatomical fact,making $D$ the correct choice if all are true. However,based on standard $NCERT$,the nervous system is $3$ ganglia in the thorax and $6$ in the abdomen. Thus,all statements provided are technically correct descriptions of the cockroach nervous system.

(C) In the male reproductive system of a cockroach:
- Testes $(P)$ are located in the $4$th to $6$th abdominal segments $(IV)$.
- Mushroom gland $(Q)$ is located in the $6$th to $7$th abdominal segments $(II)$.
- In the female reproductive system of a cockroach:
- Ovaries $(R)$ are located in the $2$nd to $6$th abdominal segments $(I)$.
- Seminal vesicles $(S)$ are located in the $6$th abdominal segment $(III)$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $P-IV, Q-II, R-I, S-III$.

(D) In the female reproductive system of a cockroach,there are two large ovaries lying laterally in the $2^{nd}$ to $6^{th}$ abdominal segments.
Each ovary is composed of a group of $8$ ovarian tubules or ovarioles,which contain a chain of developing ova.
Therefore,the correct number is $8$.

(A) In the male reproductive system of a cockroach,the male gonapophyses or phallomeres are chitinous asymmetrical structures surrounding the male gonopore.
Based on the standard anatomical diagram of the cockroach male reproductive system:
$P$ represents the Left phallomere.
$Q$ represents the Ventral phallomere.
$R$ represents the Right phallomere.
Therefore,the correct sequence is Left phallomere,Ventral phallomere,and Right phallomere.

(D) In the male reproductive system of a cockroach $(Periplaneta \text{ } americana)$:
$P$ represents the Testis, which are paired structures located on the $4^{th}$ to $6^{th}$ abdominal segments.
$Q$ represents the Fat body, which is a storage tissue found in the abdominal cavity.
$R$ represents the Ejaculatory duct, which opens into the male gonopore situated ventral to the anus.
Therefore, the correct identification is $P = \text{Testis}, Q = \text{Fat body}, R = \text{Ejaculatory duct}$.

(A) The digestive system of a cockroach consists of the following structures:
$1$. $a$. Crop: It is a thin-walled sac used for the storage of food.
$2$. $b$. Proventriculus (or Gizzard): It has thick muscular walls and chitinous teeth,which help in grinding the food particles.
$3$. $c$. Hepatic caecae: These are $6-8$ blind tubules present at the junction of the foregut and midgut,which secrete digestive juices.
$4$. $d$. Malpighian tubules: These are $100-150$ yellow-colored thin filamentous structures present at the junction of the midgut and hindgut,which help in the removal of nitrogenous waste from the haemolymph.
Therefore,the correct matching is $(a) - (iv), (b) - (i), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iii)$.

(D) In cockroaches,the primary excretory organs are the $Malpighian$ $tubules$.
Other structures involved in the excretion or storage of nitrogenous wastes include the $Fat$ $body$,$Urecose$ $glands$,and $Nephrocytes$.
$Hepatic$ $caeca$ (also known as $Hepatopancreatic$ $caeca$) are blind tubules present at the junction of the foregut and midgut,which are primarily involved in the secretion of digestive juices,not excretion.
Therefore,$Hepatic$ $caeca$ is the correct answer.

Option (4) is the answer because,

In cockroach, excretion is brought about by Malpighian tubules, fat body, nephrocytes and urecose glands.

Urecose glands are present in male cockroach of some species. They synthesise uric acid. Nephrocytes are large, colourless, ovoid, binucleate cells attached to the dorsal diaphragm in the body cavity. Fat body accumulates, produces and stores uric acid.

Phallic gland is the structure of male reproductive system of cockroach and it secretes the outer layer of spermatophore. Collaterial gland is the structure of female reproductive system of cockroach and it secretes the hard egg-case or ootheca around fertilised eggs.

(D) The correct matching is as follows:

$A$. Structure used for storing food	$IV$. Crop
$B$. Ring of $6-8$ blind tubules at junction of foregut and midgut (secretion of digestive juices)	$II$. Gastric Caeca
$C$. Ring of $100-150$ yellow coloured thin filaments at junction of midgut and hindgut (excretion)	$III$. Malpighian tubules
$D$. Structure used for grinding food particles	$I$. Gizzard

Therefore, the correct sequence is $A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I$, which corresponds to option $(D)$.

(D) Statement-$I$ is incorrect because the heart of a cockroach is an elongated muscular tube lying along the mid-dorsal line of the thorax and abdomen,not the mid-ventral line.
Statement-$II$ is correct because the opening and closing of spiracles in cockroaches are regulated by sphincters,which help in controlling the exchange of gases and preventing water loss.

(D) In cockroaches,the primary excretory organs are the Malpighian tubules.
Fat bodies,nephrocytes,and the urecose glands also assist in the storage and excretion of nitrogenous wastes.
The phallic gland (also known as the conglobate gland) is a part of the male reproductive system in cockroaches.
It is involved in the formation of the spermatophore and does not play any role in the excretory process.
Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(B) At the junction of the foregut and midgut in a cockroach, a ring of $6-8$ blind tubules is present, which is known as hepatic caecae or gastric caecae.
These structures secrete digestive juices that aid in the digestion of food.
Malpighian tubules are involved in excretion and are located at the junction of the midgut and hindgut.
Alary muscles are associated with the heart.
Gizzard is a part of the foregut used for grinding food.

(B) The mushroom-shaped gland is an accessory reproductive gland found in the male cockroach.
It is located in the $6^{th} - 7^{th}$ abdominal segments.
This gland functions as an accessory reproductive organ and contributes to the formation of the spermatophore.

(C) In a cockroach, the respiratory system consists of a network of trachea that open to the exterior through small holes called spiracles.
There are a total of $10$ pairs of spiracles present in a cockroach.
These are distributed as follows: $2$ pairs are located in the thoracic region and $8$ pairs are located in the abdominal region.

(C) The male reproductive system of a cockroach consists of a pair of testes,vasa deferentia,an ejaculatory duct,a seminal vesicle,and accessory glands (such as the utricular gland and phallic gland). The external genitalia are represented by male gonapophysis or phallomeres,which include structures like the titillator and pseudopenis. Collateral glands are accessory glands found in the female cockroach reproductive system,which secrete the egg case (ootheca). Therefore,collateral glands are not part of the male cockroach.

(A) In male cockroaches,the reproductive system consists of a pair of testes,vasa deferentia,an ejaculatory duct,a seminal vesicle,and accessory glands.
The mushroom-shaped gland is a characteristic accessory reproductive gland found in the male cockroach.
This gland is located in the $6^{\text{th}}-7^{\text{th}}$ abdominal segments.
It functions to provide nourishment and form the inner layer of the spermatophore.

(A) In male cockroaches, the mushroom gland (accessory reproductive gland) is present in the $6^{th}-7^{th}$ abdominal segments $(A-S)$.
The testes are located in the $4^{th}-6^{th}$ abdominal segments $(B-R)$.
The spermatheca is present in the $6^{th}$ abdominal segment in females $(C-P)$.
The ovaries are located in the $2^{nd}-6^{th}$ abdominal segments $(D-Q)$.
Therefore, the correct matching is $(A)-S, (B)-R, (C)-P, (D)-Q$.

(C) Statement $(A)$ is correct: The nervous system of the cockroach consists of a series of fused,segmentally arranged ganglia joined by paired longitudinal connectives on the ventral side.
Statement $(B)$ is correct: These ganglia are indeed connected by paired longitudinal connectives located ventrally.
Statement $(C)$ is incorrect: The nervous system in a cockroach is located on the ventral side,not the dorsal side.
Statement $(D)$ is correct: There are $3$ thoracic ganglia and $6$ abdominal ganglia,making a total of $9$ ganglia.
Therefore,statements $(A), (B),$ and $(D)$ are correct.