Mix Example - TISSUES Questions in English

(N/A) Meristematic tissues are found in the regions of the plant that undergo active cell division and growth.
Based on their position in the plant body, meristems are classified into three types: Apical, Lateral, and Intercalary.

Name of the Meristem	Position and Function
$Apical$	Found at the growing tips of stems (shoot apex) and roots (root apex). They are responsible for the elongation of the root and stem, known as primary growth.
$Lateral$	Found beneath the bark (cork cambium) and in vascular bundles of dicot roots and stems (vascular cambium). They are responsible for increasing the diameter of the root and stem, known as secondary growth.
$Intercalary$	Found at the base of leaves or internodes (e.g., in the stems of grasses). They are responsible for the increase in the length of the organ.

(N/A) $(i)$ Cambium is the region responsible for secondary growth,which leads to an increase in the thickness or girth of the plant stem and root.
$(ii)$ Lignin is a complex organic polymer that acts as a cementing material,providing structural support and hardening the cell wall. It is primarily present in the cell walls of sclerenchyma tissue,making them lignified and dead at maturity.
$(iii)$ The cells of the epidermis are typically elongated,flattened,and arranged in a single layer without any intercellular spaces. They are living cells that often secrete a waxy,water-resistant layer on their outer surface to protect the plant.

(N/A) $(i)$ Cutin: Cutin is a waterproof layer of a waxy substance. The epidermis is one cell thick and is covered with a cuticle. This cuticle has a variable thickness and is thicker in xerophytic plants to prevent water loss.
$(ii)$ Suberin: It is a complex polymer present in the walls of cork cells. It makes the cell wall impervious to gases and water,providing protection and preventing desiccation.
$(iii)$ Sclereids: These are sclerenchymatous cells that are short and possess extremely thick,lignified walls with long,tubular simple pits. They are irregular in shape and provide mechanical support and rigidity to plant parts.

(D) The tissue responsible for the sideways (lateral) conduction of water and minerals in plants is $Xylem \text{ } parenchyma$.
While $Xylem \text{ } vessels$ and $tracheids$ are primarily responsible for the vertical conduction of water, $Xylem \text{ } parenchyma$ stores food and helps in the lateral conduction of water through the rays of the $Xylem$.

(C) The growth in length of the sugarcane plant,even after the removal of the apical tip,is due to the presence of $Intercalary \ meristem$.
$Intercalary \ meristem$ is found at the internodes or at the base of the leaves in monocotyledonous plants like sugarcane and grasses.
It allows these plants to regrow parts removed by grazing herbivores or other mechanical damage,as it is responsible for the elongation of the internodes.

(D) nerve cell,or neuron,is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
It consists of a cell body (cyton),dendrites,and an axon.
$1$. Dendrites receive signals from other neurons.
$2$. The axon transmits impulses away from the cell body.
$3$. Nerve endings are the terminal branches of the axon that transmit signals to the next cell.
Tendons are a type of connective tissue that connects muscles to bones. Therefore,they are not a part of a nerve cell.

(A) Areolar tissue is a type of loose connective tissue found between the skin and muscles,around blood vessels and nerves,and in the bone marrow.
It acts as a supporting and packing tissue between organs.
It helps in the repair of tissues after an injury and fills the space inside the organs,providing structural support.

(B) The statement is False.
The brain,spinal cord,and nerves are components of the nervous system and are composed of nervous tissue,which consists of neurons and neuroglial cells. Muscular tissue is responsible for movement and contraction,whereas nervous tissue is responsible for the transmission of electrical impulses.

(A) The statement is True.
Nerve cells,also known as neurons,are the structural and functional units of the nervous system.
They are highly specialized cells designed to transmit electrical impulses throughout the body.
Some neurons,such as those extending from the spinal cord to the muscles in the feet,can reach lengths of up to $1 \text{ metre}$ or more,making them some of the longest cells in the human body.

(TRUE) The statement is $True$.
Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles present in the heart.
These muscles undergo rhythmic contraction and relaxation from birth until death without getting fatigued,which ensures the continuous pumping of blood throughout the body.

(TRUE) True. Epithelial tissue forms the protective covering of the body and lines the internal organs and cavities. It acts as a barrier,protecting underlying tissues from mechanical injury,drying out,and infection.

(FALSE) The statement is False.
The lining of the oesophagus and the mouth is composed of stratified squamous epithelium,not cuboidal epithelium.
Cuboidal epithelium is typically found in the lining of kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands,where it provides mechanical support.

(FALSE) The statement is False.
In biological tissues,all epithelial cells are characteristically separated from the underlying connective tissue by a thin,non-cellular,extracellular fibrous structure known as the basement membrane. This membrane provides structural support and acts as a selective filter for substances moving between the epithelium and the underlying tissue.

(FALSE) The statement is False.
Sclerenchyma is a permanent tissue that provides mechanical strength and rigidity to the plant body.
It consists of dead cells with thick,lignified walls,which makes the plant hard and stiff,not soft or flexible.
Collenchyma is the tissue responsible for providing flexibility to plants.

(TRUE) The statement is $True$.
$Collenchyma$ is a type of simple permanent tissue found in plants. Its cells are living,elongated,and possess uneven thickenings of cellulose,hemicellulose,and pectin at the corners,which provide mechanical support and flexibility to the plant body.

(TRUE) The statement is True.
In aquatic plants,a specialized type of parenchyma tissue known as aerenchyma is present.
These cells contain large air cavities or air spaces that store gases,which provide buoyancy to the plants.
This buoyancy allows the aquatic plants to float on the surface of the water.

(C) Areolar connective tissue is a type of loose connective tissue that is widely distributed in the body.
It serves several critical functions:
$1$. It acts as a supporting framework for epithelium.
$2$. It helps in filling the space inside the organs,thereby providing structural integrity.
$3$. It supports internal organs by holding them in place.
$4$. It plays a significant role in the repair of tissues after an injury.
Since all the given options are correct,the correct answer is $C$.

(D) Skeletal muscles are a type of striated muscle tissue that is under voluntary control of the somatic nervous system.
These muscles are primarily attached to the bones of the skeleton by tendons.
When these muscles contract,they pull on the bones,which allows for movement of the body parts.
Therefore,the correct answer is $D$ (Bones).

(A) neuron (nerve cell) is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
It consists of three main parts: the cell body (cyton or soma),dendrites,and the axon.
The cell body contains a central nucleus and cytoplasm (neuroplasm) along with other cell organelles like Nissl granules.
Since the cell body,nucleus,and cytoplasm are all essential components of a neuron,the correct answer is 'All of these'.

(B) neuron consists of three main parts: the cell body (cyton),dendrites,and the axon.
$1$. The $Cyton$ (cell body) contains the nucleus and cytoplasm.
$2$. $Dendrites$ are the short,branched extensions that receive impulses from other neurons and conduct them towards the cell body.
$3$. The $Axon$ is a long,single fiber that conducts impulses away from the cell body.
Therefore,the branched short parts of a neuron are called dendrites.

(C) Adipose tissue is a specialized type of connective tissue found in the human body.
Its primary function is the storage of fat.
The cells of this tissue,known as adipocytes,are filled with fat globules.
This tissue acts as an insulator and helps in conserving body heat,as well as providing cushioning to internal organs.

(D) The bone matrix is a hard,non-pliable ground substance that forms the structural framework of bones.
It is primarily composed of inorganic salts,specifically calcium and phosphorus,which are deposited in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals.
These minerals provide the bone with its characteristic hardness and strength.
Therefore,the correct answer is $D$.

(A) Contractile proteins,primarily $Actin$ and $Myosin$,are responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle fibers.
These proteins are essential for movement and are found in high concentrations within muscle tissue.
Therefore,the correct answer is $A$.

(B) Voluntary muscles,also known as skeletal muscles,are attached to bones and are under the conscious control of the organism.
These muscles are responsible for the movement of body parts,such as the arms and legs (limbs).
In contrast,the alimentary canal,iris of the eye,and bronchi of the lungs contain involuntary (smooth) muscles that function without conscious control.

(C) Nervous tissue is specialized for the conduction of nerve impulses.
It is primarily found in the central nervous system $(CNS)$, which includes the $Brain$ and $Spinal cord$, and the peripheral nervous system $(PNS)$, which includes the $Nerves$.
$Tendons$ are a type of dense regular connective tissue that connects muscles to bones.
Therefore, nervous tissue is not found in tendons.

(D) Parenchyma is a type of simple permanent tissue in plants.
These cells are living and possess thin cell walls made of cellulose.
They are considered relatively unspecialized because they perform various functions like storage,photosynthesis,and secretion,and they retain the ability to divide.
Unlike sclerenchyma,they are not lignified,and unlike collenchyma,they do not have unevenly thickened walls.

(B) Flexibility in plants is provided by the tissue known as $Collenchyma$.
$Collenchyma$ allows for easy bending in various parts of a plant (like young stems and leaf stalks) without breaking.
It provides both mechanical support and elasticity to the plant body.
$Parenchyma$ is involved in food storage and photosynthesis.
$Sclerenchyma$ provides hardness and stiffness to the plant.
$Chlorenchyma$ is a type of $Parenchyma$ containing chlorophyll,involved in photosynthesis.

(B) Cork cells are the outer protective tissues of older stems and roots.
As these cells mature,they deposit a waxy substance called $Suberin$ in their cell walls.
$Suberin$ is a complex fatty substance that makes the cell walls impervious to water and gases,thereby preventing water loss and protecting the plant from mechanical injury and microbial infection.

(C) The survival of plants in a terrestrial environment is primarily dependent on their ability to transport water,minerals,and food over long distances against gravity.
This is made possible by the presence of complex permanent tissues known as conducting tissues,which include xylem and phloem.
Xylem is responsible for the conduction of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the aerial parts of the plant,while phloem transports synthesized food from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
These tissues provide the necessary structural support and efficient transport system required for life on land.

(B) Permanent tissues are formed from meristematic tissues.
Meristematic tissues consist of actively dividing cells that have the capacity to divide.
When these cells lose their ability to divide,they undergo differentiation and mature into permanent tissues.
These permanent tissues perform specific functions in the plant body and do not divide further.

(A) The growth in the girth (diameter) of the stem or root is known as secondary growth.
This process is primarily responsible for the increase in the thickness of the plant body.
Lateral meristem,also known as cambium,is the specific type of meristematic tissue responsible for this secondary growth.
Apical meristem is responsible for the increase in length (primary growth) of the stem and root.
Intercalary meristem is found at the internodes and is responsible for the growth of leaves and branches.
Therefore,the correct answer is $A$.

(B) The cork cells (bark) are dead and compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.
Their cell walls are thickened by the deposition of a chemical substance called $Suberin$.
$Suberin$ is a waxy,hydrophobic substance that makes the bark cells impervious to water and gases,thereby protecting the plant from mechanical injury and preventing water loss.

(C) Sclerenchyma is a type of permanent tissue in plants that consists of dead cells at maturity.
These cells have thick,lignified secondary walls that provide structural support and rigidity to the plant body.
In contrast,Parenchyma and Collenchyma are living tissues,and Epithelial tissue is a type of animal tissue,not a plant tissue.

(D) The incorrect sentence is that $Apical$ and $intercalary$ meristems are permanent tissues.
$Apical$ and $intercalary$ meristems are types of $meristematic$ tissues, which are actively dividing tissues.
$Permanent$ tissues are those that have lost the ability to divide and have attained a definite shape, size, and function.
$Parenchyma$ cells typically have intercellular spaces.
$Collenchyma$ cells show irregular thickening at the corners due to the deposition of $pectin$ and $cellulose$.
$Meristematic$ cells are small, have dense cytoplasm, and lack vacuoles in their early stages to facilitate rapid division.

(B) The cell wall of $Tracheids$ is characterized by the presence of pits,but they are not considered 'perforated' in the same functional sense as the sieve plates of $Sieve$ $tubes$ or the open ends of $Vessels$. However,in the context of plant anatomy,$Tracheids$ are elongated cells with tapering ends and lignified walls that lack the large,open perforations found in $Vessels$ or the sieve plates of $Sieve$ $tubes$. $Companion$ $cells$ are living parenchyma cells associated with $Sieve$ $tubes$ and do not possess perforated walls. Among the options provided,$Tracheids$ are the primary conducting elements in gymnosperms and pteridophytes that lack the true perforation plates found in angiosperm $Vessels$.

(B) The inner lining of the intestine is composed of columnar epithelial cells.
These cells are tall and pillar-like,which provides a large surface area for the absorption of nutrients and secretion of enzymes.
Therefore,columnar epithelium is responsible for the absorption of digested food materials in the intestine.

(C) dislocation occurs when the bones that form a joint are forced out of their normal positions.
Ligaments are specialized connective tissues that connect one bone to another bone.
They provide stability to the joints.
When a ligament is torn or broken due to an accident,the bones held together by that ligament lose their structural support and alignment,leading to dislocation.
Therefore,a ligament break is the most likely cause for the dislocation of bones.

(D) Cardiac muscle is the correct answer.
Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles present in the heart.
These muscles contract and relax rhythmically throughout the life of an individual without getting fatigued.
Skeletal and voluntary muscles (which are the same) get fatigued after some time of continuous work.
Smooth muscles are also involuntary but are found in the walls of internal organs and do not exhibit the same rhythmic,tireless contraction as cardiac muscle.

(A) Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue that provides structural support and flexibility to various parts of the body.
$1$. $Chondrocytes$ are the specialized cells found within the matrix of cartilage.
$2$. $Mast$ $cells$ and $Basophils$ are types of white blood cells involved in immune responses and are found in connective tissue proper or blood.
$3$. $Osteocytes$ are the mature bone cells found in bone tissue.
Therefore,the correct cell type found in cartilaginous tissue is $Chondrocytes$.

(B) Phloem is a complex permanent tissue responsible for the translocation of food in plants.
It consists of four types of elements: sieve tubes,companion cells,phloem parenchyma,and phloem fibres.
Among these,sieve tubes,companion cells,and phloem parenchyma are living cells.
Phloem fibres (also known as bast fibres) are the only dead elements present in the phloem tissue at maturity.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(C) In mature mammalian red blood cells $(RBCs)$,the nucleus is lost to provide more space for hemoglobin.
In the xylem tissue,mature vessel elements are dead and lack a nucleus.
In the phloem tissue,mature sieve tube elements lose their nucleus to facilitate the transport of food.
Companion cells are specialized parenchyma cells that remain living and retain their nucleus at maturity to support the metabolic activities of the adjacent sieve tube elements.

(D) In desert plants,the epidermis is often covered by a thick,waxy,water-resistant layer called the $Cuticle$.
This $Cuticle$ is composed of $Cutin$,a fatty substance.
It acts as a protective barrier that significantly reduces the rate of transpiration (water loss) from the plant surface,helping the plant conserve water in arid environments.

(A) Involuntary muscles are those whose activity is not under the conscious control of the organism.
$(i)$ Striated muscles (Skeletal muscles) are voluntary,as they are attached to bones and controlled by the somatic nervous system.
$(ii)$ Smooth muscles are involuntary; they are found in the walls of internal organs like the stomach and blood vessels.
$(iii)$ Cardiac muscles are involuntary; they are found in the heart and contract rhythmically without conscious effort.
$(iv)$ Skeletal muscles are voluntary.
Therefore,$(ii)$ and $(iii)$ are involuntary muscles.

(B) Meristematic tissues are groups of cells that have the ability to divide continuously.
These tissues are restricted to specific regions in the plant body,such as the tips of roots and shoots,known as apical meristems.
Because they are actively involved in cell division,they are responsible for the growth of the plant.
Therefore,they are described as localised and consisting of actively dividing cells.

(C) The epidermis is the outermost layer of cells in plants. Its primary functions include:
$1$. Protection: It protects the underlying tissues from mechanical injury,pathogens,and adverse environmental conditions.
$2$. Gaseous exchange: Stomata present in the epidermis facilitate the exchange of gases ($O_2$ and $CO_2$).
$3$. Transpiration: Stomata also regulate the loss of water in the form of water vapor.
$4$. Conduction of water is the primary function of the $Xylem$ tissue,not the epidermis.
Therefore,the correct answer is $C$.

(D) $1$. Blood is a fluid connective tissue where the matrix is plasma,which contains proteins,salts,and hormones. Thus,statement $A$ is correct.
$2$. Ligaments are specialized connective tissues that connect two bones together. Thus,statement $B$ is correct.
$3$. Cartilage is a type of skeletal connective tissue characterized by a solid but flexible matrix. Thus,statement $C$ is correct.
$4$. Tendons are fibrous connective tissues with great strength and limited flexibility,which connect muscles to bones. They are not non-fibrous or fragile. Thus,statement $D$ is incorrect.

(A) Cartilage is a type of specialized connective tissue that provides support and flexibility to various body parts.
It is found in the nose,ear,larynx (voice box),and at the ends of long bones (articular cartilage).
The kidney is an organ primarily composed of epithelial tissue,connective tissue,and blood vessels,but it does not contain cartilage.
Therefore,the correct answer is $A$ (Kidney).