Mix Example - IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES Questions in English

(C) Mustard seeds and linseed are oilseeds. Oilseeds are rich sources of fats,which provide energy to the body. Therefore,we obtain fats from these seeds.

(N/A) The two protein-containing rabi crops are gram (chickpea) and peas. These crops are legumes,which are well-known for being rich sources of plant-based proteins.

(B) Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for the human body. Among the given crops, $Wheat$ and $Rice$ are cereal crops that are rich in carbohydrates.
Black gram and Lentil are pulses, which are primarily sources of proteins.

(N/A) Barseem,oats,and sudan grass are cultivated by farmers as fodder crops. These plants are primarily used as nutritious food for livestock,such as cattle and buffaloes,to support their growth and milk production.

(N/A) There are two primary ways of obtaining fish:
$1$. Capture fishing: This involves catching fish from natural water bodies like oceans,rivers,and lakes.
$2$. Fish farming (Pisciculture): This involves the commercial rearing and breeding of fish in controlled environments like ponds,tanks,or reservoirs.

(B) Fish is a rich source of high-quality animal protein. It also provides essential amino acids,omega-$3$ fatty acids,and various minerals like iodine and selenium. However,the primary and most significant nutrient obtained from fish is protein.

(N/A) Catla is a surface feeder,which means it feeds on food available at the surface of the water. In contrast,mrigal is a bottom feeder,which means it feeds on food available at the bottom of the water body.

(N/A) The two vitamins commonly added to poultry feed are Vitamin $A$ and Vitamin $K$. These vitamins are essential for the growth,health,and egg-laying capacity of poultry birds.

(B) The growth of plants and their flowering are primarily dependent on two key environmental factors:
$1$. Temperature: Different plants have specific temperature ranges required for optimal metabolic activities and growth.
$2$. Photoperiods: This refers to the duration of exposure to sunlight. Many plants require a specific duration of light and darkness to trigger the transition from vegetative growth to flowering.

(A) The crops grown in the rainy season are called $Kharif$ crops.
These crops are typically sown in the month of $June$ and harvested in $October$.
Examples include paddy,maize,soybean,groundnut,and cotton.

(B) The crops grown in the winter season are called $Rabi$ crops.
These crops are typically sown in the month of $November$ and harvested in $April$.
Examples include wheat,gram,and mustard.

(B) The crops grown in the winter season are called $Rabi$ crops.
These crops are typically sown in the month of $November$ and harvested in $April$.
Examples include wheat,gram,peas,mustard,and linseed.

(B) Genetically modified crops (GMCs) are obtained through genetic engineering or biotechnology. This process involves identifying a specific gene that codes for a desired trait (such as pest resistance,drought tolerance,or improved nutritional value) and inserting it into the genome of the target crop plant. This allows the plant to express the new trait,which is not naturally present in its original genetic makeup.

(B) healthy animal can be identified by its behavior and physical condition.
$1$. It feeds regularly,indicating a healthy digestive system and good appetite.
$2$. It maintains a normal posture,which reflects proper muscle tone and lack of pain or illness.
$3$. It remains active and alert,showing no signs of lethargy or distress.

(C) The factors affecting food grains during storage are categorized into two types:
$1$. Biotic factors: These include living organisms such as insects,rodents,mites,bacteria,and fungi that damage the stored grains.
$2$. Abiotic factors: These include non-living environmental conditions such as moisture content,humidity,and temperature,which can lead to degradation,spoilage,and loss of germination capacity.

(N/A) Milch animals are those animals which provide milk. Two common examples of milch animals are $Cow$ and $Buffalo$.

(N/A) $(i)$ Animal waste is used as manure to enrich the soil with nutrients.
$(ii)$ It helps in the proper management,breeding,and care of domestic animals to increase productivity.

(N/A) Photoperiod refers to the duration of exposure to sunlight. It is crucial in agriculture because it determines the growth of plants and the timing of flowering,which directly impacts crop yield and seasonal cultivation.

(N/A) The two desirable traits for fodder crops are:
$1$. Tallness: This increases the overall biomass yield.
$2$. Profuse branching: This increases the number of leaves and stems,providing more nutritional material for livestock.

(B) Green manure consists of plants that are grown and then ploughed back into the soil to act as fertilizers.
These plants decompose in the soil,which significantly enriches the soil with essential nutrients,particularly nitrogen and phosphorus.
This process improves soil fertility and structure,thereby promoting better crop growth.

(B) In poultry farming,birds are categorized based on their purpose of rearing.
$1$. Broilers are birds specifically raised for meat production.
$2$. Layers are birds specifically raised for egg production.
Therefore,layers are used to produce eggs.

(N/A) bio-fertilizer is a substance that contains living microorganisms which,when applied to seeds,plant surfaces,or soil,colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promote growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant.
Examples of bio-fertilizers include $Rhizobium$,$Azotobacter$,$Azospirillum$,and Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) like $Anabaena$ and $Nostoc$.

(N/A) One common method for incorporating desirable characters into a crop variety is $Hybridisation$. This process involves crossing two genetically dissimilar plants to combine their beneficial traits into a single offspring. Another modern method is $Gene$ $manipulation$ (or $Genetic$ $engineering$),which involves the direct transfer of specific genes from one organism to another to introduce desired traits.

(N/A) Blue revolution: It refers to the rapid increase in the production of fish and marine products through the development and expansion of aquaculture.
$(b)$ Yellow revolution: It refers to the significant increase in the production of edible oilseeds through the adoption of high-yielding varieties and improved agricultural practices.

(N/A) The drastic change is due to the development and cultivation of genetically modified crops or improved varieties through plant breeding techniques.
$(b)$ Such crops are produced by introducing a specific gene that provides the desired characteristics (such as colour,pest resistance,or shelf life) into the plant genome,or through selective breeding and hybridization processes.

(N/A) Basis of crop selection in intercropping: The two crops chosen should have different nutrient requirements to ensure maximum utilization of the nutrients supplied in the soil.
Basis of crop selection in crop-rotation: The choice of the crop to be cultivated after one harvest is primarily decided by the availability of moisture and irrigation facilities.

(N/A)

Spraying	Fumigation
$(i)$ The process of applying pesticides in liquid form,either manually or by machines,is called spraying.	$(i)$ The process of using pesticides in gaseous or vapor form to control pests is called fumigation.
$(ii)$ Pesticides are used in larger volumes and are generally not applied directly to stored grains.	$(ii)$ Pesticides are used in smaller volumes and are applied directly to stored grains to eliminate pests.

(D) When selecting a crop variety,farmers consider several key factors to ensure productivity and sustainability:
$1$. Disease resistance: The crop should be resistant to various biotic stresses like diseases,insects,and pests.
$2$. Response to fertilizers: The crop variety should respond well to fertilizers to maximize growth and yield.
$3$. High yield: The primary goal is to increase the productivity of the crop per acre.
$4$. Quality considerations: Factors like protein content in pulses,oil content in oilseeds,and baking quality in wheat are also important.

(N/A) The food requirements of dairy animals are of two types:
$(a)$ Maintenance requirement: This is the food required to support the animal to live a healthy life.
$(b)$ Milk producing requirement: This is the type of food required during the lactation period to support milk production.

(D) The good management practices for the increased production of poultry birds include:
$(i)$ Maintenance of proper temperature and ventilation in the housing.
$(ii)$ Maintenance of hygienic conditions in the housing and in the feed to prevent contamination.
$(iii)$ Prevention and control of diseases and pests through regular vaccination and sanitation.
$(iv)$ Provision of high-quality,nutritious feed and clean drinking water.

(D) The main objectives of varietal improvement are as follows:
$(i)$ Higher yield: To increase the productivity of the crop per acre.
$(ii)$ Improved quality: To enhance the quality of the produce,such as protein,oil,or vitamin content.
$(iii)$ Biotic and abiotic resistance: To develop varieties that can withstand biotic stresses (diseases,insects,and nematodes) and abiotic stresses (drought,salinity,waterlogging,and heat).
$(iv)$ Change in maturity duration: To develop varieties that mature uniformly and quickly.
$(v)$ Wider adaptability: To allow crops to grow in different environmental conditions.
Since all these factors are essential for agricultural development,the correct option is $(D)$.

(N/A) $(i)$ Rabi crops: The crops which are grown in the winter season,typically from November to April,are called Rabi crops.
Examples: Wheat,gram,peas,mustard,and linseed.
$(ii)$ Kharif crops: The crops which are grown in the rainy season,typically from June to October,are called Kharif crops.
Examples: Paddy,soybean,pigeon pea,maize,cotton,green gram,and black gram.

(N/A) Composite fish culture is a method of culturing five or six species of fish,both indigenous and exotic,together in a single fish pond. These species are selected such that they do not compete for food among themselves due to their different feeding habits.
$(b)$ Merit: It allows for higher fish yield as different species utilize different zones of the pond and different food sources.
Demerit: $A$ major problem is the lack of availability of good quality fish seed,as many species breed only during the monsoon season,and wild-collected seeds often contain a mixture of unwanted species.

(N/A) Hybridisation refers to the crossing between genetically dissimilar plants. This crossing may be intervarietal (between different varieties),interspecific (between two different species of the same genus),or intergeneric (between different genera).
Advantages of hybridisation:
$(i)$ It makes varieties disease-resistant and improves their response to fertilizers.
$(ii)$ It results in higher yield and improves the quality of the product.

(A) Preventive and control measures are used before grains are stored for future use.
These include strict cleaning of the produce before storage.
Proper drying of the produce is essential,first in sunlight and then in shade,to reduce moisture content.
Fumigation using chemicals that can kill pests is also employed to protect the stored grains.

(N/A) $(i)$ Mechanical removal: This involves using tools like harrows or hoes,or physical removal by uprooting or cutting weeds close to the ground.
$(ii)$ Preventive methods: These include proper seedbed preparation,timely sowing of crops,intercropping,and crop rotation to prevent weed growth.
$(iii)$ Tilling: Tilling the soil before sowing crops helps in uprooting and killing existing weeds.
$(iv)$ Biological control: This involves growing specific crops or using natural predators that compete with or inhibit the growth of weeds.

(N/A) $(i)$ Mixed cropping: Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land is called mixed cropping.
For example: Wheat + gram, or wheat + mustard, or groundnut + sunflower.
$(ii)$ Intercropping: Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field in a definite pattern is called intercropping.
For example: Soybean + maize, or finger millet (bajra) + cowpea (lobia).
$(iii)$ Crop rotation: The growing of different crops on a piece of land in a preplanned succession is known as crop rotation.
For example: Growing two or more crops on a piece of land during a year to maintain soil fertility.

(N/A) $(i)$ The three main varieties of pesticides are herbicides,insecticides,and fungicides.
$(ii)$ The problems related to the excessive use of pesticides are as follows:
$(a)$ Pesticides contain toxic chemicals,and their excessive use poses significant health risks to living organisms.
$(b)$ It leads to various health issues such as abdominal disorders,respiratory problems,and skin allergies.
$(c)$ It causes environmental pollution,including soil and water contamination,which leads to long-term ecological hazards.

(N/A) For good production of eggs,he should focus on the following points:
$(i)$ Maintenance of optimal temperature and higher summer adaptability.
$(ii)$ Selection of appropriate breeds and proper management of poultry birds.
$(b)$ He should add calcium to the feed to make the shells of the eggs strong,as calcium is essential for shell formation.

(N/A) The advantages of crops with a shorter duration are as follows:
$1$. It allows for multiple rounds of cropping in a single year,increasing total productivity.
$2$. It reduces the cost of production as the crop requires less time for irrigation,fertilizers,and labor.
$3$. It reduces the risk of crop loss due to pests,diseases,or unpredictable weather conditions during the growth period.
$4$. It provides more economic variety for farmers to choose from.

(N/A) Yes,$I$ agree with this statement. In contrast to the long-term benefits of manures,fertilizers provide only short-term benefits because:
$(i)$ Continuous use of fertilizers in an area can destroy soil fertility by reducing organic matter.
$(ii)$ They harm the beneficial microorganisms present in the soil,which are essential for maintaining soil health.
$(iii)$ They are expensive and can cause water pollution through the process of eutrophication when they leach into water bodies.

(N/A) $(i)$ They are called bio-pesticides.
$(ii)$ The purpose of using neem and turmeric is to protect stored grains from pests such as insects,rodents,fungi,mites,and bacteria.
$(iii)$ Herbicides are chemical substances used to remove or control weeds in cultivated fields during the early stages of crop growth.

(N/A) Organic farming: Production of unpolluted plant products by pursuing a farming system with minimal or no use of chemicals as fertilizers,herbicides,pesticides,etc.,is known as organic farming.
Advantages of organic farming:
$(i)$ In organic farming,there is minimal or no use of chemicals.
$(ii)$ In this farming,micro-organisms present in the soil are replenished.
$(iii)$ It maintains the soil fertility.
$(iv)$ Food obtained by this process is nutritious and unpolluted.

(N/A) $(i)$ Inland fishery refers to the rearing of fish in freshwater bodies like rivers,lakes,and ponds,whereas marine fishery refers to the rearing or catching of fish in seawater or oceanic environments.
$(ii)$ Culture fishery involves the systematic raising and cultivation of fish in controlled environments such as ponds and tanks,whereas capture fishery involves the management and harvesting of fish from natural water bodies without prior cultivation.
$(iii)$ Apiculture is the practice of rearing honey bees for the commercial production of honey and beeswax,whereas aquaculture is the farming,rearing,and management of aquatic organisms like fish,mollusks,crustaceans,and aquatic plants in controlled aquatic environments.

(N/A) $(i)$ Top dwellers: $Catla$ and $Silver$ $carp$.
$(ii)$ Middle dwellers: $Rohu$ and $Grass$ $carp$.
$(iii)$ Bottom dwellers: $Mrigal$ and $Common$ $carp$.

(N/A) $(i)$ Roughage is primarily composed of fibre,whereas concentrates are low in fibre.
$(ii)$ Concentrates contain a significantly higher level of proteins and other essential nutrients compared to roughage.
Example of roughage: Green fodder.
Example of concentrate: Oil cakes.

(D) Improved poultry breeds are developed for the following desirable traits:
$(i)$ Increase in the number and quality of chicks.
$(ii)$ Development of dwarf broiler parents for commercial chick production.
$(iii)$ Better summer adaptation capacity and tolerance to high temperatures.
$(iv)$ Low maintenance requirements.
$(v)$ Reduction in the size of the egg-laying bird with the ability to utilize more fibrous,cheaper diets formulated using agricultural by-products.

(N/A)

Manures	Fertilizers
$1.$ They are organic in nature.	$1.$ They are inorganic in nature.
$2.$ They are generally insoluble in water.	$2.$ They are generally soluble in water.
$3.$ They are not nutrient specific.	$3.$ They are nutrient specific.
$4.$ They are biodegradable.	$4.$ They are non-biodegradable.
$5.$ They are voluminous and bulky,so difficult to store and carry.	$5.$ They can be easily stored and are easy to carry.
$6.$ They provide humus to the soil.	$6.$ They do not provide humus to the soil.

(N/A) healthy animal feeds regularly and maintains a normal posture.
$(b)$ The characteristics of storage structures for grains are:
$(i)$ They should be properly cleaned and dried before use.
$(ii)$ They should be airtight to prevent moisture and pest entry.
$(iii)$ They should have outlets at different levels to facilitate the withdrawal of the required stock of grains.
$(iv)$ They should have pathways for periodic inspection,spraying,or fumigation.
$(v)$ They should have built-in arrangements for aeration,temperature control,and protection from pests.

(N/A) The lactation period is the duration of milk production by a female mammal after the birth of a calf.
Two breeds of cattle selected for their long lactation period are $Jersey$ and $Brown$ $Swiss$.
They are crossed with local breeds because local breeds possess excellent resistance to diseases and environmental stress,while the foreign breeds provide high milk yield. Cross-breeding combines these desirable traits into the offspring.
$(b)$ Roughage: It is a type of animal feed that is largely fibrous and contains a high percentage of cellulose. It provides bulk to the diet.
Concentrates: These are animal feeds that are low in fiber but contain relatively high levels of proteins,carbohydrates,fats,and other essential nutrients to support high productivity.