Infertility Questions in English

(D) $ZIFT$ stands for $Zygote$ $Intra-Fallopian$ $Transfer$.
In this procedure,fertilization is performed in the laboratory using the ovum from the female and sperm from the male.
The resulting zygote or early embryo with up to $8$ blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube.
If the embryo has more than $8$ blastomeres,it is transferred into the uterus,a procedure known as $IUT$ ($Intra-Uterine$ $Transfer$).
Since statements $A$,$B$,and $C$ accurately describe the processes of $ZIFT$ and $IUT$,they are all correct.
Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(D) $In \, vivo$ fertilization refers to the fertilization of the egg by sperm within the female reproductive tract.
Among the given options, $GIFT$ $(Gamete \, Intrafallopian \, Transfer)$ involves the transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female, where fertilization occurs naturally within the body.
In contrast, $IVF$ $(In \, vitro \, Fertilization)$ involves fertilization outside the body in laboratory conditions.
$ZIFT$ $(Zygote \, Intrafallopian \, Transfer)$ and $IUT$ $(Intra \, Uterine \, Transfer)$ involve the transfer of embryos that have already been fertilized outside the body.

(B) In cases where the male partner is unable to inseminate the female due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculate,a technique called $Intra-Uterine Insemination$ $(IUI)$ is used.
In this procedure,semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced either into the vagina or into the uterus $(IUI)$ of the female.

(B) $ICSI$ (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection) is a specialized procedure of $Assisted$ $Reproductive$ $Technology$ $(ART)$.
In this technique,a single sperm is directly injected into the cytoplasm of the ovum in a laboratory setting.
This method is used to overcome male infertility issues,such as low sperm count or poor sperm motility,to achieve fertilization.

(B) The technique where the zygote or early embryo (up to $8$ blastomeres) is transferred into the fallopian tube is known as $ZIFT$ ($Zygote$ $Intra$ $Fallopian$ $Transfer$).
$GIFT$ ($Gamete$ $Intra$ $Fallopian$ $Transfer$) involves the transfer of gametes,not embryos.
$ICSI$ ($Intracytoplasmic$ $Sperm$ $Injection$) is a procedure where a sperm is directly injected into the ovum.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(C) The transfer of an embryo with more than $8$ blastomeres into the uterus is known as Intra Uterine Transfer $(IUT)$.
$ZIFT$ (Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer) involves the transfer of zygote or early embryos up to $8$ blastomeres into the fallopian tube.
$GIFT$ (Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer) involves the transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female.
$ICSI$ (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection) is a specialized procedure in which a sperm is directly injected into the ovum.

(A) When the male partner is infertile (e.g.,low sperm count or inability to inseminate),the most appropriate technique is $AI$ (Artificial Insemination). In this method,semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced into the vagina or into the uterus ($IUI$ - Intrauterine Insemination) of the female. This bypasses the need for natural intercourse and addresses male infertility issues.

(C) The inability of the male partner to inseminate the female or due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculates is a condition of male infertility.
This can be corrected by the method of Artificial Insemination $(A.I.)$.
In this technique,the semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced either into the vagina or into the uterus ($IUI$ - Intra-Uterine Insemination) of the female.

(C) The statement in option $C$ is incorrect. Infertility is not always due to defects in the female partner. It can also be caused by defects in the male partner,or due to physical,congenital,immunological,or psychological factors. Therefore,option $C$ is the incorrect statement.

(D) The correct matches are as follows:
$(1)$ $ZIFT$ (Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer): Transfer of zygote or early embryo (up to $8$ blastomeres) into the fallopian tube. Hence,$1-c$.
$(2)$ $GIFT$ (Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer): Transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce one. Hence,$2-a$.
$(3)$ $IUT$ (Intra Uterine Transfer): Transfer of embryos with more than $8$ blastomeres into the uterus. Hence,$3-d$.
$(4)$ $ICSI$ (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection): $A$ specialized procedure to form an embryo in the laboratory in which a sperm is directly injected into the ovum. Hence,$4-b$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b$.

(B) test-tube baby is formed through the process of In vitro fertilization $(IVF)$.
In this process,the egg is fertilized by the sperm outside the body of the female in a controlled laboratory environment (in a test tube or petri dish).
Once fertilization occurs and the zygote reaches the $8$-celled stage,it is transferred into the fallopian tube of the female for further development.
Therefore,the correct term for this fertilization process is In vitro.

(D) Cryopreservation is a technique used for the long-term storage of biological materials such as gametes,embryos,and tissues.
In this process,the biological material is stored at extremely low temperatures using liquid nitrogen.
The temperature maintained for cryopreservation is $-196^{\circ} \text{C}$.
This ultra-low temperature halts all metabolic activities,thereby preserving the viability of the cells or tissues for an extended period.

(D) Infertility in cattle,particularly in local breeds,is often caused by hormonal imbalances or reproductive system issues. $Gonadotropins$ (such as $FSH$ and $LH$) are hormones that stimulate the gonads to produce gametes and sex hormones. By administering $Gonadotropin$ therapy,the reproductive cycle can be induced or regulated,thereby overcoming certain types of infertility and improving breeding efficiency.

(A) In certain cases, where normal fertilization is not possible, the ovum from the female and the sperm from the male are fused by an $in vitro$ technique.
This process is known as $in vitro$ fertilization $(IVF)$.
The resulting zygote or early embryo is then implanted in the uterus of the female, where further development takes place until birth.
Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards first developed the 'test tube baby' technique in $1978$.

(D) $ART$ (Assisted Reproductive Technologies) are the applications of reproductive technologies to solve infertility problems.
These include:
$(i)$ Test tube baby / In vitro fertilisation $(IVF)$
$(ii)$ Artificial Insemination Technologies $(AIT)$
$(iii)$ Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer $(GIFT)$
$(iv)$ Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection $(ICSI)$
Since all these methods are part of $ART$, the correct answer is "All of the above".

(B) developing embryo is transplanted into the uterus of another female. $A$ woman who substitutes or takes the place of the real mother to carry and nurse the embryo during gestation is called a surrogate mother.

(B) In $IVF$ (In Vitro Fertilisation),the fertilisation of the ovum and sperm takes place outside the female body in a laboratory setting,which mimics the conditions inside the body.
Following fertilisation,the resulting zygote or early embryo (up to $8$ blastomeres) is transferred into the fallopian tube,a process known as Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer $(ZIFT)$.
If the embryo is at a stage beyond $8$ blastomeres,it is transferred into the uterus,a process known as Intra Uterine Transfer $(IUT)$.
Collectively,these procedures are referred to as embryo transfer.

(A) $IVF$ stands for In vitro fertilization.
$IUI$ stands for Intra Uterine Insemination.
$ICSI$ stands for Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection.
$ZIFT$ stands for Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer. In this technique,the zygote or early embryos (up to $8$ blastomeres) are transferred into the fallopian tube.

(D) $Azospermia$: $A$ condition characterized by the complete absence of sperm in the ejaculate.
$Asthenospermia$: $A$ condition characterized by reduced sperm motility,where the sperm are unable to move effectively.
$Oligospermia$: $A$ condition characterized by a low sperm count in the ejaculate.
$Polyspermia$: $A$ condition characterized by an abnormally high sperm count in the ejaculate.
Therefore,the condition in which motility remains very low is $Asthenospermia$.

(A) Infertility is categorized into two main types based on reproductive history:
$1$. Primary infertility: This refers to individuals who have never been able to conceive a pregnancy.
$2$. Secondary infertility: This refers to individuals who have had at least one previous pregnancy but are unable to conceive subsequently.

(B) $GIFT$ stands for Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer. It involves the transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the Fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce one,but can provide suitable environment for fertilization and further development. It does not involve the transfer of embryos. The transfer of embryos with more than $8$ blastomeres into the uterus is known as Intrauterine Transfer $(IUT)$,while the transfer of embryos up to $8$ blastomeres into the Fallopian tube is $ZIFT$ (Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer). Therefore,option $B$ is wrongly matched.

(B) $ICSI$ stands for Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection.
It is a specialized procedure in assisted reproductive technology $(ART)$ where a single sperm is directly injected into the cytoplasm of an ovum to facilitate fertilization.
This technique is primarily used in cases of male infertility.

(D) Secondary infertility is a clinical condition where a couple has had at least one successful pregnancy in the past but is unable to conceive again after a period of trying,typically defined as $1$ year or more of unprotected intercourse.

(A) $GIFT$ (Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer) is a technique used for females who cannot produce an ovum but can provide a suitable environment for fertilisation and further development of the embryo. In this procedure,the ovum is collected from a donor and transferred into the fallopian tube of the recipient,where fertilisation occurs naturally. Option $A$ is the correct answer because $GIFT$ is specifically designed for women who are unable to produce their own eggs.

(A) $ZIFT$ stands for Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer.
In $ZIFT$,the embryo at the $8$-celled stage is transferred into the Fallopian tube.
This procedure is used when the zygote or early embryo has up to $8$ blastomeres.
Beyond the $8$-celled stage,the embryo is transferred into the uterus,a procedure known as $IUT$ (Intra Uterine Transfer).

(A) In assisted reproductive technologies,if the embryo contains up to $8$ blastomeres,it is transferred into the Fallopian tube,a process known as $ZIFT$ ($Zygote$ $Intra$ $Fallopian$ $Transfer$).
If the embryo contains more than $8$ blastomeres,it is transferred directly into the uterus,a process known as $IUT$ ($Intra$ $Uterine$ $Transfer$).
Therefore,for the condition where the embryo has more than $8$ blastomeres,the correct term is $IUT$.

(B) Artificial insemination $(AI)$ is a technique used to treat infertility in cases where the male partner is unable to inseminate the female or has a very low sperm count.
In this procedure,the semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced into the vagina or the uterus of the female.
Therefore,option $B$ is the correct definition of artificial insemination.

(A) $IVF$ (In vitro fertilization) involves fertilization outside the body followed by embryo transfer. The techniques associated with $IVF$ are:
$1. \; ZIFT$ (Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer): Zygote or early embryos (up to $8$ blastomeres) are transferred into the fallopian tube.
$2. \; IUT$ (Intra Uterine Transfer): Embryos with more than $8$ blastomeres are transferred into the uterus.
$3. \; ICSI$ (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection): $A$ specialized procedure to form an embryo in the laboratory in which a sperm is directly injected into the ovum.
$AI$ (Artificial Insemination) and $IUI$ (Intra Uterine Insemination) are techniques where semen is introduced into the female reproductive tract,but they are not $IVF$ techniques as fertilization occurs inside the body.
Therefore,$(I), (II),$ and $(III)$ are the techniques used in $IVF$.

(D) The difference lies in the number of cells (blastomeres).
$ZIFT$ (Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer) involves the transfer of a zygote or an early embryo (up to $8$ blastomeres) into the Fallopian tube.
$IUT$ (Intra Uterine Transfer) involves the transfer of an embryo with more than $8$ blastomeres directly into the uterus.

(B) $ZIFT$ stands for Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer.
In this assisted reproductive technology,the zygote or early embryo (up to $8$ blastomeres) is formed in the laboratory through in vitro fertilization $(IVF)$.
After the formation of the zygote,it is surgically transferred into the fallopian tube of the female for further development.
Therefore,option $B$ is the correct statement.

(D) The $IVF-ET$ (In Vitro Fertilization - Embryo Transfer) technique,commonly known as the 'test-tube baby' program,was first successfully implemented by Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards.
In $1978$,they successfully delivered the world's first test-tube baby,Louise Joy Brown,in the United Kingdom.
Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(B) The technique of 'Test tube baby' refers to In-Vitro Fertilization $(IVF)$.
In this process,the ovum from the wife/donor and the sperm from the husband/donor are collected and induced to form a zygote under simulated conditions in the laboratory (in vitro).
The zygote or early embryo (up to $8$ blastomeres) is then transferred into the fallopian tube ($ZIFT$ - Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer),or embryos with more than $8$ blastomeres are transferred into the uterus ($IUT$ - Intra Uterine Transfer) to complete its further development.
Therefore,the ovum is taken out,fertilized in the laboratory,and the resulting embryo is implanted into the female reproductive tract.

(C) In cases where the male partner is unable to inseminate the female partner due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculates,the technique of Artificial Insemination $(AI)$ is used.
In this technique,the semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced either into the vagina or into the uterus $(IUI)$ of the female.
Intra Uterine Insemination $(IUI)$ is a specific type of Artificial Insemination where the sperm is placed directly into the uterus.
Therefore,both $(A)$ and $(B)$ are correct methods used in such clinical scenarios.

(A) Infertility is defined as the inability of a couple to produce children in spite of unprotected sexual co-habitation for a period of two years or more.
Infertility can be caused by physical,congenital,diseases,drugs,immunological,or even psychological factors.
It is not restricted to the female partner; it can be due to defects in either the male or the female partner,or both.

(B) Surrogacy is a method of assisted reproductive technology in which a woman,known as a surrogate mother,agrees to carry a pregnancy for another person or couple who will become the legal parents of the child.
In this process,an embryo (often created via $IVF$) is implanted into the uterus of the surrogate mother,who carries the fetus to term.

(B) $GIFT$ stands for Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer.
It is an assisted reproductive technology.
In this technique,an ovum collected from a donor is transferred into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce an ovum,but can provide a suitable environment for fertilization and further development.

(D) $ZIFT$ stands for Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer.
In this technique,a zygote or an early embryo with up to $8$ blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube.
However,embryos with more than $8$ blastomeres are transferred into the uterus,a procedure known as Intra-Uterine Transfer $(IUT)$,to complete their further development.
Therefore,the statement that embryos with more than $8$ blastomeres are transferred into the fallopian tubes is incorrect.

(C) $GIFT$ $\rightarrow$ Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer.
$ZIFT$ $\rightarrow$ Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer.
$IVF$ $\rightarrow$ In Vitro Fertilization.
$ICSI$ $\rightarrow$ Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection.
$ICSI$ is a specialized procedure in which a single sperm is directly injected into the ovum using a microscopic needle. This technique is specifically used to overcome male infertility issues such as oligozoospermia or azoospermia,providing an alternative to using donor sperm.

(C) The test-tube baby programme involves $IVF$ (In-vitro fertilisation),which is fertilisation outside the body in almost similar conditions as that in the body,followed by embryo transfer $(ET)$ into the uterus for further development. Thus,option $C$ is the correct description.

(C) The Assertion is correct because in the test-tube baby programme $(IVF)$,gametes are collected and fertilized in a laboratory setting to form a zygote.
The Reason is incorrect because embryos with more than $8$ blastomeres are transferred into the uterus (Intra Uterine Transfer - $IUT$),not the fallopian tube.
Embryos with up to $8$ blastomeres are transferred into the fallopian tube,a procedure known as Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer $(ZIFT)$.

(C) The Assertion is correct because infertility is defined as the inability to produce children despite $2$ years of unprotected sexual cohabitation.
The Reason is incorrect because infertility and sterility are not synonyms.
Infertility refers to the inability to conceive,which can often be treated through various assisted reproductive technologies $(ART)$.
Sterility refers to the permanent inability to produce offspring,which is generally irreversible.

(B) The Assertion is correct because infertility is defined as the inability of couples to produce children in spite of unprotected sexual cohabitation for $2$ years or more.
The Reason is also correct because the 'Test Tube Baby' programme involves $IVF$ (In vitro fertilization) followed by the transfer of the embryo into the female genital tract (either $ZIFT$ or $IUT$).
However,the Reason does not explain why infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after $2$ years; it describes a treatment method for infertility.
Therefore,both are correct,but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.

(C) The term "Test Tube Baby" refers to the process of In Vitro Fertilization $(IVF)$.
In this technique, the ovum from the female and sperm from the male are collected and induced to fertilize in a laboratory environment (outside the body, often in a petri dish or test tube).
The resulting zygote or early embryo (at the $8$-blastomere stage) is then transferred into the uterus of the female for further development.
Therefore, fertilization occurs outside the body, but the development of the fetus occurs within the uterus.

(B) Infertility is defined as the inability of a couple to produce children despite $2$ years of regular,unprotected sexual cohabitation. Since the question specifies a period of $3$ years,which exceeds the standard clinical threshold,it is classified as infertility.

(D) Infertility is the inability to produce children in spite of unprotected sexual cohabitation. The causes for infertility are many and can be categorized as follows:
$1$. Physical or psychological factors: Stress,hormonal imbalances,or anatomical issues can lead to infertility.
$2$. Immunological factors: Sometimes the body produces antibodies against its own gametes (sperm or eggs),preventing fertilization.
$3$. Congenital diseases or drugs: Genetic disorders present from birth or the long-term use of certain medications can impair reproductive health.
Therefore,all the listed options are valid causes of infertility.

(C) Infertility is the inability to produce children in spite of unprotected sexual cohabitation.
In India,often the women are blamed for the childless couples.
However,the defect or cause of infertility can lie in either the male partner or the female partner.
Infertility can be caused by physical,congenital,diseases,drugs,immunological,or even psychological factors.
Therefore,it is scientifically incorrect to blame only women for infertility.

(A) $IUI$ stands for Intrauterine Insemination.
In this technique,semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced either into the vagina or into the uterus $(IUI)$ of the female.
This method is used in cases where the male partner is unable to inseminate the female due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculates.

(C) The correct answer is $C$.
$GIFT$ stands for $Gamete$ $Intra$ $Fallopian$ $Transfer$.
In $GIFT$,the gametes (ovum and sperm) are transferred into the fallopian tube,not the zygote.
Transferring a zygote into the fallopian tube is known as $ZIFT$ ($Zygote$ $Intra$ $Fallopian$ $Transfer$).
$ICSI$ ($Intracytoplasmic$ $Sperm$ $Injection$) involves the direct injection of a sperm into an ovum,which is correctly described in options $A$ and $B$.
$In\, vivo$ fertilization refers to the natural fusion of gametes inside the female reproductive tract.

(B) The technique of introducing semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor into the uterus is known as Intra-Uterine Insemination $(IUI)$.
In this procedure,the sperm is washed and concentrated before being placed directly into the uterus to increase the chances of fertilization.
$IUT$ (Intra-Uterine Transfer) involves transferring an embryo into the uterus.
$GIFT$ (Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer) involves transferring gametes into the fallopian tube.
$AI$ (Artificial Insemination) is a general term,but $IUI$ is the specific clinical technique for uterine placement.

(B) The techniques used to assist infertile couples to have children are collectively known as Assisted Reproductive Technologies $(ART)$.
$ART$ includes various procedures like In Vitro Fertilization $(IVF)$,Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer $(GIFT)$,Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection $(ICSI)$,and Intra-Uterine Insemination $(IUI)$.
Amniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic technique used to determine genetic disorders in the fetus,not for treating infertility.