Transgenic Animals Questions in English

(B) transgenic animal is defined as an animal that has had its $DNA$ manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene.
This is typically achieved by injecting foreign $DNA$ into the nucleus of a fertilized egg or zygote.
Since the $DNA$ is introduced at the zygote stage,it becomes integrated into the genome of the developing embryo.
Consequently,every cell in the resulting adult animal will contain the foreign $DNA$ sequence,allowing the trait to be expressed throughout the organism's body and passed on to its offspring.

(B) The evolution of modern dog breeds is primarily due to $Artificial \ selection$. Humans have selectively bred dogs over thousands of years for specific traits such as temperament,size,and physical appearance. This process involves choosing individuals with desired characteristics to reproduce,thereby altering the genetic makeup of the population over generations.

(A) The first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell was a sheep named $Dolly$.
This historic scientific achievement was accomplished by $Ian \ Wilmut$ and his colleagues at the $Roslin \ Institute$ in $Scotland$ in $1996$.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(B) Transgenic animals are animals that have had their $DNA$ manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene.
In the production of transgenic animals,the foreign $DNA$ is introduced into the germline cells or the early embryonic cells.
As a result,this foreign $DNA$ is incorporated into the genome of every cell in the developing organism.
Therefore,transgenic animals possess foreign $DNA$ in all of their cells.

(C) The first mammal was cloned by Wilmut et al. in $1997$ when they successfully produced a cloned baby sheep named Dolly at the Roslin Research Institute in Scotland. This was a landmark achievement in the field of biotechnology.

(C) $ANDI$ stands for 'Inserted $DNA$' spelled backwards. It was the first genetically modified rhesus monkey,created by inserting a jellyfish gene (encoding green fluorescent protein) into the monkey's genome. Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(B) Dolly was the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell.
She was created using the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer $(SCNT)$.
The nucleus was taken from an udder cell (somatic cell) of a donor ewe and inserted into an enucleated unfertilised egg (cytoplasm donor) of another ewe.
Therefore, Dolly has nuclear genes from the ewe that provided the udder cell and mitochondrial genes from the egg cytoplasm of the second ewe.

(B) In the process of animal cloning,specifically related to embryo transfer technology or artificial twinning,the fertilized egg (zygote) is allowed to develop until it reaches the $8$-celled stage. At this stage,the cells (blastomeres) are separated. Each separated cell is then cultured in a suitable medium until it develops into a small embryo. These individual embryos are then implanted into the uteri of surrogate mothers,allowing for the production of multiple identical offspring.

(A) Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell.
This process is known as Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer $(SCNT)$.
In this technique,the nucleus from a somatic cell (taken from the mammary gland of an adult donor sheep) is transferred into an enucleated oocyte (an egg cell from which the nucleus has been removed).
This reconstructed egg is then stimulated to divide and develop into an embryo,which is subsequently implanted into a surrogate mother.

(A) The first mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell was a sheep named $Dolly$.
This experiment was conducted by $Ian$ $Wilmut$ and his colleagues at the $Roslin$ $Institute$ in $Scotland$ in $1996$.
$Dolly$ was created using the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer,where the nucleus of an adult mammary gland cell was inserted into an enucleated egg cell.

(B) In the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer (cloning),the nucleus of a somatic cell (donor) is inserted into an enucleated egg cell (recipient).
While the nuclear $DNA$ comes from the donor,the cytoplasm of the egg cell remains with the recipient.
Extranuclear genes (such as mitochondrial $DNA$) are located in the cytoplasm.
Therefore,the resulting organism will contain the nuclear genome of the donor and the extranuclear (mitochondrial) genome of the recipient.

(C) Genetic engineering is used to create transgenic animals that serve as models for human diseases or for testing the safety of vaccines.
Specifically,transgenic mice are widely used to test the safety of the polio vaccine before it is administered to humans.
This ensures that the vaccine is safe and effective,reducing the risk of adverse reactions in the human population.
Therefore,option $C$ is the correct answer.

(C) The production of a 'super mouse' (transgenic mouse) is achieved by introducing a foreign gene,such as the growth hormone gene,into the genome of the mouse. This process is a form of genetic engineering or gene manipulation,where the organism's $DNA$ is altered to express desired traits. Therefore,the correct answer is gene manipulation.

(B) Transgenic animals are those that have had their $DNA$ manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene.
Among all existing transgenic animals,mice are the most common.
They are widely used in research because they are easy to handle,have a short life cycle,and their genetic makeup is well-understood,making them ideal models for studying human diseases and testing new therapies.

(C) Microinjection is a technique used to introduce foreign $DNA$ directly into the nucleus of a fertilized egg or an embryo.
When a desired gene is introduced into the fertilized egg of an animal using this method,the resulting organism carries and expresses the foreign gene.
Such an organism,which contains and expresses an extra gene (transgene) introduced by artificial means,is known as a $Transgenic \text{ } animal$.

(C) The correct answer is $C$.
$A$. Transgenic mice are used to test the safety of the polio vaccine before it is used on humans. This is a correct pair.
$B$. Rosie,the first transgenic cow,produced human protein-enriched milk containing the human $\alpha$-lactalbumin gene. This is a correct pair.
$C$. $A$ $ssDNA$ or $ssRNA$ probe is used to detect the presence of a mutated gene in molecular diagnosis. It is not specifically used for the 'Albumin gene' in this context. This is an incorrect pair.
$D$. $PCR$ (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a powerful technique used for the molecular diagnosis of various diseases. This is a correct pair.

(C) In the process of transgenesis,a foreign gene (transgene) is introduced into the genome of an organism. The specific gene that is introduced and expressed in the target tissue to study its function or to produce a desired trait is referred to as a $Transgene$. $A$ $Reporter$ gene is used to monitor the expression of the transgene,while $Promoters$ and $Enhancers$ are regulatory elements that control the transcription of the gene.

(A) Transgenic animals are those that have had their $DNA$ manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene.
These foreign genes are introduced into the genome of the organism at the embryonic stage.
As a result,the foreign $DNA$ is integrated into the germline and somatic cells,meaning it is present in all cells of the organism's body.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(A) genetically modified organism $(GMO)$ that contains and expresses a transgene (a gene from another organism) is called a transgenic organism. When an organism is modified by the introduction of one or more foreign genes,it is specifically referred to as a transgenic organism.

(A) The correct process for cattle cloning via embryo transfer involves taking a fertilized egg from the donor cow. At the $8$-cell stage,the blastomeres are separated. These individual cells are then cultured in vitro until they develop into small embryos. Finally,these embryos are implanted into the wombs of surrogate cows (recipient cows) to complete their development. This technique allows for the production of multiple offspring from a single high-quality embryo.

(B) The correct answer is $B$ (Mice).
Transgenic animals are animals that have had their $DNA$ manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene.
Among all existing transgenic animals,more than $95\%$ of all existing transgenic animals are mice.
They are widely used in research because they are easy to handle,have a short life cycle,and their genetic makeup is well-understood,making them ideal models for studying human diseases and gene function.

(D) is incorrect because Rosie was a transgenic cow,not a buffalo.
$(B)$ is incorrect because restriction enzymes are used to cut $DNA$ at specific sites,not for the isolation of $DNA$ from other macromolecules. Isolation is achieved using enzymes like lysozyme,cellulase,or chitinase.
$(C)$ is correct; downstream processing is a vital step in $rDNA$ technology.
$(D)$ is correct; disarmed pathogen vectors are used to deliver $rDNA$ into host cells.
Therefore,statements $(A)$ and $(B)$ contain mistakes.

(A) The correct answer is $A$. Genetic engineering allows for the creation of transgenic animals that serve as models for human diseases.
$1$. Transgenic mice are specifically developed to test the safety of vaccines,such as the polio vaccine,before they are administered to humans.
$2$. While transgenic models exist for various diseases,the specific application mentioned in the context of vaccine safety testing is the use of transgenic mice.
$3$. Rosie,the transgenic cow,produced human alpha-lactalbumin-enriched milk,not high-fat milk for ghee.
$4$. Therefore,the most accurate application listed is the use of transgenic mice for vaccine safety testing.

(B) Transgenic animals are specifically designed to study the genetic basis of diseases and to test new therapeutic agents.
$1$. $Cancer$: Transgenic mice are widely used to study the genes involved in cancer development.
$2$. $Alzheimer's \text{ disease}$: Transgenic models are used to understand the neurodegenerative processes.
$3$. $Cystic \text{ fibrosis}$: Transgenic models have been developed to study this genetic disorder.
$4$. $Typhoid$: Typhoid is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium $Salmonella \text{ typhi}$. Since it is an infectious disease caused by an external pathogen rather than a genetic mutation, there is no specific 'transgenic model' created to study the disease itself in the same way as genetic disorders or cancer.

(C) The correct matches are as follows:
$(1)$ Study of disease: Transgenic models are used to study human diseases like Rheumatoid arthritis. Thus,$(1-r)$.
$(2)$ Biological products: Transgenic animals are used to produce biological products like $\alpha-1$ Antitrypsin used to treat emphysema. Thus,$(2-s)$.
$(3)$ Vaccine safety: Transgenic mice are being used to test the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans. Thus,$(3-p)$.
$(4)$ Chemical safety: Transgenic animals are made that carry genes which make them more sensitive to toxic substances than non-transgenic animals. These are then exposed to the toxic substances and the effects studied. Thus,$(4-q)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(1-r), (2-s), (3-p), (4-q)$.

(D) The first transgenic cow,named 'Rosie',was developed in the year $1997$.
Rosie was a transgenic cow that produced human protein-enriched milk ($2.4$ grams of human alpha-lactalbumin per litre).
This was achieved through the application of biotechnology to improve the nutritional quality of milk for human infants.

(A) Transgenic animals are specifically designed to allow scientists to study the effects of toxic substances on the body.
This process is known as toxicity/safety testing.
By using transgenic animals that carry genes which make them more sensitive to toxic substances than non-transgenic animals,researchers can observe the effects of these toxins in a much shorter time frame.
This is particularly useful for testing the safety of drugs and chemicals before they are used on humans.

(C) The transgenic cow 'Rosie',produced in $1997$,was the first transgenic cow to produce human protein-enriched milk.
Her milk contained the human protein alpha-lactalbumin,which is nutritionally more balanced for human babies than natural cow milk.
The concentration of this protein was $2.4 \text{ grams per liter}$.

(C) Transgenic animals are those that have had their $DNA$ manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene.
Among all transgenic animals,mice are the most commonly used for research purposes.
This is because mice have a short generation time,are easy to handle,and their genetic makeup is well-understood,making them ideal models for studying human diseases and testing new therapies.
Therefore,the maximum number of existing transgenic animals is of mice.

(A) Transgenic animals are animals that have had their $DNA$ manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene.
This process involves the introduction of a foreign gene into the genome of the animal,which is then passed on to its offspring.
This technique is widely used in biotechnology to study gene regulation,disease models,and the production of biological products.

(D) The transgenic cow 'Rosie',produced in $2002$,was the first transgenic cow to produce human protein-enriched milk.
$1.$ The milk produced by 'Rosie' contained the human protein Alpha-lactalbumin at a concentration of $2.4 \ g/L$.
$2.$ This milk is considered more nutritionally balanced for human babies than natural cow milk because it contains human-specific proteins.
$3.$ Since all three statements $(I, II, III)$ accurately describe the characteristics of the milk produced by 'Rosie',the correct option is $D$.

(B) In the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer $(SCNT)$,the nucleus of a somatic cell (donor) is inserted into an enucleated egg cell (recipient).
While the nuclear $DNA$ comes from the donor somatic cell,the cytoplasm of the recipient egg cell remains intact.
The cytoplasm of the egg cell contains organelles like mitochondria,which possess their own $DNA$,known as extranuclear or cytoplasmic genes.
Therefore,the resulting organism will possess the nuclear genes of the donor and the extranuclear (mitochondrial) genes of the recipient egg cell.

(A) In cattle cloning,specifically using the embryo transfer technique or embryo splitting,the zygote is allowed to develop until it reaches the $8$-celled stage. At this stage,the cells (blastomeres) are separated. Each separated cell is then cultured in a suitable medium until it develops into a small embryo. Finally,these embryos are implanted into the uterus of surrogate cows to complete their development. This method allows for the production of multiple identical offspring from a single zygote.

(B) Transgenic animals are defined as animals that have had their $DNA$ manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene.
In the process of creating a transgenic animal,the foreign gene is introduced into the germline cells (such as the zygote or early embryonic cells).
As a result,the foreign $DNA$ becomes integrated into the genome of the organism.
Since this integration occurs at the embryonic stage,the foreign $DNA$ is replicated and passed on to every cell of the developing organism.
Therefore,all cells of a transgenic animal contain the foreign $DNA$.

(D) Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell. It was created by researchers at the Roslin Institute in Scotland and was born on $5$ July $1996$. This achievement gained worldwide fame as it demonstrated that a specialized cell from an adult animal could be used to create an exact genetic copy of the entire organism.

(B) The production of giant mice in the laboratory is a classic example of creating transgenic animals. This was achieved by introducing the growth hormone gene from another species (such as a rat or human) into the mouse genome. This process of altering the genetic makeup of an organism by introducing foreign $DNA$ is known as gene manipulation or genetic engineering. Therefore,the correct answer is $B$.

(A) Genetic engineering is widely used in the development of transgenic animals.
Transgenic mice are specifically engineered to serve as models for human diseases and to test the safety of vaccines,such as the polio vaccine,before they are administered to humans.
This allows researchers to observe the effects of the vaccine in a controlled environment,ensuring human safety.
Therefore,option $A$ is the most accurate application of genetic engineering in this context.

(B) Transgenic animals are those whose $DNA$ is manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene.
Among all existing transgenic animals,mice are the most common.
They are widely used in research because they are easy to handle,have a short life cycle,and their genetic makeup is well-understood,making them ideal models for studying human diseases and testing new therapies.

(N/A) Transgenic animals have been proven very useful for human welfare.
$(i)$ Normal physiology and development: Transgenic animals can be specifically designed to allow the study of how genes are regulated and how they affect the normal functions of the body and its development.
Example: Study of complex factors involved in growth such as insulin-like growth factor.
- By introducing genes from other species that alter the formation of this factor and studying the biological effects that result, information is obtained about the biological role of the factor in the body.
$(ii)$ Study of disease: Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how genes contribute to the development of diseases.
Today, transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's.
$(iii)$ Biological products: Medicines required to treat certain human diseases can contain biological products, but such products are often expensive to make.
Transgenic animals that produce useful biological products can be created by the introduction of the portion of $DNA$ which codes for a particular product, such as human protein $(\alpha-1$ antitrypsin) used to treat emphysema.
- Similarly, attempts are being made for the treatment of phenylketonuria $(PKU)$ and cystic fibrosis.
- In $1997$, the first transgenic cow, "Rosie", produced human protein-enriched milk ($2.4$ grams per litre).
$(iv)$ Vaccine safety: Transgenic mice are being developed for use in testing the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans.
- Transgenic mice are being used to test the safety of the polio vaccine.
If successful and found to be reliable, they could replace the use of monkeys to test the safety of batches of the vaccine.
$(v)$ Chemical safety testing: Chemical safety testing is also known as toxicity/safety testing.
- The procedure is the same as that used for testing the toxicity of drugs.
Transgenic animals are made that carry genes which make them more sensitive to toxic substances than non-transgenic animals.
They are then exposed to the toxic substances and the effect is studied.
Toxicity testing in such animals will allow us to obtain results in less time.

(N/A) Animals that have had their $DNA$ manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as $transgenic \text{ } animals$. These animals are created by introducing a foreign gene into their genome, allowing them to express traits that are not naturally present in their species. They are widely used in research to study gene function, disease models, and the production of biological products.

(N/A) Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how genes contribute to the development of disease.
These animals are specially created to serve as models for human diseases, which allows for the investigation and testing of new treatments.
By studying these models, researchers can observe the progression of diseases in a controlled environment.
Today, transgenic models exist for many human diseases, such as $Cancer$, $Cystic \text{ } fibrosis$, $Rheumatoid \text{ } arthritis$, and $Alzheimer's$ disease.

(N/A) The first transgenic cow was named Rosie.
The gene for human alpha-lactalbumin was introduced into its genome.
This milk is nutritionally rich, containing $2.4 \text{ grams per litre}$ of human protein, making it more balanced for human babies than natural cow milk.

(N/A) $1$. To study fundamental biological processes: Transgenic models are used to study the regulation of genes and their effect on normal physiology and development, such as the study of complex growth factors like $IGF-I$ (Insulin-like Growth Factor-$I$) and $IGF-II$ to understand how they contribute to body growth.
$2$. To produce useful products: Transgenic animals are used to produce biological products. For example, the transgenic cow 'Rosie', produced in $1997$, produced human protein-enriched milk $(2.4 \text{ g/L})$. The milk contained the human alpha-lactalbumin, which is more nutritionally balanced for human babies than natural cow milk.

(N/A) $(i)$ $\text{Normal physiology and development:}$ Transgenic animals are specifically designed to allow the study of how genes are regulated and how they affect the normal functions of the body and its development. For example,studying complex factors involved in growth,such as insulin-like growth factor. By introducing genes from other species that alter the formation of this factor and studying the resulting biological effects,information is obtained about the biological role of the factor in the body.
$(ii)$ $\text{Study of disease:}$ Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how genes contribute to the development of diseases. These are specially made to serve as models for human diseases so that investigation of new treatments becomes possible. Today,transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as cancer,cystic fibrosis,rheumatoid arthritis,and Alzheimer's.
$(iii)$ $\text{Biological products:}$ Medicines required to treat certain human diseases can contain biological products,which are often expensive to produce. Transgenic animals that produce useful biological products can be created by the introduction of the portion of $DNA$ (or genes) which codes for a particular product,such as human protein ($\alpha-1$-antitrypsin) used to treat emphysema. Similar attempts are being made for the treatment of phenylketonuria $(PKU)$ and cystic fibrosis. In $1997$,the first transgenic cow,Rosie,produced human protein-enriched milk $(2.4 \text{ g/L})$. The milk contained human alpha-lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more balanced product for human babies than natural cow milk.
$(iv)$ $\text{Vaccine safety:}$ Transgenic mice are being developed for use in testing the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans. Transgenic mice are currently used to test the safety of the polio vaccine. If successful and found to be reliable,they could replace the use of monkeys to test the safety of vaccine batches.

(B) Animals that have had their $DNA$ manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as $Transgenic$ $animals$.
These animals are created through genetic engineering techniques to study gene regulation, disease models, biological products, vaccine safety, and chemical safety testing.
Therefore, the correct option is $B$.

(D) Transgenic animals are animals that have had their $DNA$ manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene.
Among all existing transgenic animals, mice are the most common model organism used in research.
More than $95$ percent of all existing transgenic animals are mice $(Y = \text{mice})$.
Therefore, the correct option is $D$.

(C) Transgenic animals are animals that have had their $DNA$ manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene.
They are used for:
$1$. Normal physiology and development: To study how genes are regulated and their effect on the normal functions of the body.
$2$. Study of diseases: Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how genes contribute to the development of diseases like cancer,cystic fibrosis,rheumatoid arthritis,and Alzheimer's.
$3$. Biological products: Transgenic animals are used to produce biological products like human proteins (e.g.,$\alpha-1$-antitrypsin for emphysema) or medicines.
$4$. Vaccine safety: Transgenic mice are being used to test the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans.
$MOET$ (Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology) is a method used for herd improvement in cattle,not a use of transgenic animals.

(A) The first transgenic cow, named $Rosie$, was produced in $1997$.
This cow produced human protein-enriched milk, which contained the human $\alpha$-lactalbumin protein.
This milk was nutritionally more balanced product for human babies than natural cow milk.

(C) The first transgenic cow was named $Rosie$.
It was produced in $1997$.
This cow produced human protein-enriched milk ($2.4 \ g/L$ of human $\alpha$-lactalbumin).
This milk was nutritionally more balanced product for human babies than natural cow milk.

(A) The first transgenic cow,named $Rosie$,was produced in $1997$.
This cow produced human protein-enriched milk containing the human protein $Alpha-lactalbumin$.
The concentration of this protein was $2.4 \ g/L$.
This milk was nutritionally more balanced for human babies than natural cow milk.