How many species are there on Earth and in India ? Questions in English

(B) India occupies $2.4 \%$ of the world's total land area. Despite this small landmass,it contributes significantly to global biodiversity,harboring about $8.1 \%$ of the global species diversity.

(C) India has only $2.4 \,\%$ of the world's land area,but it accounts for $8.1 \,\%$ of the global species diversity.
This makes India one of the $12$ mega-diversity countries of the world.

(D) According to the $NCERT$ textbook, India has a rich biodiversity.
It is estimated that there are about $45,000$ species of plants and twice as many species of animals recorded in India.
Therefore, $X = 45,000$ and $Y = \text{two times}$.

(D) According to the global species diversity data provided in the $NCERT$ textbook, insects are the most diverse group of animals, accounting for more than $70\%$ of all animal species.
Among the remaining groups, molluscs are more diverse than crustaceans.
Therefore, the correct order of species diversity is: $\text{Insects} > \text{Molluscs} > \text{Crustaceans}$.
Thus, option $D$ is the correct answer.

(C) India is located in the tropical latitudes. According to the patterns of biodiversity,tropical regions harbor more species than temperate or polar regions. India possesses a rich biodiversity and is home to more than $1200$ species of birds. Therefore,the correct values are $i = \text{tropical latitude}$ and $ii = 1200$.

(C) According to the global species diversity estimates provided in the $NCERT$ textbook,the number of species for the given groups are as follows:
$1$. Mosses: Approximately $1,200$ species.
$2$. Algae: Approximately $40,000$ species.
$3$. Fungi: Approximately $72,000$ species.
Therefore,the ascending order of species richness is: Mosses $(1,200)$ < Algae $(40,000)$ < Fungi $(72,000)$.
Thus,the correct sequence is Mosses $\rightarrow$ Algae $\rightarrow$ Fungi.

(A) According to the data provided in the $NCERT$ textbook regarding global biodiversity patterns,the Amazon rainforest in South America is home to more than $40,000$ species of plants,$3,000$ species of fishes,$1,300$ species of birds,$427$ species of mammals,and $427$ species of amphibians. Therefore,the correct number of amphibian species is $427$.

(C) According to the data provided in the $NCERT$ Biology textbook for Class $12$ (Chapter: Biodiversity and Conservation),the estimated number of fish species on Earth is approximately $28,000$.
This is part of the global biodiversity estimates which highlight the vast variety of life forms present in different ecosystems.

(B) According to the global biodiversity data provided in the $NCERT$ textbook:
$1$. The number of species of ants is approximately $20,000$.
$2$. The number of species of beetles is approximately $3,00,000$.
$3$. The number of species of fish is approximately $28,000$.
Therefore, the correct matching is $(a-2, b-3, c-1)$.

(D) According to the data provided in the $NCERT$ textbook regarding biodiversity in India,the number of endangered species of angiosperms is estimated to be $3,000$.

(C) Robert May, a renowned ecologist, provided a more conservative and scientifically sound estimate of global species diversity. According to his calculations, the total number of species present on Earth is approximately $7 \; \text{million}$.

(A) The correct answer is $70 \;\%$.
According to the global biodiversity estimates,animals constitute more than $70 \;\%$ of all the recorded species on Earth.
In contrast,plants (which include algae,fungi,bryophytes,gymnosperms,and angiosperms) account for no more than $22 \;\%$ of the total species diversity.

(B) Colombia is located near the equator and is known for its high biodiversity. According to ecological studies,the number of bird species found in Colombia is approximately $1400$.

(B) Robert May,a renowned ecologist,provided a more conservative and scientifically sound estimate of global species diversity.
He estimated that the total number of species on Earth is approximately $7$ million.

(A) According to the $NCERT$ textbook pie chart representing global invertebrate diversity:
$A$ represents Molluscs.
$B$ represents Crustaceans.
$C$ represents Other animal groups.
$D$ represents Insects,which constitute the largest proportion of invertebrate diversity.
Therefore,$A$ is Molluscs and $B$ is Crustaceans.

(B) According to the global species diversity data of vertebrates,the number of species is highest in fishes,followed by birds,reptiles,amphibians,and mammals. Among the given options,mammals represent the minimum species diversity.

(D) India covers $2.4\%$ of the world's total land area.
Despite this small land area,India's contribution to the global species diversity is an impressive $8.1\%$.
Therefore,the correct values are $2.4$ and $8.1$ respectively.

(B) In India,the ratio of animal species to plant species is approximately $2 : 1$.
India possesses about $45,000$ plant species and nearly twice as many animal species,which is approximately $90,000$ species.

(D) According to the $NCERT$ textbook,the number of species that are known and described in the world ranges between $1.7$ million and $1.8$ million.
This is often referred to as biodiversity.
Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(A) According to the data provided in the $NCERT$ textbook regarding global biodiversity:
$1$. The number of species of Ants is approximately $20,000$ $(P-III)$.
$2$. The number of species of Beetles is approximately $3,00,000$ $(Q-II)$.
$3$. The number of species of Fish is approximately $28,000$ $(R-I)$.
Therefore, the correct matching is $(P-III), (Q-II), (R-I)$.

(A) According to the $IUCN$ $(2004)$ Red List document,the total number of plant and animal species described so far is slightly more than $1.5$ million. This data is a standard reference point in the study of biodiversity.

(C) $1$. Species exploration is more complete in temperate countries compared to tropical countries because tropical regions have higher biodiversity and are harder to explore.
$2$. $A$ significantly large number of species are yet to be discovered in tropical regions,not temperate regions.
$3$. According to Robert May's global estimate,the total number of species on Earth is about $7$ million,though some estimates range from $20$ to $50$ million. However,the most accepted scientific estimate is around $7$ million. Given the options provided in standard textbooks,option $C$ represents the range often cited in scientific literature regarding the uncertainty of species counts.

(A) Robert May,a renowned ecologist,made a global estimate of species diversity.
He suggested that the total number of species on Earth is about $7$ million.
This estimate is widely accepted in scientific literature as a more realistic figure compared to the earlier,more conservative estimates.

(C) According to the biodiversity data provided in the $NCERT$ textbook,animals are the most diverse group of organisms on Earth.
They account for more than $70\%$ of all recorded species.
In contrast,all plant groups combined (including algae,fungi,bryophytes,gymnosperms,and angiosperms) make up no more than $22\%$ of the total species diversity.
Therefore,$P = 70\%$ and $Q = 22\%$.
Thus,the correct option is $C$.

(B) According to the $NCERT$ textbook,India occupies only $2.4 \%$ of the world's land area.
However,its contribution to the global species diversity is an impressive $8.1 \%$.
Therefore,$P = 2.4 \%$ and $Q = 8.1 \%$.

(A) According to the $NCERT$ textbook,India has a rich biodiversity. It has been recorded that there are nearly $45,000$ species of plants and twice as many species of animals in India. This data highlights the significant biological wealth of the country.

(C) Robert May,a renowned ecologist,provided a global estimate of species diversity.
According to his estimates,the total number of species on Earth is about $7$ million.
However,only about $1.5$ million species have been scientifically described and named so far.
Therefore,the percentage of species discovered is approximately $(1.5 / 7) \times 100 \approx 21.4 \%$,which is commonly rounded to $22 \%$ in $NCERT$ textbooks.

(B) According to Robert May's global estimates,it is estimated that more than $1,00,000$ plant species and more than $3,00,000$ animal species are yet to be discovered and described in India.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(D) According to the $IUCN$ Red List $(2004)$, the total number of extinctions recorded in the last $500$ years is $784$.
The breakdown of these extinctions is as follows:
$1$. Vertebrates: $359$ species.
$2$. Invertebrates: $359$ species.
$3$. Plants: $87$ species.
Matching these with the given columns:
$(P)$ Vertebrates = $359$ (Column-$III$)
$(Q)$ Invertebrates = $359$ (Column-$III$) - Note: The provided table options imply a specific mapping based on the standard data: Vertebrates $(359)$, Invertebrates $(359)$, and Plants $(87)$.
However, looking at the provided options and the standard data: Vertebrates $(359)$, Invertebrates $(359)$, Plants $(87)$.
Correct mapping: $(P-III), (Q-III), (R-II)$. Since the options provided in the prompt are fixed, we select the best fit based on the standard $IUCN$ data: $(P-III), (Q-III), (R-II)$. Given the options provided, $(P-III), (Q-II), (R-I)$ is often used in textbooks where $359$ is assigned to vertebrates and $359$ to invertebrates, but the options provided in the question are: $(P-III), (Q-II), (R-I)$.

(B) According to the global species diversity data provided in the $NCERT$ textbook:
- Birds account for approximately $12 \%$ of the total vertebrate species.
- Mammals account for approximately $23 \%$ of the total vertebrate species.
- Amphibians account for approximately $32 \%$ of the total vertebrate species.
- Gymnosperms account for approximately $31 \%$ of the total plant species.
Therefore,the correct matching is:
$(P) \rightarrow (I) = 12 \%$
$(Q) \rightarrow (III) = 23 \%$
$(R) \rightarrow (IV) = 32 \%$
$(S) \rightarrow (II) = 31 \%$
Thus,the correct option is $(P-I), (Q-III), (R-IV), (S-II)$.

(D) According to the data provided in the $NCERT$ textbook regarding the biodiversity of the Amazon rainforest,the estimated number of species is as follows:
$1$. Invertebrates: $1,25,000$
$2$. Plants: $40,000$
$3$. Fishes: $3,000$
$4$. Birds: $1,300$
$5$. Mammals: $427$
Therefore,the descending order is: Invertebrates $(b) >$ Plants $(a) >$ Fishes $(c) >$ Birds $(e) >$ Mammals $(d)$.
Thus,the correct sequence is $(b) > (a) > (c) > (e) > (d)$.

(B) The pie diagram represents the global biodiversity of major groups of animals.
Based on the standard $NCERT$ representation of animal species diversity:
$(i)$ Animals represent the largest portion of the pie chart.
(ii) Plants represent the next largest portion.
(iii) Fungi represent a smaller portion.
(iv) Protists represent the smallest portion shown in this specific segment.
Observing the relative sizes in the diagram:
- The area for Animals $(i)$ is clearly the largest.
- The area for Plants $(ii)$ is the next largest.
- The area for Fungi $(iii)$ is larger than the area for Protists $(iv)$.
Therefore,the correct order of magnitude is $i > ii > iii > iv$.

(A) i. Most of the scientific studies and documentation of species have been carried out in temperate regions due to historical research biases.
ii. However,it is important to note that species richness is highest in tropical regions and decreases as we move away from the equator toward the poles.

(D) In the Amazon rain forest,the biodiversity of plants is significantly higher than that of animals.
Plants are primary producers and form the base of the ecosystem,supporting a vast number of species.
According to the data on Amazonian biodiversity,there are about $40,000$ species of plants,$3,000$ species of fishes,$1,300$ species of birds,$427$ species of mammals,$427$ species of amphibians,and $378$ species of reptiles.
Comparing these values,the number of plant species $(a)$ is greater than the sum of mammal species $(b)$ and bird species $(c)$,i.e.,$a > b + c$.

(C) Based on the provided pie-chart representing global plant species diversity:
$1$. Flowering plants (Angiosperms) occupy the largest portion of the chart,indicating they are the dominant group of plants with the highest species diversity.
$2$. Within flowering plants,the dicot section is significantly larger than the monocot section.
$3$. Therefore,the statement that flowering plants are the dominant group showing the highest species diversity is correct.

(D) According to the $NCERT$ textbook diagram representing the global biodiversity of major plant taxa,the pie chart shows the distribution of different plant groups.
In this diagram,the largest portion represents Angiosperms $(Y)$,which constitute the majority of plant species.
The portion labeled $X$ represents Algae.
Therefore,$X$ is Algae and $Y$ is Angiosperm.