How many species are there on Earth and in India ? Questions in English

(A) According to the data provided in the $NCERT$ textbook under the chapter 'Biodiversity and Conservation',India has a rich biodiversity.
It is reported that there are about $45000$ species of plants and twice as many animals in India.

(A) According to the data provided in the $NCERT$ Biology textbook (Chapter: Biodiversity and Conservation),there are approximately $487$ species of angiosperms in India that are classified as endangered. This data highlights the critical need for conservation efforts to protect the unique floral diversity of the country.

(B) According to the $2001$ census,India's population was $1027$ million,making it the second most populous country in the world.
India occupies only $2.42\%$ of the world's total land area.
However,it supports approximately $16.2\%$ to $17.5\%$ of the world's population (based on various census data points around that period).
Given the options provided,$16.2\%$ is the most accurate representation of the demographic data relevant to the context of standard textbook statistics.

(B) As of recent data, India has surpassed China to become the most populous country in the world. Therefore, India is now placed at the $First$ position in terms of world population.

(B) According to the global biodiversity estimates, animals represent more than $70\%$ of all the species recorded. Among animals, insects are the most species-rich taxonomic group, making up more than $70\%$ of the total animal species. This means that out of every $10$ animals on this planet, $7$ are insects. Therefore, insects have the highest number of species compared to fungi, birds, and angiosperms.

(B) India is home to a rich diversity of flora. According to botanical studies and biodiversity assessments,approximately $33\%$ of the flowering plants found in India are endemic,meaning they are native to India and not found naturally anywhere else in the world. Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(C) India is considered the home of wild fowl $(Gallus \, gallus)$. Domesticated chickens are believed to have originated from these wild ancestors found in the Indian subcontinent.

(B) According to the global estimates made by Robert May,the total number of species on Earth is about $7$ million. However,various scientific estimates range widely from $3$ to $100$ million. Among the given options,the most widely accepted scientific range for the estimated number of species is $5$ to $50$ million.

(A) According to the $NCERT$ textbook,the number of species that are known and described ranges between $1.7$ million to $1.8$ million. This is referred to as biodiversity.

(B) According to the $IUCN$ $(2004)$ and other scientific estimates,the total number of described species is about $1.7$ to $1.8$ million. However,the total number of species on Earth is estimated to be between $5$ million and $50$ million,with many species yet to be discovered and described.

(B) : Insects have the highest number of species found in nature.
$Insecta$ is the largest class of animals.
It has over $7,00,000$ species.
Insects are the most successful land invertebrates and the only major competitors with humans for dominance in the world.

(A) According to the $NCERT$ textbook,India has a rich biodiversity. It has been recorded that there are nearly $45,000$ species of plants and twice as many species of animals in India.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(C) According to the $IUCN$ $(2004)$ Red List,the total number of plant and animal species described so far is slightly more than $1.5$ million.
This figure represents the global biodiversity documented by scientists up to that year.

(C) According to the data provided in the $NCERT$ textbook regarding the biodiversity of the Amazonian rainforest,the species richness is as follows:
$1$. Plants: $40,000$
$2$. Fishes: $3,000$
$3$. Birds: $1,300$
$4$. Reptiles: $378$
$5$. Amphibians: $427$
$6$. Mammals: $427$
Therefore,the number of reptile species is $378$.

(B) According to the latitudinal gradients of biodiversity,species diversity decreases as we move from the equator towards the poles.
Greenland,located at $71^o\, N$,is near the Arctic region.
Based on the data provided in the $NCERT$ textbook regarding the latitudinal gradient of bird species,Greenland at $71^o\, N$ has $56$ species of birds.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(A) India is home to a vast diversity of plant species. According to the $NCERT$ textbook on Biodiversity and Conservation,there are more than $1,000$ genetically different varieties of mango in India. This high level of genetic diversity is a significant aspect of India's biological heritage.

(B) According to the global biodiversity data provided in the $NCERT$ textbook:
$1$. More than $70\%$ of all recorded species are animals,while plants (including algae,fungi,bryophytes,gymnosperms,and angiosperms) comprise no more than $22\%$ of the total.
$2$. Among animals,insects are the most species-rich taxonomic group,making up more than $70\%$ of the total. This means that out of every $10$ animals on this planet,$7$ are insects.
$3$. The number of fungi species in the world is more than the combined total of the species of fishes,amphibians,reptiles,and mammals.
$4$. India has only $2.4\%$ of the world's land area,but its global species diversity is an impressive $8.1\%$.
Option $B$ is incorrect because insects make up more than $70\%$ of the total animal species,not less than $70\%$.

(B) According to the global biodiversity estimates provided in the $NCERT$ textbook,the number of species in different groups varies significantly.
Among the given options,the number of species is as follows:
$1$. $Fungi$: More than $70,000$ species.
$2$. $Molluscs$: Approximately $70,000$ species.
$3$. $Reptiles$: Approximately $7,150$ species.
$4$. $Mammals$: Approximately $4,650$ species.
Therefore,$Fungi$ have the highest number of species among the listed groups.

(C) According to the global species diversity estimates provided in the $NCERT$ textbook:
$1$. Fishes: There are approximately $28,000$ species of fishes.
$2$. Orchids: There are approximately $20,000$ species of orchids.
$3$. Beetles: There are approximately $3,00,000$ species of beetles.
Therefore,the correct matching is $(1-b), (2-c), (3-a)$.

(B) According to the $NCERT$ textbook on Biodiversity and Conservation:
$1$. India has only $2.4\%$ of the world's land area,but its global species diversity is an impressive $8.1\%$. Thus,$(P-4)$.
$2$. There are about $45,000$ species of plants and twice as many animals recorded in India. Thus,$(Q-1)$.
$3$. Among animals,insects are the most species-rich taxonomic group,making up more than $70\%$ of the total. Thus,$(R-2)$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $(P-4), (Q-1), (R-2)$.

(B) India has only $2.4\%$ of the world's land area,but it accounts for $8.1\%$ of the global species diversity. This makes India one of the $12$ mega-biodiversity countries of the world.

(C) According to the $NCERT$ textbook,India occupies only $2.4\%$ of the world's land area.
Despite this small land area,India's share of the global species diversity is an impressive $8.1\%$.
This makes India one of the $12$ mega-diversity countries of the world.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(C) According to the $NCERT$ textbook,the number of species that are known and described on the earth ranges between $1.7$ to $1.8$ million. This is often referred to as the range of biodiversity currently identified by taxonomists.

(B) According to the global biodiversity estimates,animals are more diverse than plants.
Among animals,insects are the most species-rich group,making up more than $70\%$ of the total identified animal species.
This means that out of every $10$ animals on this planet,$7$ are insects.
Therefore,insects have the highest number of species in nature compared to fungi,birds,and mammals.

(A) According to the global biodiversity estimates,among the groups listed,$Fungi$ represent a very high number of species. In the context of biological classification and biodiversity,$Fungi$ have a greater number of described species compared to $Algae$,$Bacteria$,or $Lichens$.

(A) According to the global biodiversity estimates,animals are the most diverse group,and among animals,insects are the most species-rich taxonomic group.
Insects account for more than $70\%$ of all the recorded animal species on Earth.
Therefore,out of the given options,insects have the highest number of species.

(A) According to the global biodiversity estimates, animals constitute about $70\%$ of all recorded species, while plants (including algae, fungi, bryophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms) comprise about $22\%$. Among animals, insects are the most species-rich group, making up more than $70\%$ of the total animal population. Therefore, out of the given options, insects have the highest number of species in nature.

(A) According to the global species diversity estimates,among the groups listed,$Fungi$ have the highest number of species. The number of species of $Fungi$ is more than the combined total of the species of $Fishes$,$Amphibians$,$Reptiles$,and $Mammals$.

(D) According to the global biodiversity data provided in the $NCERT$ textbook,the number of species of fungi is more than the combined total of the species of fishes,amphibians,reptiles,and mammals. Among the given options,fungi represent the group with the highest number of recorded species.

(A) Based on the standard $NCERT$ diagram for global biodiversity:
$1$. In pie diagram $A$ (Invertebrates),the largest slice is Insects,followed by Molluscs $(I)$,Crustaceans,and other animal groups.
$2$. In pie diagram $B$ (Vertebrates),the largest slice is Fishes,followed by Birds,Mammals,Reptiles,and Amphibians $(II)$.
$3$. In pie diagram $C$ (Plants),the largest slices are Angiosperms $(IV)$ and Fungi $(III)$,followed by Algae,Mosses,Ferns and allies,and Lichens.
Therefore,$I$ is Molluscs,$II$ is Amphibians,$III$ is Fungi,and $IV$ is Angiosperms. The correct option is $A$.

(B) The diversity of living organisms present on the Earth is vast. According to an estimate by researchers,it is about $7$ million.
Ecologists calculate the total number of species present in the world by using statistical comparisons between the species richness of well-studied groups of insects in temperate and tropical regions.
These ratios are then extrapolated to other groups of plants and animals to estimate the total species richness present on the Earth.

(C) According to the $IUCN$ $(2004)$ report,the total number of plant and animal species described so far is slightly more than $1.5$ million. However,we have no clear idea of how many species are yet to be discovered and described. Many taxonomic studies suggest that the actual global species diversity is likely to be about $7$ million.

(N/A) The estimate of the total number of species on Earth was provided by the $IUCN$ $(2004)$ report. According to this,the total number of plant and animal species described so far is slightly more than $1.5$ million.
Many species are yet to be discovered and described. Most of these are based on estimates.
Temperate regions are more thoroughly studied for taxonomic groups and species discovery compared to tropical countries.
$A$ significantly large number of species remains to be discovered in the tropics.
Biologists have extensively studied the species richness of insect groups in tropical and temperate regions. By making statistical comparisons between these groups and extrapolating them to other groups of animals and plants,they have estimated the total number of species on Earth.
While some estimates range from $20$ to $50$ million,the most scientifically sound estimate made by $Robert$ $May$ places the global species diversity at about $7$ million.

(A) Based on current species inventories,we observe interesting aspects of global biodiversity:
$(i)$ More than $70$ percent of all recorded species are animals. Among animals,insects are the most species-rich taxonomic group,making up more than $70$ percent of the total animal population (meaning out of every $10$ animals on this planet,$7$ are insects).
$(ii)$ Plants (including algae,fungi,bryophytes,gymnosperms,and angiosperms) comprise about $22$ percent of the total species.
$(iii)$ The number of fungal species in the world is more than the combined total of the species of fishes,amphibians,reptiles,and mammals.

(B) The estimated biodiversity does not provide any specific number for prokaryotic organisms.
Conventional taxonomic methods are not suitable for identifying microbial species.
Many of these species cannot be cultured under laboratory conditions.
When biochemical or molecular criteria are adopted for describing the species of these groups,their diversity is estimated to be in the millions.

(N/A) Although India has $2.4 \%$ of the world's land area,its share of the global species diversity is an impressive $8.1 \%$.
India is one of the $12$ mega-diversity countries of the world.
There are about $45,000$ species of plants and twice as many species of animals that have been recorded in India.
If we apply Robert May's global estimate,then only $22 \%$ of the total species have been recorded so far. India probably has more than $1,00,000$ species of plants and $3,00,000$ species of animals yet to be discovered and described.

(B) Scientists make a statistical comparison of the temperate-tropical species richness of an exhaustively studied group of insects.
They then extrapolate this ratio to other groups of animals and plants to arrive at a gross estimate of the total number of species on Earth.

(B) $(i)$ More than $70\%$ of all the species recorded are animals. While plants (including algae, fungi, bryophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms) comprise no more than $22\%$ of the total.
(ii) Among animals, insects are the most species-rich taxonomic group, making up more than $70\%$ of the total animal species. This implies that out of every $10$ animals on this planet, $7$ are insects.

(N/A) According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature $(IUCN)$ $2004$ data,the total number of plant and animal species described so far is slightly more than $1.5$ million.
For many taxonomic groups,species inventories are more complete in temperate regions than in tropical countries.
Assuming that a large number of species remain undiscovered in the tropics,biologists make a statistical comparison of the temperate-tropical species richness of exhaustively studied groups (like insects) and extrapolate this ratio to other groups of animals and plants.
- This leads to a gross estimate that the total number of species on Earth ranges from $20$ to $50$ million.
- $A$ more conservative and scientifically sound estimate by Robert May places the global species diversity at about $7$ million.
More than $70\%$ of all recorded species are animals,while plants comprise no more than $22\%$ of the total.
Insects are the most species-rich taxonomic group in the animal kingdom,making up more than $70\%$ of the total animals. This means that out of every $10$ animals on Earth,$7$ are insects.
The number of fungi species in the world is more than the combined total number of species of fishes,amphibians,reptiles,and mammals.
However,biologists are still not certain about the exact diversity of prokaryotic species due to difficulties in culturing them in laboratory conditions.

(A) According to the estimates made by Robert May,the global species diversity is about $7$ million. While more than $1.5$ million species have been described so far,many more remain to be discovered and described.

(A) India is known for its immense agricultural diversity. It is estimated that there are approximately $200,000$ (two lakhs) varieties of rice in India alone. This diversity is a significant part of India's biological heritage.

(B) According to the global biodiversity estimates provided by Robert May and documented in the $NCERT$ Biology textbook,there are about $7$ million species on Earth. Among the animal kingdom,insects are the most species-rich taxonomic group. Specifically,beetles (Coleoptera) are the most diverse group of animals,with approximately $3,00,000$ species identified and described globally. Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(A) India is home to a vast amount of biodiversity. Specifically,regarding rice,there are more than $50,000$ genetically diverse varieties of rice in India. This high level of genetic diversity is a significant aspect of India's agricultural heritage and contributes to food security.

(B) India is home to a vast diversity of mangoes. According to the $NCERT$ textbook for Class $12$ Biology (Chapter: Biodiversity and Conservation),there are more than $1000$ varieties of mangoes in India.

(A) According to the $IUCN$ $(2004)$ Red List of Threatened Species,the total number of plant and animal species described so far is slightly more than $1.5$ million.
This data is a standard reference point in the study of biodiversity and conservation.

(B) Robert May placed the global species diversity at about $7$ million. This estimate is considered the most scientifically sound and globally accepted estimate of species diversity on Earth. Edward Wilson is known for popularizing the term 'biodiversity',while Paul Ehrlich is known for the 'Rivet Popper Hypothesis'.

(D) According to the $NCERT$ textbook,among the global species diversity,animals are estimated to be more than $70\%$ of the total species,while plants (including algae,fungi,bryophytes,gymnosperms,and angiosperms) comprise no more than $22\%$ of the total. Therefore,$X = 70$ and $Y = 22$.

(A) Robert May's global estimate for the total number of species on Earth is about $7$ million.
This estimate is widely accepted in the scientific community as a reasonable approximation of global biodiversity,despite the fact that only about $1.5$ million species have been scientifically described and named so far.

(C) According to the global biodiversity data,insects are the most species-rich group of animals on Earth.
They account for more than $70\%$ of all the recorded animal species.
This means that out of every $10$ animals on this planet,$7$ are insects.

(D) Biologists face significant challenges in estimating the total number of species for prokaryotes. This is primarily because:
$1$. Traditional taxonomic methods based on morphological characteristics are not applicable to prokaryotes.
$2$. Many prokaryotic species cannot be cultured in laboratory conditions.
$3$. Biochemical and molecular biology-based criteria (such as $16S$ $rRNA$ sequencing) are required for their identification,which are complex and time-consuming.
Therefore,the diversity of prokaryotes remains largely unknown and underestimated.