Taxonomic categories Questions in English

(D) Brinjal ($Solanum$ $melongena$) and potato ($Solanum$ $tuberosum$) belong to the same genus $Solanum$ because they share common correlated characters.
They are classified as separate species because:
$(i)$ They exhibit distinct morphological features.
$(ii)$ They possess reproductive isolation,meaning they are unable to interbreed under natural conditions.
Therefore,all the given options are correct factors that define them as separate species.

(B) To avoid confusion caused by local names,botanists use a standardized system of nomenclature known as $Binomial Nomenclature$.
This system was proposed by $Carolus Linnaeus$.
Under this system,each organism is given a unique scientific name consisting of two components: the $Genus$ and the $species$ epithet.
This ensures that a specific plant has only one universally accepted scientific name,regardless of the region or language.

(N/A) The common name of the plant is Mustard.
$(b)$ The first part denotes the genus (generic name),and the second part denotes the specific epithet (species name).
$(c)$ According to the rules of binomial nomenclature,scientific names are printed in italics to indicate their Latin origin.
$(d)$ Linn is the abbreviation for the scientist Carolus Linnaeus,who first described and named this plant species.

(N/A) $\rightarrow$ Taxon: $A$ taxon is a scientific term used to represent any rank or level in the classification system.
$\rightarrow$ Taxonomic Hierarchy: Taxonomic hierarchy is the arrangement of various taxonomic categories in an ascending order,which describes the systematic position of any living organism.
$\rightarrow$ Flow Diagram (Lowest to Highest):
Species $\rightarrow$ Genus $\rightarrow$ Family $\rightarrow$ Order $\rightarrow$ Class $\rightarrow$ Phylum (for animals) / Division (for plants) $\rightarrow$ Kingdom.
$\rightarrow$ Example:
- Plant: $Solanum$ $tuberosum$ (Species) $\rightarrow$ $Solanum$ (Genus) $\rightarrow$ Solanaceae (Family) $\rightarrow$ Polymoniales (Order) $\rightarrow$ Dicotyledonae (Class) $\rightarrow$ Angiospermae (Division) $\rightarrow$ Plantae (Kingdom).
- Animal: $Panthera$ $leo$ (Species) $\rightarrow$ $Panthera$ (Genus) $\rightarrow$ Felidae (Family) $\rightarrow$ Carnivora (Order) $\rightarrow$ Mammalia (Class) $\rightarrow$ Chordata (Phylum) $\rightarrow$ Animalia (Kingdom).
$\rightarrow$ Trends as we go up the hierarchy:
$1$. Number of individuals: Increases.
$2$. Number of shared characters: Decreases.

(A) $(i)$ The family of a cat is Felidae. Similarly,the family of a dog is Canidae.
$(ii)$ The scientific name of Mango is Mangifera indica. Similarly,the scientific name of Wheat is Triticum aestivum.

(A) $(i)$ Flora contains the actual account of habitat and distribution of plants of a given area. These provide the index to the plant species found in a particular area.
$(ii)$ Each category,referred to as a unit of classification,is in fact a rank and is commonly termed as a taxonomic category or taxonomic rank.

(N/A) Binomial nomenclature is a standardized system of naming living organisms.
The universal rules of binomial nomenclature are as follows:
$(1)$ Biological names are generally in Latin and written in italics. They are Latinized or derived from Latin, irrespective of their origin.
$(2)$ The first word in a biological name represents the genus, while the second component denotes the specific epithet.
$(3)$ Both the words in a biological name, when handwritten, are separately underlined, or when printed, are written in italics to indicate their Latin origin.
$(4)$ The first word denoting the genus starts with a capital letter, while the specific epithet starts with a small letter.
This can be illustrated with the example of $Mangifera \, indica$.
$(5)$ The name of the author appears after the specific epithet, i.e., at the end of the biological name, and is written in an abbreviated form, e.g., $Mangifera \, indica \, Linn$.
This indicates that this species was first described by Linnaeus.

(N/A) $\rightarrow$ Taxa: Each category referred to as a unit of classification represents a rank and is commonly termed as a taxon (plural: taxa).
$\rightarrow$ Dogs,cats,mammals,wheat,rice,plants,and animals are convenient categories we use to study organisms. The scientific term for these categories is taxa.
$\rightarrow$ Taxa can indicate categories at very different levels. For example,'plants' form a taxon,'wheat' is a taxon,and 'mammals' are also a taxon. Since a dog is a mammal and mammals are animals,these represent taxa at different levels.
$\rightarrow$ Taxonomy: Based on characteristics,all living organisms can be classified into different taxa. This process of classification is called taxonomy.
$\rightarrow$ External and internal structure,along with the structure of the cell,development process,and ecological information of organisms,are essential and form the basis of modern taxonomic studies. Characterization,identification,classification,and nomenclature are the processes basic to taxonomy.
$\rightarrow$ Systematics: Human beings have always been interested in knowing more about different kinds of organisms and their diversities,as well as the relationships among them. This branch of study is referred to as systematics.
$\rightarrow$ The word systematics is derived from the Latin word 'systema',which means the systematic arrangement of organisms. Linnaeus used 'Systema Naturae' as the title of his publication. The scope of systematics was later enlarged to include identification,nomenclature,and classification.

(N/A) $\rightarrow$ Classification is not a single-step process but involves a hierarchy of steps in which each step represents a taxonomic rank.
$\rightarrow$ Each category,referred to as a unit of classification,represents a rank and is commonly termed as a $taxon$ (plural: $taxa$).
$\rightarrow$ Taxonomic categories and hierarchy can be illustrated by an example.
$\rightarrow$ Insects represent a group of organisms sharing common features like three pairs of jointed legs.
$\rightarrow$ This means insects are recognizable concrete objects which can be classified and thus were given a rank or category.
$\rightarrow$ Groups represent a category and further denote a rank.
$\rightarrow$ Each rank or $taxon$ represents a unit of classification.
$\rightarrow$ These taxonomic groups/categories are distinct biological entities and not merely morphological aggregates.
$\rightarrow$ Taxonomical studies of all known organisms have led to the development of common categories.
$\rightarrow$ All organisms,including those in plant and animal kingdoms,have $species$ as the lowest category.
$\rightarrow$ To place an organism in various categories,the basic requirement is the knowledge of characters.
$\rightarrow$ This helps in identifying similarities and dissimilarities among the individuals of the same kind of organisms as well as of other kinds of organisms.

(N/A) $(i)$ Species:
$\rightarrow$ Taxonomic studies consider a group of individual organisms with fundamental similarities as a species,which are distinct based on morphological differences.
$\rightarrow$ Example: $Mangifera$ $indica$,$Solanum$ $tuberosum$ (potato),and $Panthera$ $leo$ (lion).
$\rightarrow$ The words $indica$,$tuberosum$,and $leo$ represent the specific epithets,while $Mangifera$,$Solanum$,and $Panthera$ are genera,representing a higher level of taxon or category.
$\rightarrow$ Each genus may have one or more than one specific epithet representing different organisms that share morphological similarities.
$\rightarrow$ For example,$Panthera$ has another specific epithet called $tigris$,and $Solanum$ includes species like $nigrum$ and $melongena$.
$\rightarrow$ Human beings belong to the species $sapiens$,which is grouped in the genus $Homo$.
$\rightarrow$ The scientific name for human beings is written as $Homo$ $sapiens$.
$(ii)$ Genus:
$\rightarrow$ Genus comprises a group of related species which have more characters in common in comparison to species of other genera.
$\rightarrow$ Genera are aggregates of closely related species.
$\rightarrow$ For example,potato and brinjal are two different species but both belong to the genus $Solanum$. Lion ($Panthera$ $leo$),leopard ($P.$ $pardus$),and tiger ($P.$ $tigris$) are all species of the genus $Panthera$.
$\rightarrow$ This genus differs from the genus $Felis$,which includes cats.
$(iii)$ Family:
$\rightarrow$ Family consists of a group of related genera with fewer similarities compared to genus and species.
$\rightarrow$ Families are characterized on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive features of plant species.
$\rightarrow$ Among plants,for example,three different genera $Solanum$,$Petunia$,and $Datura$ are placed in the family $Solanaceae$.

(N/A) The taxonomic categories from species to kingdom are arranged in ascending order as follows:
Kingdom
$\uparrow$
Phylum or Division
$\uparrow$
Class
$\uparrow$
Order
$\uparrow$
Family
$\uparrow$
Genus
$\uparrow$
Species
These are the broad taxonomic categories. Taxonomists have also developed sub-categories within this hierarchy to facilitate a more precise and scientific placement of various taxa.
Key points regarding this hierarchy:
$1$. As we move higher from Species to Kingdom,the number of common characteristics among the organisms decreases.
$2$. The lower the taxon,the more characteristics the members within that group share.
$3$. The higher the category,the greater the difficulty in determining the relationship between organisms at the same level.
$4$. Consequently,the process of classification becomes more complex as we move up the hierarchy.

(B) Scientific names are assigned based on universally accepted principles and criteria to ensure consistency across the globe.
$\rightarrow$ For plants,scientific names are based on agreed principles and criteria provided in the International Code for Botanical Nomenclature [$ICBN$].
$\rightarrow$ For animals,taxonomists have evolved the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature [$ICZN$].

(C) Taxonomic hierarchy is the sequence of arrangements of taxonomic categories in a descending order during the classification of an organism.
$1$. For humans: Kingdom: $Animalia$,Phylum: $Chordata$,Class: $Mammalia$,Order: $Primates$,Family: $Hominidae$,Genus: $Homo$,Species: $sapiens$.
$2$. For mango: Kingdom: $Plantae$,Phylum: $Angiospermae$,Class: $Dicotyledonae$,Order: $Sapindales$,Family: $Anacardiaceae$,Genus: $Mangifera$,Species: $indica$.
Both examples correctly represent the hierarchical arrangement of taxonomic categories from higher to lower ranks.

(B) $\rightarrow$ As we move higher in the taxonomic hierarchy from Species to Kingdom,the number of common characteristics shared by the organisms decreases.
$\rightarrow$ The lower the taxon,the more characteristics the members within that group share.
$\rightarrow$ Conversely,at higher categories,it becomes increasingly difficult to determine the evolutionary relationships between different taxa at the same level.
$\rightarrow$ Therefore,the problem of classification becomes more complex as we move to higher taxonomic categories.

(N/A) Taxonomic studies are essential for understanding the diversity of organisms, their evolutionary relationships, and for the identification, nomenclature, and classification of new species. They provide a systematic framework for organizing biological information.

Common Name	Biological Name	Genus	Family	Order	Class	Phylum/Division
Man	Homo sapiens	Homo	Hominidae	Primata	Mammalia	Chordata
Housefly	Musca domestica	Musca	Muscidae	Diptera	Insecta	Arthropoda
Mango	Mangifera indica	Mangifera	Anacardiaceae	Sapindales	Dicotyledonae	Angiospermae
Wheat	Triticum aestivum	Triticum	Poaceae	Poales	Monocotyledonae	Angiospermae

(N/A)

Taxonomy	Systematics
$(1)$ It is the branch of science dealing with the characterization,identification,nomenclature,and classification of organisms.	$(1)$ It is the study of the diversity of organisms and all their comparative and evolutionary relationships.
$(2)$ It focuses primarily on the rules and principles of classification.	$(2)$ It includes taxonomy along with the study of evolutionary relationships (phylogeny) between organisms.

(C) The taxonomic hierarchy is an arrangement of categories in a descending or ascending order. The correct ascending order is: Species $\rightarrow$ Genus $\rightarrow$ Family $\rightarrow$ Order $\rightarrow$ Class $\rightarrow$ Phylum/Division $\rightarrow$ Kingdom.
Species is the basic unit of classification.
Genus is a group of related species.
Family is a group of related genera.
Order is a group of related families.
Class is a group of related orders.
Phylum (in animals) or Division (in plants) is a group of related classes.
Kingdom is the highest taxonomic category.

(A) In the taxonomic hierarchy,the categories are arranged in the order: Kingdom,Phylum,Class,Order,Family,Genus,and Species.
Since 'Order' is a higher taxonomic category than 'Family','Genus',and 'Species',any two animals belonging to the same 'Order' must necessarily belong to the same 'Class' and 'Phylum' (or 'Division').
Among the given options,'Class' is the only category that is higher than 'Order' in the hierarchy,meaning all members of the same order share the same class.

(C) Genus is the first higher category above the level of species.
$A$ genus comprises a group of related species which has more characters in common in comparison to species of other genera.
$A$ genus may have one to several species.
$A$ genus having a single species is called monotypic (e.g.,$Homo$ $sapiens$).
$A$ genus having two or more species is called polytypic (e.g.,$Panthera$ includes $P. leo$,$P. tigris$,$P. onca$,and $P. pardus$).

(C) In biological classification,the taxonomic hierarchy consists of several ranks.
'Phylum' is a taxonomic category used for animals that is higher than 'class' and lower than 'kingdom'.
For plants,the equivalent taxonomic category is known as 'division'.
Therefore,'phylum' in animals corresponds to 'division' in plants.

(C) The lowest taxonomic category in the biological classification hierarchy is the $Species$. $A$ $Species$ is defined as a group of individual organisms that are closely related,resemble one another,and are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring. While options $C$ and $D$ describe aspects of a species,option $C$ specifically highlights the fundamental concept of resemblance among related organisms,which is the core definition of a species in taxonomy.

(A) Potato, tomato, and brinjal are three different species, but they all belong to the same genus, $Solanum$.
Genus is an assembly of related species which evolved from a common ancestor and share certain common characters.
$Solanum$ is a polytypic genus containing more than one species.

(C) In binomial nomenclature, scientific names are printed in italics. The first word representing the genus starts with a capital letter, while the specific epithet (species) starts with a small letter. For example, in $Solanum \, tuberosum$, $Solanum$ is the genus and $tuberosum$ is the species.

(A) In biological classification,the taxonomic category 'Order' generally ends with the suffix '-ales'.
For example,in plants,the order 'Polymoniales' includes families like Convolvulaceae and Solanaceae.
'aceae' is the suffix used for 'Family',not 'Order'.

(C) The correct classification for the given organisms is as follows:
$1$. $Homo$ $sapiens$ belongs to the class $Mammalia$.
$2$. $Musca$ $domestica$ (housefly) belongs to the class $Insecta$.
$3$. $Mangifera$ $indica$ (mango) belongs to the class $Dicotyledonae$.
$4$. $Triticum$ $aestivum$ (wheat) belongs to the class $Monocotyledonae$.
Therefore, the correct matching is $A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III$.

(B) The correct taxonomic classification is as follows:
$A$. Family: $V$. Solanaceae
$B$. Kingdom: $IV$. Plantae
$C$. Order: $II$. Polymoniales
$D$. Species: $I$. $Ipomoea$ (Note: $Ipomoea$ is a genus, but in the context of this specific matching, it represents the species level identifier provided)
$E$. Genus: $III$. $Solanum$
Therefore, the correct match is $A-V, B-IV, C-II, D-I, E-III$.

(D) Statement $(i)$ is correct: As we go lower in the taxonomic hierarchy,the number of common characteristics shared by the members increases.
Statement $(ii)$ is incorrect: Order is the assemblage of families which exhibit a few similar characters,not genera.
Statement $(iii)$ is incorrect: $Cat$ belongs to the family $Felidae$,while $dog$ belongs to the family $Canidae$.
Statement $(iv)$ is correct: Binomial nomenclature was introduced by $Carolus$ $Linnaeus$.
Therefore,statements $(ii)$ and $(iii)$ are not correct.

(C) $(i)$. Correct: $A$ genus is a group of related species that have more characters in common in comparison to species of other genera.
$(ii)$. Incorrect: $A$ taxon represents a taxonomic group of any rank,not just individual organisms.
$(iii)$. Correct: Families are characterized on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive features of plant species and include a group of related genera.
$(iv)$. Correct: The class includes related orders (e.g.,order Primata comprising monkey,gorilla and gibbon is placed in class Mammalia along with order Carnivora).
Therefore,statements $(i), (iii)$,and $(iv)$ are correct.

(C) Statement $(i)$ is correct. $A$ genus is a group of related species that share more common characters compared to species of other genera.
Statement $(ii)$ is incorrect. The genera $Solanum$,$Datura$,and $Petunia$ are placed in the family $Solanaceae$,not $Malvaceae$.
Statement $(iii)$ is incorrect. In plants,classes with a few similar characters are assigned to a higher category called division,whereas the term phylum is used for animals.

(C) Statement $(i)$ is correct: Taxonomic hierarchy consists of various steps or ranks,each referred to as a taxonomic category.
Statement $(ii)$ is correct: $A$ species is defined as a group of individual organisms that share fundamental similarities and are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring.
Statement $(iii)$ is correct: Taxonomic studies have established a universal hierarchy of categories including kingdom,phylum (for animals) or division (for plants),class,order,family,genus,and species.
Statement $(iv)$ is incorrect: As we go lower in the taxonomic hierarchy (towards species),the organisms share more characteristics,making it easier to determine their relationships. Conversely,the higher the category,the greater the difficulty of determining relationships to other taxa at the same level.
Therefore,statements $(i)$,$(ii)$,and $(iii)$ are correct.

(B) Genus comprises a group of related species which has more characters in common in comparison to species of other genera.
Organisms placed in the same genus are most closely related.
Therefore,the statement that organisms placed in the same genus are least closely related is incorrect.

(D) The taxonomic hierarchy follows a specific order of increasing complexity and decreasing common characteristics.
$1$. $Species$: The basic unit of classification.
$2$. $Genus$: $A$ group of closely related species.
$3$. $Family$: $A$ group of related genera.
$4$. $Order$: $A$ group of related families.
$5$. $Class$: $A$ group of related orders.
$6$. $Phylum/Division$: $A$ group of related classes.
$7$. $Kingdom$: The highest taxonomic category.
Thus,the correct sequence is $Species \rightarrow Genus \rightarrow Family \rightarrow Order \rightarrow Class \rightarrow Phylum/Division \rightarrow Kingdom$.

(C) $Taxa$ is the plural form of $taxon$.
$Taxon$ is a grouping of organisms at any level in the hierarchical classification system,which is based on some common characteristics.
It represents real biological objects placed in any category,whereas the category itself is an abstract term.

(A) Taxonomic hierarchy (introduced by Linnaeus) is the step-wise arrangement of all taxonomic categories in a descending order,starting from Kingdom up to Species.
This hierarchy represents the various levels of biological classification.
The number of similar characters among organisms decreases as we move from the lowest rank (Species) to the highest rank (Kingdom).
There are $7$ obligate categories that constitute the taxonomic hierarchy: Kingdom,Phylum/Division,Class,Order,Family,Genus,and Species.
In addition to these,there are some optional categories such as Tribe,Subclass,and Superclass.

(B) Taxonomic categories are arranged in a hierarchy where the number of common characteristics decreases as we move from species to kingdom.
$Tomato$ ($Solanum$ $lycopersicum$) and $potato$ ($Solanum$ $tuberosum$) are distinct species but belong to the same genus $Solanum$ and the same family $Solanaceae$.
Since $family$ is a lower taxonomic category than $order$ or $division$,the organisms sharing the same family exhibit a higher degree of common characteristics compared to those sharing only an order or division.
Therefore,the common characteristics between $tomato$ and $potato$ are maximum at the level of their $family$.

(C) Taxonomy involves several processes such as characterization,identification,nomenclature,and classification.
Identification is the first and most fundamental step in taxonomy.
It involves determining the correct place of an organism in a system of classification and finding out its correct name.
This process is carried out with the help of taxonomic keys.
It not only assigns the organism to a particular group and locates its correct name but also provides information if the organism is new to science and requires a new name.

(B) Species is considered the only taxonomic category that has a real existence in nature.
It is the basic unit of classification.
$A$ species consists of one or more natural populations of individuals that resemble one another more closely than individuals of other species.
These individuals interbreed freely,share a distinct genetic makeup,and are reproductively isolated from other species.
Examples include $Panthera$ $leo$ (Lion),$Mangifera$ $indica$ (Mango),and $Solanum$ $tuberosum$ (Potato).

(A) In a taxonomic hierarchy,organisms are grouped based on shared characteristics.
Species is the lowest category and contains organisms with the maximum number of common characteristics.
As we move up the hierarchy from species to kingdom (i.e.,genus,family,order,class,phylum/division,kingdom),the number of shared or common characteristics among the organisms decreases.
Therefore,the higher the category,the lower the number of common characteristics shared by the members.

(D) The taxonomic hierarchy follows the order: Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species.
If two organisms belong to the same class but not the same family,they must share a taxonomic category that is higher than the family level but lower than or equal to the class level.
Among the given options,'Order' is the only category that fits this criteria,as it is situated between 'Class' and 'Family' in the hierarchy.
Therefore,organisms in the same class but different families can belong to the same order.

(C) According to the rules of binomial nomenclature,a scientific name consists of two parts: the genus and the specific epithet.
In the botanical name of wheat $(Triticum\ aestivum)$:
$1$. The first word $Triticum$ represents the genus,which must start with a capital letter.
$2$. The second word $aestivum$ represents the specific epithet,which must start with a small letter.
Therefore,the statement that the first word $Triticum$ denotes the genus starting with a capital letter is correct.

(D) Species is the lowest category in the taxonomic hierarchy. $A$ species is defined as a group of individual organisms that share common characteristics and are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring,while being reproductively isolated from other such groups.

(A) Potato ($Solanum$ $tuberosum$),tomato ($Solanum$ $lycopersicum$),and brinjal ($Solanum$ $melongena$) are three different species,but they all belong to the same $Genus$ $Solanum$.
Monkey,gorilla,and gibbon belong to the same $Order$ $Primata$.
$Solanum$,$Petunia$,and $Datura$ are different genera that belong to the same $Family$ $Solanaceae$.
$Mangifera$ $indica$,$Solanum$ $tuberosum$,and $Panthera$ $leo$ belong to different genera.

(A) In biological classification, an Order is a higher taxonomic category that consists of a group of related families.
These families share a few similar characters.
As we move higher in the taxonomic hierarchy, the number of shared (similar) characters decreases.
Therefore, the number of similar characters in an Order is less than the number of similar characters found among different genera within a single family.
Thus, $X$ is Order, $Y$ is Similar, and $Z$ is Similar.

(B) The taxonomic hierarchy consists of $7$ obligate categories. The sequence from the base to the top is: Species $\rightarrow$ Genus $\rightarrow$ Family $\rightarrow$ Order $\rightarrow$ Class $\rightarrow$ Phylum/Division $\rightarrow$ Kingdom.
Comparing this with the given diagram:
$1$. Species is followed by Genus.
$2$. The box $A$ is above Genus,which corresponds to Family.
$3$. The box $B$ is above Order,which corresponds to Class.
$4$. The box $C$ is above Phylum/Division,which corresponds to Kingdom.
Therefore,$A-$ Family,$B-$ Class,and $C-$ Kingdom.

(D) Taxonomic hierarchy is the sequence of arrangement of taxonomic categories in a descending order during the classification of organisms.
Each category in the taxonomic hierarchy represents a rank or level,which is known as a unit of classification.

(A) $Taxon$ (plural: $taxa$) is a grouping of organisms at any level in a hierarchical classification system,which is based on some common characteristics.
It represents real biological objects placed in any category,whereas the category itself is an abstract term that acts as a unit of classification.

(A) In biological classification,the taxonomic category 'Order' is an assemblage of families that exhibit a few similar characters. In plant taxonomy,the names of orders typically end with the suffix $-ales$. For example,the order $Polymoniales$ includes families like $Convolvulaceae$ and $Solanaceae$.

(B) The taxonomic classification for the given organisms is as follows:
$1$. Wheat ($Triticum$ $aestivum$): Kingdom-Plantae,Division-Angiospermae,Class-Monocotyledonae,Order-$Poales$.
$2$. Mango ($Mangifera$ $indica$): Kingdom-Plantae,Division-Angiospermae,Class-Dicotyledonae,Order-$Sapindales$.
$3$. Housefly ($Musca$ $domestica$): Kingdom-Animalia,Phylum-Arthropoda,Class-Insecta,Order-$Diptera$.
$4$. Man ($Homo$ $sapiens$): Kingdom-Animalia,Phylum-Chordata,Class-Mammalia,Order-$Primata$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I$.

(A) The correct taxonomic families for the given organisms are as follows:
$1$. Man belongs to the family $Hominidae$.
$2$. Datura belongs to the family $Solanaceae$.
$3$. Mango belongs to the family $Anacardiaceae$.
$4$. Wheat belongs to the family $Poaceae$.
Therefore, the correct matching is $A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I$.

(C) To match the biological names with their respective classes,we refer to the taxonomic categories provided in the $NCERT$ textbook:
$1$. $A$. Homo sapiens (Man) belongs to the class Mammalia $(II)$.
$2$. $B$. Musca domestica (Housefly) belongs to the class Insecta $(IV)$.
$3$. $C$. Mangifera indica (Mango) belongs to the class Dicotyledonae $(I)$.
$4$. $D$. Triticum aestivum (Wheat) belongs to the class Monocotyledonae $(III)$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III$. Thus,option $C$ is correct.