Diversity in the living world Questions in English

(B) $ICBN$ stands for International Code for Botanical Nomenclature.
It is a set of rules and recommendations that govern the formal botanical nomenclature of plants,fungi,and photosynthetic protists.

(A) According to the binomial system of nomenclature,the name of a plant or animal is composed of two Latin or Latinized words.
For example,the scientific name of potato is $Solanum$ $tuberosum$.
The first word $(Solanum)$ indicates the generic name (Genus),and the second word $(tuberosum)$ denotes the specific epithet (species).

(D) system of classification is essential for several reasons:
$1$. It helps in organizing and dealing with the vast number of organisms that exist on Earth.
$2$. It provides a structured way to understand biological diversity and the relationships between different species.
$3$. It facilitates a better and more systematic understanding of the characteristics and evolutionary history of living things.
Therefore,all the given options are correct.

(C) The correct answer is $C$.
In the natural system of classification,organisms are arranged according to their natural affinities by considering a large number of traits,including structural,cytological,reproductive,and biochemical characteristics.
This approach helps in identifying homologies between different organisms,providing a more comprehensive understanding of their relationships compared to artificial systems,which rely on only a few superficial characters.

(C) The Binomial Nomenclature System was proposed by Carolus Linnaeus.
This system provides a distinct scientific name to each organism,consisting of two components: the generic name (genus) and the specific epithet (species).

(A) The 'Binomial system of nomenclature' was introduced by Carl Linnaeus in his book 'Species Plantarum' in $1753$.
According to this system,the scientific name of any organism consists of two components: the first represents the 'genus' and the second represents the 'species'.

(B) In binomial nomenclature,the scientific name of an organism consists of two components: the generic name (genus) and the specific epithet (species). Therefore,it has two parts.

(B) Scientific naming,or binomial nomenclature,uses Latin or Latinized names to ensure that each organism has a unique and universally accepted name. This prevents confusion caused by local or common names,which vary from region to region. By using Latin,scientists across the world can refer to the same plant species using a single,standardized name,regardless of their native language.

(C) Binomial nomenclature is a formal system of naming organisms.
It was proposed by $Carolus \text{ Linnaeus}$.
According to this system,each scientific name consists of two components: the first is the $Genus$ name and the second is the specific $epithet$ (species name).
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(D) The term 'New systematics' (also known as biosystematics) was introduced by Sir Julian Huxley in $1940$.
This approach emphasizes the study of species based on their evolutionary relationships,genetics,and population dynamics rather than just morphological characteristics.

(B) The correct answer is $B$.
Carolus Linnaeus first used binomial nomenclature systematically in the $10^{th}$ edition of his book,'Systema Naturae',published in $1758$.
This system provides a standardized way of naming organisms using two components: the genus name and the specific epithet.

(A) Aristotle is known as the 'Father of Zoology'.
He authored the famous book titled 'Historia Animalium' (History of Animals).
In this work,he classified animals based on their characteristics and habitats.

(C) The binomial nomenclature,introduced by $Carl$ $Linnaeus$,provides a standardized way of naming organisms using two components: the genus and the species. This system is the cornerstone of modern taxonomy and classification,as it allows for a universal and unambiguous identification of living beings,which is the basis of modern classification systems.

(B) The language used in writing the scientific names of animals is $Latin$.
This is because $Latin$ is a dead language,meaning it does not change over time,which ensures that the scientific name of an organism remains stable and universal across the entire world.

(B) species is defined as a group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding under natural conditions to produce fertile offspring.
This is known as the biological species concept.
Organisms belonging to the same species share common characteristics and can exchange genetic material.

(A) Carolus Linnaeus,also known as $Carl\, Linne$,was a Swedish botanist,zoologist,and physician.
He is widely known as the 'Father of Modern Taxonomy' for formalizing the system of binomial nomenclature.
He was born in Rashult,Sweden,in $1707$.

(B) Ernst Mayr defined a species as a group of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. Therefore,the core of his biological species concept is reproductive isolation.

(B) The binomial system of nomenclature for plants was formally introduced by Carolus Linnaeus in his book 'Species Plantarum'.
This book was published on $1.5.1753$.
Therefore,the starting date for the botanical nomenclature of plants is considered to be $1.5.1753$.

(C) Aristotle is considered the first great taxonomist because he was the first to attempt a more scientific basis for classification.
He classified plants into herbs,shrubs,and trees,and animals into those with red blood and those without red blood.

(A) Binomial nomenclature is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts,both of which use Latin grammatical forms. The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs,while the second part identifies the species itself. This system was introduced by $Carl$ $Linnaeus$.

(D) Biosystematics is a branch of taxonomy that aims to classify organisms based on their evolutionary history and phylogeny.
It considers the totality of various parameters,including morphological,cytological,genetic,ecological,and biochemical data from all fields of study to establish the relationships between organisms.
Therefore,option $D$ is the most comprehensive and accurate definition.

(C) Phenetic classification,also known as numerical taxonomy,is based on the observable characteristics of existing organisms.
It involves the grouping of organisms based on the number of shared characteristics without considering their evolutionary history or ancestral lineage.
This method uses mathematical and statistical techniques to analyze the similarities and differences in morphological,physiological,and other observable traits.

(B) John Hutchinson's system of classification,published in his work 'The Families of Flowering Plants',is one of the most well-known phylogenetic systems of classification.
This system was originally published in two volumes between $1926$ and $1934$.
It underwent significant revisions,with the final major revision being published in $1959$ (second edition) and later editions,but the specific revision often cited in academic contexts for its comprehensive update is $1959$.

(B) The biological species concept, which defines a species as a group of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups, was proposed by Ernst Mayr in $1942$.

(D) The $Polytypic$ species concept is currently the most widely accepted view in modern biology.
$A$ $Polytypic$ species is defined as a species that consists of two or more subspecies or distinct populations that are geographically separated but can interbreed.
This concept acknowledges the genetic and morphological variation within a species,which is a key aspect of modern evolutionary biology.

(A) According to the $NCERT$ textbook,the total number of species described and known to science is between $1.7$ to $1.8$ million. Out of these,the number of animal species is approximately $1.2$ million,while the number of plant species is about $0.5$ million. Therefore,the total number of species in the animal kingdom is about $1$ million.

(A) Karyotaxonomy is a branch of taxonomy that utilizes the characteristics of chromosomes,such as their number,structure,size,and banding patterns,to classify organisms.
It provides detailed information about the genetic makeup and evolutionary relationships between species.
Therefore,it is primarily based on the properties of chromosomes,including the number and banding patterns observed during cytological studies.

(B) The scientific study of ants is called $Myrmecology$.
$Malacology$ is the study of mollusks.
$Mycology$ is the study of fungi.
$Myology$ is the study of muscles.

(B) The ‘Lion-tailed macaque’ is a primate endemic to the Western Ghats of South India.
Its scientific (zoological) name is $Macaca \ silenus$.
$Macaca \ rhesus$ and $Macaca \ mulatta$ are synonyms for the Rhesus macaque,which is a different species.

(D) The scientific or zoological name of the lion is $Panthera \ leo$.
$Panthera$ represents the genus,and $leo$ represents the specific epithet.
$Felis$ is the genus for domestic cats,$Panthera \ tigris$ is the tiger,and $Panthera \ pardus$ is the leopard.

(C) The scientific name of Sunflower is $Helianthus \ annuus$.
$Brassica \ campestris$ is the scientific name of Mustard.
$Pisum \ sativum$ is the scientific name of Pea.
$Gossypium \ herbaceum$ is the scientific name of Cotton.

(A) The correct answer is $A$.
$Haplopappus gracilis$ is a plant species known for having one of the lowest chromosome numbers among eukaryotes,with a diploid number of $2n = 4$.

(C) Sibling species,also known as cryptic species,are two or more species that are reproductively isolated but are morphologically indistinguishable or nearly identical. They are often identified through genetic analysis or behavioral differences rather than physical appearance.

(B) The biological species concept,proposed by Ernst Mayr,defines a species as a group of organisms that can interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring. The core emphasis of this concept is on reproductive isolation,which prevents members of one species from breeding with members of other species,thereby maintaining the integrity of the species.

(B) The 'Genetic species concept' was proposed by Johannes Paulus Lotsy in $1918$.
According to this concept,a species is defined as a group of individuals that are genetically identical and share a common gene pool.

(A) Systematics is the branch of biology that deals with the study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and all their comparative and evolutionary relationships.
Taxonomy is limited to characterization,identification,nomenclature,and classification.
Classification is the process of grouping organisms into categories based on similarities.
Nomenclature is the system of naming organisms.

(C) The biological species concept,proposed by Ernst Mayr,defines a species as a group of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. Therefore,option $(c)$ is the correct definition.

(C) species that contains two or more sub-species is known as a $Polytypic$ species.
In contrast,a species that does not have any sub-species is referred to as a $Monotypic$ species.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(C) Agrostology is a branch of botany that specifically deals with the scientific study of grasses (family $Poaceae$). It involves the classification,identification,and ecological study of various grass species.

(B) is the correct answer because gene flow is a fundamental characteristic of a species.
Gene flow refers to the transfer of genetic material from one population to another through the movement of individuals or their gametes/propagules (e.g.,spores,seeds).
This process ensures that all populations of a given species share a common gene pool,which helps maintain genetic homogeneity and reduces differences between populations.
Therefore,the statement that gene flow does not occur between populations of a species is false.
In contrast,reproductive isolation (Option $C$) is a key criterion for defining a species,and interbreeding (Option $A$) and variations (Option $D$) are standard biological characteristics of species members.

(C) . Halophytes are specialized plants that grow in saline soils and marshy conditions,which contain high concentrations of salts such as $NaCl$,$MgCl_2$,and $MgSO_4$.

(D) $Homo$ $sapiens$ (humans) are classified as omnivores because they possess the biological capability to consume and derive nutrients from both plant-based and animal-based food sources.

(C) Carl Linnaeus,in his system of classification known as the Sexual System,classified plants into $24$ classes based on the number and arrangement of stamens in the flowers.

(D) Carl Linnaeus,in his system of classification,primarily used the reproductive structures of plants for his classification. He classified plants into $24$ classes based on the number,length,and arrangement of stamens (male reproductive organs). This system is known as the 'Sexual System of Classification'.

(B) Theophrastus is known as the 'Father of Botany'. He was the first to classify plants into groups based on their growth habits and habitats,such as trees,shrubs,sub-shrubs,and herbs,in his book 'Historia Plantarum'.

(B) Theophrastus,often known as the 'Father of Botany',classified plants into four groups based on their growth habit: trees,shrubs,sub-shrubs,and herbs. This classification system is primarily based on the morphological habit of the plants.