Nutrition and Nutritional requirement Questions in English

(C) The actual amount of energy liberated by the combustion of $1 \ g$ of food in the body is known as the physiological fuel value of food. While the gross calorific value is the energy released by the combustion of $1 \ g$ of food in a bomb calorimeter (a closed metal chamber filled with $O_2$),the physiological fuel value accounts for the energy lost during digestion and absorption processes in the human body. Therefore,the correct term for energy liberated in the body is the physiological fuel value.

(B) Obesity is primarily caused by an excess accumulation of body fat resulting from a positive energy balance,where energy intake exceeds energy expenditure.
$Fats$ provide $9 \ kcal/g$ and $carbohydrates$ provide $4 \ kcal/g$ of energy.
By reducing the intake of these energy-dense macronutrients,the total caloric intake decreases,which helps in managing and reducing obesity.
$Minerals$,$vitamins$,and $proteins$ (in moderate amounts) are essential for metabolic functions and tissue repair but are not the primary sources of excess caloric storage compared to fats and carbohydrates.

(C) The deficiency of vitamin $C$ (ascorbic acid) leads to a disease known as scurvy.
This condition is characterized by symptoms such as spongy,swollen,and bleeding gums,as well as delayed wound healing and general weakness.

(A) The correct answer is $A$.
Beri-beri is a disease caused by the deficiency of Vitamin $B_1$ (Thiamine).
It leads to symptoms such as loss of appetite,muscle weakness,poor digestion,and chronic fatigue.

(C) Kwashiorkor is caused by a severe deficiency of protein.
Night blindness and xerophthalmia are caused by a deficiency of Vitamin $A$.
Since all these conditions arise due to the lack of essential nutrients in the diet,they are classified as deficiency diseases.

(B) Anaemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or haemoglobin in the blood.
Folic acid (Vitamin $B_9$) is essential for the synthesis of $DNA$ and the maturation of red blood cells.
$A$ deficiency of Folic acid leads to megaloblastic anaemia,where red blood cells are abnormally large and immature.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(D) . They are likely to suffer from $Kwashiorkor$. This condition is caused by a severe deficiency of dietary protein. Since pulses are a primary source of plant-based proteins,a diet lacking them while relying heavily on bread and butter (which are rich in carbohydrates and fats but low in protein) leads to protein-energy malnutrition,specifically $Kwashiorkor$.

(D) During hot months,the body's metabolic rate and heat production are influenced by the type of food consumed.
Proteins have a high specific dynamic action $(SDA)$,which means their digestion and metabolism generate a significant amount of heat within the body.
Consuming excess proteins during hot weather increases the internal body temperature,which can lead to discomfort and increased sweating.
Therefore,it is generally advised to limit high-protein intake during extreme heat.

(C) . Deficiency of vitamin $B_1$ (thiamine) causes beri-beri disease. The condition was first observed and described by Christiaan Eijkman in $1897$ while studying the effects of polished rice on poultry,which led to the discovery of the cause of the disease.

(D) . Obesity is an abnormal increase in the proportion of fat cells,mainly in the viscera and subcutaneous tissues of the body. When the intake of calories exceeds the body's energy expenditure,the excess energy is stored as fat,leading to obesity.

(D) Vitamin $A$ (retinol) plays several critical roles in the human body:
$1$. It is essential for maintaining the integrity and health of epithelial tissues,including the skin and the lining of the respiratory,digestive,and urinary tracts.
$2$. It regulates the growth of the body by influencing the development of skeletal and connective tissues.
$3$. It is often called the 'anti-infective' vitamin because it supports the immune system and helps the body prevent infections by maintaining mucosal barriers.
Therefore,all the given options are correct functions of vitamin $A$.

(C) Vitamin $D$ plays a crucial role in regulating calcium metabolism.
Dietary vitamin $D$ is converted into its active $25-$hydroxylated form,which influences the transcription of $mRNA$ in the intestine and bone.
This process leads to the formation of a calcium transport system in these tissues.
Consequently,vitamin $D$ directly affects calcification and regulates the absorption of calcium and phosphorus.

(A) Vitamin $D$ is essential for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestine.
Excessive intake of vitamin $D$ (hypervitaminosis $D$) leads to abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia).
This excess calcium is withdrawn from the bones,leading to the decalcification of bones,which makes them weak and brittle.
Therefore,long-term exposure to high doses of vitamin $D$ results in the decalcification of bones.

(A) Vitamin $B_5$ (Pantothenic acid) is synthesized by the intestinal bacteria in the colon of mammals.
While some other vitamins like $B_{12}$ and Biotin are also synthesized by gut microbiota,Pantothenic acid is a classic example often cited in this context.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(B) Proteins are the building blocks of the body. They are essential for the growth,development,and repair of body tissues. Since proteins form the structural components of the cytoplasm and cell membranes,they are primarily responsible for the maintenance and repair of tissues.

(D) Deficiency of Vitamin $B_6$ (Pyridoxine) leads to the production of defective red blood corpuscles,resulting in a type of anemia known as microcytic anemia.
Pyridoxine is essential for the synthesis of heme,which is a crucial component of hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Without sufficient Vitamin $B_6$,the body cannot produce enough hemoglobin,leading to the formation of smaller and abnormal red blood cells.

(B) Beri-beri is caused by the deficiency of Vitamin $B_1$ (Thiamine).
Rickets is caused by the deficiency of Vitamin $D$.
Scurvy is caused by the deficiency of Vitamin $C$ (Ascorbic acid).
Therefore,a person suffers from these three diseases if they do not consume adequate amounts of Vitamin $B_1, D,$ and $C$.

(D) Rickets is a condition that affects bone development in children,causing them to become soft and weak,which leads to skeletal deformities.
Osteomalacia is the adult equivalent of rickets,characterized by the softening of bones due to defective bone mineralization.
Both conditions are primarily caused by a deficiency of Vitamin $D$,which is essential for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the diet.
Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(B) Vitamin $A$ (retinol) is a fat-soluble vitamin.
It is abundantly found in yellow and orange vegetables and fruits,such as carrots,tomatoes,papaya,and mangoes,as well as in green leafy vegetables like spinach.
Carrots are particularly rich in beta-carotene,which the body converts into vitamin $A$.
Therefore,among the given options,carrots are the best source of vitamin $A$.

(A) Vitamin $A$ (retinol) was the first vitamin to be discovered. It was identified by Elmer McCollum and Marguerite Davis in $1913$ while they were studying the nutritional requirements of rats. They initially referred to it as 'fat-soluble factor $A$' to distinguish it from the water-soluble 'factor $B$'.

(A) Beri-beri is a nutritional disorder caused by a deficiency of Vitamin $B_1$,also known as thiamine.
Thiamine plays a crucial role in energy metabolism,specifically in the conversion of carbohydrates into energy.
$A$ lack of this vitamin affects the nervous system and the cardiovascular system,leading to symptoms such as muscle weakness,nerve damage,and heart failure.

(A) Bleeding of gums is a classic symptom of scurvy,which is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin $C$ (ascorbic acid). Citrus fruits,such as lemons,oranges,and limes,are excellent sources of Vitamin $C$. Therefore,a person suffering from this condition should include citrus fruits in their diet to restore Vitamin $C$ levels and heal the gums.

(C) Pellagra is a disease caused by the deficiency of Niacin,which is also known as Vitamin $B_3$ or Nicotinic acid.
It is often referred to as the $PP$ factor (Pellagra-Preventing factor).
The symptoms of pellagra are commonly described by the 'four Ds': dermatitis,diarrhea,dementia,and death.

(D) Vitamin $C$ (ascorbic acid) is primarily found in fresh fruits and vegetables. Citrus fruits such as lemons,oranges,and grapefruits are excellent sources of vitamin $C$. Other rich sources include amla (Indian gooseberry),guava,tomatoes,peppers,and fresh green leafy vegetables like cabbage. Milk and eggs are poor sources of vitamin $C$,and carrots are primarily rich in vitamin $A$ (beta-carotene). Therefore,consuming citrus juice is the most effective way to address a deficiency of vitamin $C$.

(C) Vitamin $B_1$,also known as thiamine,is abundantly found in whole grains,legumes,and nuts.
Among the given options,whole wheat bread is the richest source of vitamin $B_1$ because the bran and germ of the wheat grain contain significant amounts of thiamine.
Cod liver oil is primarily a source of vitamins $A$ and $D$,while eggs and curd contain smaller amounts of various $B$-complex vitamins but are not the primary sources for thiamine compared to whole grains.

(A) Vitamin $A$ (retinol) is essential for the formation of rhodopsin,a pigment in the rod cells of the retina that is responsible for vision in low light.
Deficiency of vitamin $A$ leads to nyctalopia (night blindness),which is the inability to see clearly in dim light.
Severe or prolonged deficiency leads to xerophthalmia,a condition characterized by dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea,which can eventually lead to blindness.

(D) . Kwashiorkor is a protein-deficiency disease that primarily affects children.
It occurs when the diet lacks sufficient protein,even if it contains adequate carbohydrates.
Meat,butter,milk,and eggs are excellent sources of high-quality protein,which helps in treating and preventing this condition.

(D) Milk is considered the most important and primary dietary source of calcium and phosphorus for humans.
It contains high concentrations of these minerals in a highly bioavailable form,which is essential for bone health,teeth development,and various metabolic processes.
While cheese and eggs also contain these minerals,milk is universally recognized as the most significant source in a balanced diet.

(B) Chronic alcohol consumption interferes with the absorption and metabolism of several essential nutrients.
Specifically,alcoholics frequently suffer from a deficiency of $B$-complex vitamins,most notably Thiamine $(B_1)$.
This occurs because alcohol impairs the absorption of $B_1$ in the gastrointestinal tract and increases its excretion,leading to conditions like Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

(B) Scurvy is a deficiency disease caused by the lack of vitamin $C$ (ascorbic acid) in the diet.
Vitamin $C$ is essential for the synthesis of collagen,which is a structural protein found in connective tissues,skin,and blood vessels.
$A$ deficiency in vitamin $C$ leads to the weakening of collagen fibers,resulting in symptoms such as bleeding gums (haemorrhage),easy bruising,joint pain,and poor wound healing.
Therefore,haemorrhage in the gums is a characteristic symptom of scurvy.

(D) Vitamin $D$ is essential for the normal absorption of calcium and phosphate from the gastrointestinal tract. It also plays a crucial role in the deposition of these minerals into the bones and teeth,thereby maintaining skeletal health and preventing conditions like rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

(A) Holozoic nutrition is a type of heterotrophic nutrition where an organism ingests complex organic food material,which can be solid or liquid,into its body.
After ingestion,the food is digested,absorbed,and assimilated.
This process is characteristic of most animals,including humans,amoeba,and many other protozoans.

(B) The correct answer is $B$.
Nicotinic acid is also known as Vitamin $B_3$ or Niacin.
Prolonged deficiency of nicotinic acid leads to a condition known as Pellagra.
Pellagra is clinically characterized by the '$3D$' symptoms: dermatitis (scaly skin),diarrhea,and dementia (mental disturbance),often accompanied by inflammation of the mucous membranes.

(D) Vitamins are classified into two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble.
Fat-soluble vitamins $(A, D, E, K)$ are stored in the body's fatty tissues and liver.
Water-soluble vitamins ($B$-complex and $C$) are not stored in the body in significant amounts because they are excreted through urine.
Therefore,water-soluble vitamins like $C$ and $B$-complex need to be replenished daily through the diet.
Among the given options,$C$ is a water-soluble vitamin that is not stored in the body.

(D) The correct answer is $C$.
'Burning feet syndrome' (also known as Grierson-Gopalan syndrome) is primarily caused by a deficiency of Pantothenic acid,which is Vitamin $B_5$.
However,in many older textbooks and specific contexts,Vitamin $B$ complex deficiencies are grouped.
Note: Pantothenic acid is chemically Vitamin $B_5$. If the question specifically asks for the cause of burning feet syndrome,it is Vitamin $B_5$. Given the provided options,there is a common confusion in literature regarding $B_3$ (Niacin) and $B_5$ (Pantothenic acid). Since $B_5$ is the standard answer for this syndrome,and $B_3$ is listed,we must clarify that the syndrome is clinically linked to Pantothenic acid $(B_5)$.

(C) During long sea voyages in the $15^{th}$ and $16^{th}$ centuries,sailors often lacked access to fresh fruits and vegetables,which are primary sources of Vitamin $C$ (ascorbic acid).
Vitamin $C$ deficiency leads to a disease called Scurvy,characterized by bleeding gums,weakness,and poor wound healing.
Vasco de Gama's crew suffered from this deficiency during their long expedition,leading to the death of many companions.

(B) Vitamin $A$ is known as the anti-infection vitamin.
It plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of epithelial tissues,which act as the first line of defense against pathogens.
By keeping these barriers healthy,it effectively prevents infections.

(C) The correct matching is Vitamin $A$ - Fat-soluble - Night blindness.
Vitamin $A$ (Retinol) is a fat-soluble vitamin.
Deficiency of Vitamin $A$ leads to night blindness (nyctalopia).
Vitamin $B_1$ (Thiamine) deficiency causes Beri-beri.
Vitamin $B_3$ (Niacin) deficiency causes Pellagra.
Vitamin $K$ is fat-soluble but its deficiency primarily affects blood clotting,not Beri-beri.

(D) Vitamin $D$ is essential for the absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract.
In the absence of Vitamin $D$,the body cannot absorb sufficient calcium from the diet,even if the intake is adequate.
This leads to calcium deficiency,which can cause conditions like rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

(A) Minerals are essential micronutrients required by the body for various physiological functions.
Green vegetables are rich sources of essential minerals like iron,calcium,magnesium,and potassium.
While cereals also contain minerals,green leafy vegetables are generally considered the most concentrated and diverse sources of these micronutrients in a balanced diet.
Therefore,green vegetables are the primary source among the given options.

(C) is the incorrect combination. Vitamin $K$ (phylloquinone) is essential for the synthesis of blood clotting factors in the liver. Its deficiency leads to delayed blood coagulation and increased risk of hemorrhage. Sterility is typically associated with the deficiency of Vitamin $E$ (tocopherol),not Vitamin $K$.

(B) The correct answer is $B$.
Milk,eggs,and bread are rich in proteins,carbohydrates,and fats,but they lack vitamin $C$ (ascorbic acid).
Vitamin $C$ is primarily found in fresh fruits and vegetables.
$A$ deficiency of vitamin $C$ leads to a condition known as scurvy,which is characterized by bleeding gums,joint pain,and poor wound healing.

(D) Food is defined as any substance that provides energy for living organisms.
The fundamental requirements of food are to provide energy for metabolic activities,materials for growth,and substances for the repair of tissues.
Among the given options,metabolism is the most comprehensive term as it encompasses all the chemical processes occurring within a living organism to maintain life,which is the primary purpose of food intake.

(B) The correct matching pair is $Niacin-Pellagra$.
$Pellagra$ is a nutritional deficiency disease caused by a lack of $Niacin$ (Vitamin $B_3$).
The symptoms of $Pellagra$ are often described by the '$3D$'s': $Dermatitis$ (thick,pigmented,scaly skin on hands and legs),$Diarrhoea$,and $Dementia$.
Patients also exhibit swollen lips,inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth (glossitis),and irritability.

(A) Marasmus is a form of severe malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency.
It is caused by a prolonged deficiency of both proteins and total calories in the diet.
This condition leads to the wasting of muscles,thinning of limbs,and failure of growth and brain development.

(B) The gross calorific value of fat is $9.45 \text{ kcal/g}$.
Physiologically,the energy value of fat is $9.0 \text{ kcal/g}$.
Since $9.45 \text{ kcal/g}$ is the standard value provided in the $NCERT$ textbook for the gross calorific value of fats,option $B$ is the correct answer.

(C) Vitamin $A$ (retinol) is primarily found in animal products and certain plant-based foods rich in beta-carotene.
Carrots and mangoes are well-known,excellent sources of beta-carotene,which the body converts into vitamin $A$.
Apples contain only trace amounts of vitamin $A$ and are not considered a significant dietary source.
Yeast is a good source of $B$-complex vitamins but is not a source of vitamin $A$.
However,among the given options,apples are generally considered to have negligible vitamin $A$ content compared to the others,making them the correct answer in the context of dietary sources.

(B) Maize is deficient in the amino acid tryptophan and the vitamin niacin $(B_3)$.
Niacin is essential for the synthesis of $NAD$ and $NADP$,which are coenzymes involved in cellular metabolism.
$A$ deficiency of niacin leads to a condition known as Pellagra,which is characterized by the 'three Ds': dermatitis,diarrhea,and dementia.
Therefore,individuals relying exclusively on a maize-based diet are at a high risk of developing Pellagra.

(A) . Beri-beri is caused by the deficiency of Vitamin $B_1$ (thiamine).
Vitamin $B_6$ (pyridoxine) deficiency typically leads to skin conditions,irritability,and anaemia,not Beri-beri.
Therefore,the pair Vitamin $B_6$ - Beri-beri is incorrectly matched.

(B) The correct matching is as follows:
$1$. Vitamin $B_1$ (Thiamine) deficiency causes Beri-beri.
$2$. Vitamin $B_5$ (Pantothenic acid) deficiency causes burning feet syndrome,not Pellagra. Pellagra is caused by the deficiency of Vitamin $B_3$ (Niacin).
$3$. Vitamin $B_{12}$ (Cyanocobalamin) deficiency causes Pernicious anaemia.
$4$. Vitamin $B_6$ (Pyridoxine) deficiency can lead to dermatitis,convulsions,and loss of appetite.
Therefore,the pair Vitamin $B_5$ - Pellagra is incorrectly matched.