Digestive glands Questions in English

(B) The liver is the largest gland in the body and is responsible for the production of bile. Bile is a digestive juice that helps in the emulsification of fats. Although bile is produced by the liver,it is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder before being released into the small intestine.

(B) In the human body, there are $3$ pairs of salivary glands located in the oral cavity.
These include:
$1$. Parotid glands (cheek),
$2$. Submaxillary/Submandibular glands (lower jaw),
$3$. Sublingual glands (below the tongue).
Since there are $3$ pairs, the total number of individual glands is $6$, but the question asks for the number of pairs, which is $3$.

(A) The human salivary glands consist of three main pairs: the parotid,submandibular,and sublingual glands.
$1$. The $Parotid$ glands are the largest salivary glands,located just in front of and below each ear.
$2$. The $Submandibular$ glands are located below the jaw.
$3$. The $Sublingual$ glands are the smallest,located under the tongue.
Therefore,the correct answer is the $Parotid$ gland.

(A) Salivary glands are classified as exocrine glands because they secrete their products (saliva) into ducts that lead directly to the site of action (the oral cavity).
Unlike endocrine glands,which release hormones directly into the bloodstream,exocrine glands possess ducts for the transport of their secretions.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(C) The $Liver$ is the largest gland in the human body, weighing approximately $1.2$ to $1.5 \, kg$ in an adult. It performs various essential functions, including the production of bile, detoxification, and the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

(B) The liver is the largest gland in the human body.
Its structural and functional unit is the $Hepatic lobule$.
These lobules contain hepatic cells arranged in the form of cords.
Each lobule is covered by a thin connective tissue sheath called the $Glisson's capsule$.

(A) The liver is the largest gland of the body,weighing about $1.2 \ kg$ to $1.5 \ kg$ in an adult human.
It is situated in the abdominal cavity,just below the diaphragm,and has two lobes.
Therefore,the statement that the liver is located in the thoracic cavity is incorrect,as it is located in the abdominal cavity.

(D) Saliva is produced by the salivary glands and is secreted into the oral cavity.
Its composition includes:
$1$. Electrolytes: Ions such as $Na^{+}, K^{+}, Cl^{-}$,and $HCO_{3}^{-}$ are present.
$2$. Enzymes: It contains salivary amylase (also known as ptyalin),which initiates the digestion of carbohydrates.
$3$. Antimicrobial agents: It contains lysozyme,which acts as an antibacterial agent to prevent infections.
Therefore,all the listed components are present in saliva.

(A) Saliva contains two main enzymes: Salivary Amylase and Lysozyme.
$1$. Salivary Amylase (Ptyalin): It is a carbohydrate-splitting enzyme that acts on starch. It hydrolyzes starch into maltose at an optimum pH of $6.8$.
$2$. Lysozyme: It acts as an antibacterial agent. It destroys harmful bacteria present in the food,thereby preventing infections in the oral cavity.
Therefore,the correct sequence is: Hydrolysis of starch - Destruction of bacteria.

(C) The gastric glands in the stomach contain different types of cells with specific functions:
$1$. Goblet cells: These cells secrete mucus, which protects the stomach lining from the acidic environment.
$2$. Peptic or Chief cells: These cells secrete proenzymes like pepsinogen.
$3$. Oxyntic or Parietal cells: These cells secrete $HCl$ (hydrochloric acid) and intrinsic factor (essential for vitamin $B_{12}$ absorption).
Matching the columns:
$P$ (Goblet cells) matches with $II$ (Secretion of mucus).
$Q$ (Peptic / Chief cells) matches with $III$ (Secretion of pepsinogen).
$R$ (Oxyntic cells) matches with $I$ (Secretion of $HCl$ and intrinsic factor).
Therefore, the correct sequence is $(P-II), (Q-III), (R-I)$.

(C) Bile is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
It contains bile pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin),bile salts,cholesterol,and phospholipids.
Bile does $NOT$ contain any digestive enzymes.
Therefore,components $I, II, III,$ and $IV$ are present in bile,while $V$ (enzymes) is absent.
The correct option is $C$.

(A) The $Liver$ is the largest gland in the human body. It is an accessory organ of the digestive system and performs numerous vital functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and the production of chemicals necessary for digestion.

(D) The correct matching is as follows:
$A$. Peptic cells (Chief cells) secrete the proenzyme pepsinogen $(III)$.
$B$. Goblet cells secrete mucus $(I)$.
$C$. Oxyntic cells (Parietal cells) secrete $HCl$ and intrinsic factor for the absorption of vitamin $B_{12}$ $(IV)$.
$D$. Hepatic cells (Liver cells) secrete bile juice $(II)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II$.

(A) Kupffer cells are specialized macrophages located in the liver sinusoids.
They play a crucial role in the body's immune system by phagocytosing (engulfing and destroying) old red blood cells,bacteria,and other foreign particles that enter the liver through the portal circulation.

(B) $Statement-I$ is incorrect because Oxyntic cells (also known as Parietal cells) secrete $HCl$ and Intrinsic factor.
$Statement-II$ is incorrect because Chief cells (also known as Peptic or Zymogenic cells) secrete the proenzyme pepsinogen.
Therefore,both statements are incorrect.

(B) $Statement-I$ is incorrect because the parotid glands are located in front of and below each ear, not below the tongue.
$Statement-II$ is incorrect because the sublingual glands are located below the tongue, not in front of the ear.
Therefore, both statements are incorrect.

(A) Chief cells (also known as zymogenic cells) are specialized cells located in the gastric glands of the stomach.
They secrete the proenzyme pepsinogen,which is activated by hydrochloric acid $(HCl)$ into the active enzyme pepsin.
Pepsin is essential for the digestion of proteins into peptides within the stomach.

(D) The $Liver$ is the largest gland in the human body.
It produces bile juice, which is essential for the emulsification of fats.
Bile juice does not contain any digestive enzymes; it only contains bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, and phospholipids.
In contrast, the salivary glands secrete salivary amylase, the stomach secretes pepsin and gastric lipase, and the pancreas secretes trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase, and lipase.