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(D) In recombinant $DNA$ technology,a vector (such as a plasmid) contains an antibiotic resistance gene (e.g.,$amp^R$ or $tet^R$) which acts as a sele

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Both $(b)$ and $(c)$

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(D) In recombinant $DNA$ technology,a vector (such as a plasmid) contains an antibiotic resistance gene (e.g.,$amp^R$ or $tet^R$) which acts as a selectable marker.$1$. When host cells are treated with the vector,only those cells that take up the plasmid become 'transformed'.$2$. These transformed cells can be selected by growing them on a medium containing the specific antibiotic; non-transformed cells will die.$3$. Furthermore,if the foreign $DNA$ is inserted into the antibiotic resistance gene,it causes 'insertional inactivation'. This allows for the differentiation between 'transformed' cells (containing the vector) and 'recombinant' cells (containing the vector with the foreign $DNA$ insert).$4$. Therefore,the antibiotic resistance gene is essential for selecting both transformed cells and identifying recombinant cells.

An antibiotic resistance gene in a vector helps in the selection of:

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Assertion : In recombinant $DNA$ technology,human genes are often transferred into bacteria (prokaryotes) or yeast (eukaryote).
Reason : Both bacteria and yeast multiply very fast to form huge population,which express the desired gene.

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Identify $X$ and $Y$ from the given figure of the cloning vector $pBR322$.

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What do '$X$' and '$Y$' represent in the given diagram of $pBR322$?

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