Mix Example - WHY DO WE FALL ILL? Questions in English

(N/A) The worm found in the human small intestine is the Roundworm, scientifically known as $Ascaris lumbricoides$.
$(b)$ The bacteria responsible for causing acne is $Staphylococcus$ (specifically $Staphylococcus epidermidis$ or $Staphylococcus aureus$ strains).
$(c)$ The protozoan responsible for sleeping sickness is $Trypanosoma$ (specifically $Trypanosoma brucei$).
$(d)$ The disease caused by the protozoan $Leishmania$ is Kala-azar (also known as visceral leishmaniasis).

(B) In many species of mosquitoes,males feed on fruit juices or plant nectar to obtain carbohydrates for energy. Females also feed on these substances for energy,but they require a blood meal to obtain the proteins and lipids necessary for the development and maturation of their eggs.

(N/A) $DPT$ is known as a Triple antigen because it is a vaccine that provides immunity against three distinct diseases:
$(i)$ Diphtheria: Caused by the bacterium $Corynebacterium$ $\text{diphtheriae}$.
$(ii)$ Pertussis: Also known as whooping cough, caused by the bacterium $Bordetella$ $\text{pertussis}$.
$(iii)$ Tetanus: Caused by the bacterium $Clostridium$ $\text{tetani}$.
Since it protects against these three specific pathogens simultaneously, it is referred to as a Triple antigen.

(N/A) $(i)$ If the lungs are infected,the person typically experiences symptoms such as a persistent cough,chest pain,and breathlessness or difficulty in breathing.
$(ii)$ If the stomach is infected,the person typically experiences symptoms such as stomach ache (abdominal pain),loose motions (diarrhea),and vomiting.

(N/A) $(i)$ Viruses have very few biochemical mechanisms of their own.
$(ii)$ They enter the host cells to replicate.
$(iii)$ They use the host's cellular machinery for their own life processes.
$(iv)$ There are very few virus-specific targets available to aim at for drug development.

(N/A) $(i)$ Health education
$(ii)$ Isolation
$(iii)$ Proper sanitation
$(iv)$ Sterilization of articles used by patients
$(v)$ Vaccination
$(vi)$ Provision of safe water supply (any four)

(N/A) To maintain good health,an individual must focus on the following four essential factors:
$(i)$ Balanced diet: Consuming a diet that provides all necessary nutrients in the correct proportions is essential for the proper functioning of the body.
$(ii)$ Disease-free environment: Living in a clean environment free from pathogens and vectors is crucial to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
$(iii)$ Proper sanitation: Maintaining personal and public hygiene,including clean water supply and proper waste disposal,helps in preventing the growth of disease-causing organisms.
$(iv)$ Mental and social stability: Good health is not just the absence of disease but a state of complete physical,mental,and social well-being. Maintaining positive social relationships and mental peace is vital for overall health.

(N/A) Individual health is not merely the absence of disease; it is a state of complete physical,mental,and social well-being.
$1$. Social well-being: We live in a society,and our surroundings significantly impact our health. Proper sanitation,clean drinking water,garbage disposal,and the absence of open drainage are essential for preventing the spread of diseases. $A$ clean environment reduces the risk of infections.
$2$. Mental well-being: Mental health is crucial for overall physical health. If an individual is stressed,anxious,or unhappy,it can lead to physical ailments like high blood pressure or digestive issues. Social equality,harmony,and a supportive environment are essential for maintaining a healthy mental state.

(N/A) Water-borne infections can be prevented by ensuring the availability of safe and clean drinking water,such as by boiling or filtering water.
Vector-borne infections can be prevented by maintaining a clean environment,preventing the stagnation of water to stop mosquito breeding,and using protective measures like mosquito nets and repellents.

(N/A) Encephalitis is primarily caused by a virus. It enters the body through the bite of an infected mosquito.
The virus specifically infects the brain.
Symptoms: If the brain is infected,the following symptoms occur:
- Severe headache
- Vomiting
- Fits (seizures)
- Unconsciousness or confusion.
Prevention: It can be prevented by avoiding mosquito bites,using mosquito nets,and controlling mosquito breeding sites.

(N/A)

Name of disease	Mode of transmission
$(a)$ Syphilis	Sexual contact
$(b)$ Tuberculosis	Air (droplet infection)
$(c)$ Jaundice	Contaminated water
$(d)$ Japanese encephalitis	Mosquito bite (vector-borne)

(N/A) Inflammation is a local response of the immune system where it recruits various cells to the affected tissue to eliminate disease-causing microbes or damaged cells.
The primary symptoms of inflammation in the human body include:
$1$. Swelling (Edema)
$2$. Pain
$3$. Fever (or localized heat)
$4$. Redness

(N/A) Methods of transmission:
$(i)$ Cholera: It is a water-borne disease transmitted through the consumption of contaminated food or water.
$(ii)$ $AIDS$: It is transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person,sharing infected needles,or blood transfusion.
$(iii)$ Malaria: It is transmitted through the bite of an infected female $Anopheles$ mosquito,which acts as a vector.
$(iv)$ Pneumonia: It is an air-borne disease transmitted through droplets released by an infected person during coughing or sneezing.
$(b)$ If the pathogen targets the liver,the person will suffer from Hepatitis (commonly known as jaundice).

(N/A)

Infectious Diseases	Non-Infectious Diseases
$(i)$ These diseases spread from an infected person to a healthy person.	$(i)$ These diseases do not spread from an infected person to a healthy person.
$(ii)$ These are usually caused by pathogens like bacteria,viruses,fungi,or parasites.	$(ii)$ These are caused by internal factors like genetic disorders,hormonal imbalances,or lifestyle choices.
$(iii)$ These are communicable diseases,e.g.,common cold,influenza,and tuberculosis.	$(iii)$ These are non-communicable diseases,e.g.,diabetes,hypertension,and cancer.

$(a)$ Mosquito bite/Skin
$(b)$ Brain
$(c)$ Sexual organs/Blood
$(d)$ Lymph nodes/Immune system
$(e)$ Nose/Mouth (Respiratory tract)
$(f)$ Lungs

(N/A) Disease: Malaria.
Causative microorganism: $Plasmodium$ (a protozoan).
Mode of transmission: Bite of an infected female $Anopheles$ mosquito.
Symptoms: General weakness,muscular pain,nausea,and high fever accompanied by sweating and shivering.
Prevention and Control: Use mosquito nets and repellents. Spray kerosene or oil on stagnant water to kill mosquito larvae. Avoid the accumulation of stagnant water in the surroundings to prevent mosquito breeding.
Treatment: Antimalarial drugs like quinine (derived from the $Cinchona$ tree) are used for treatment.

(N/A) As Priya had already suffered from chickenpox a few months back,her body has become immune to the chickenpox-causing microbe. So,if that microbe enters her body again,her immune system will recognize and fight it effectively. Hence,her parents allowed her to visit Raju.
On the other hand,as Shaurya has never suffered from chickenpox,his body is not immune to it. Therefore,his parents refused to let him visit Raju to prevent him from getting infected.
The basis of the principle of immunisation: It involves stimulating the host's immune system to develop immunity against a specific disease-causing agent. This is achieved by introducing weakened or dead microbes (vaccines) of that disease into the body. Once the body starts producing antibodies,it can fight against the actual pathogen,and the body becomes immune to that disease.

(A) Poliomyelitis virus (Polio virus).
$(b)$ Rabies.
$(c)$ Bacteria enters the body via the gastrointestinal tract through contaminated food or water.

(N/A) Dengue virus (Flavivirus)
$(b)$ Aedes mosquito (Vector)
$(c)$ Cholera
$(d)$ $AIDS$
$(e)$ Sexual contact,blood transfusion,or sharing infected needles
$(f)$ Droplet infection (Airborne)

(N/A) Direct contact (e.g.,physical touch or kissing).
$(b)$ By air (e.g.,droplets from coughing or sneezing).
$(c)$ Indirect contact (e.g.,sharing personal items like clothes or utensils).
$(d)$ By food/water (e.g.,contaminated food or water).
$(e)$ Mosquito/insect (e.g.,vector-borne transmission).
$(f)$ Rabid animal (e.g.,animal bite).

(N/A)

Acute disease	Chronic disease
$(i)$ Lasts for a short period. Causes major effects on general health in a very short time.	$(i)$ Lasts for a long period. It takes a long time to cause major effects on general health.
$(ii)$ No long-term feeling of tiredness.	$(ii)$ One feels tired all the time.
$(iii)$ Weight loss does not occur and one does not become short of breath.	$(iii)$ Weight loss occurs and one becomes short of breath.

(N/A) $(i)$ Transmission by air (airborne disease).
$(ii)$ Transmission by water (waterborne disease).
Both situations describe the spread of communicable diseases.

(N/A) The malaria-causing microbe (Plasmodium) first infects the liver cells and then the red blood cells (RBCs).
$(b)$ The two ways to treat an infectious disease are:
$1.$ To reduce the effects of the disease (symptomatic treatment).
$2.$ To kill the cause of the disease (e.g.,using antibiotics or anti-malarial drugs).

(N/A) The immune system acts as a vital defence mechanism that protects our body against pathogenic microbes. It consists of specialized cells and proteins that identify,target,and eliminate infectious agents,thereby maintaining overall health and preventing diseases.
$(b)$ Immunity can be acquired in two primary ways:
$1$. Natural acquisition: When a person suffers from a specific disease once,the body develops memory cells and antibodies against those specific antigens. This provides long-term protection against the same pathogen.
$2$. Artificial acquisition: Vaccines can be administered to introduce weakened or dead pathogens (or their components) into the body. This stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies without causing the actual disease,thereby conferring immunity.

(B) $(i)$ To reduce the effects of the disease (symptom-directed treatment): One can take medicines to reduce symptoms like fever,pain,or inflammation,or take rest to conserve energy.
$(ii)$ To eliminate the cause of the disease: Medicines can be taken to kill the specific microbes by blocking:
$(a)$ The metabolic pathways specific for the synthesis of new substances required by the pathogen.
$(b)$ The respiration processes required by specific groups of pathogenic organisms.

(N/A) The disease is Rabies (also known as Hydrophobia).
$(b)$ Yes,an anti-rabies vaccine is available for both pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis.
$(c)$ Yes,local authorities implement programs such as the compulsory vaccination of pet dogs,stray dog population control through sterilization ($ABC$ - Animal Birth Control),and public awareness campaigns to prevent the spread of rabies.

(N/A) Edward Jenner discovered the first vaccine.
$(b)$ Two viral diseases that can be prevented by vaccines are Hepatitis $A$ and Polio.
Immunity is the ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells. It is the body's defense mechanism against disease-causing microorganisms (antigens). When antigens enter the body,the immune system produces antibodies to neutralize them,thereby preventing the disease.

(N/A) Cause: $AIDS$ is caused by the $HIV$ ($Human$ $Immunodeficiency$ $Virus$).
Symptoms: The symptoms include significant weight loss,night sweats,loss of appetite,persistent fever,and overall weakness of the body due to a compromised immune system.
Prevention: $AIDS$ can be prevented by avoiding sexual contact with unknown persons,using only sterilized needles and blades,and ensuring that blood used for transfusion is screened and free from $HIV$.

(N/A) Immunisation is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agent through artificial means,such as vaccination.
$(b)$ The classification of the given diseases is as follows:
- Typhoid: Infectious and Acute.
- $TB$ (Tuberculosis): Infectious and Chronic.
- Goitre: Non-infectious and Chronic.
- Elephantiasis: Infectious and Chronic.

(N/A) The three harmful effects of infectious disease are:
$(a)$ The body functions of the person suffering from the disease are damaged and may never recover completely.
$(b)$ Treatment of the disease takes time,and the person suffering is likely to be bedridden for some time,leading to a loss of productivity.
$(c)$ The infected person serves as a source of infection,which can spread the disease to other healthy individuals in the community.

(N/A)

Disease	Cause and Remedy
$(a)$ Hepatitis	$(i)$ Cause: Hepatitis virus. $(ii)$ Remedy: Avoid contaminated food and water,and get vaccinated for Hepatitis $A$ and $B$.
$(b)$ $AIDS$	$(i)$ Cause: Human Immunodeficiency Virus $(HIV)$. $(ii)$ Remedy: Avoid sharing needles,razors,or blades,and practice safe sexual contact.
$(c)$ Malaria	$(i)$ Cause: Protozoan parasite transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. $(ii)$ Remedy: Maintain hygienic conditions,prevent water stagnation to stop mosquito breeding,and use mosquito repellents or nets.

(N/A) The person is suffering from $AIDS$ (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome).
The pathogen responsible for this disease is a virus known as $HIV$ (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).
The modes of transmission of $HIV$ are:
$(i)$ Unprotected intimate sexual contact with an infected person.
$(ii)$ Transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products.
$(iii)$ Sharing of contaminated needles,syringes,or razors used by an infected person.

(D) $(i)$ Virus: Common cold and Influenza.
$(ii)$ Bacteria: Typhoid and Cholera.
$(iii)$ Protozoa: Malaria and Kala-azar.

(N/A) The principle of immunisation is based on the property of the immune system to develop memory against a specific microbe. When a vaccine (a weakened or dead microbe) is introduced into the body,the immune system recognizes it as foreign,produces antibodies,and creates memory cells. This allows the body to fight off the actual pathogen effectively if exposed in the future.
Examples of diseases for which vaccines are available: $Polio$,$Tetanus$.
$(b)$ The two basic principles of prevention of infectious diseases are:
$(i)$ General ways of prevention: This involves maintaining personal and public hygiene,such as keeping surroundings clean,ensuring safe drinking water,and proper waste disposal to prevent the spread of pathogens.
$(ii)$ Specific ways of prevention: This involves strengthening the immune system through proper nutrition and the use of vaccines to provide specific immunity against particular infectious agents.

(N/A) Principles of treatment:
$(i)$ To reduce the effect of the disease: This involves symptomatic treatment,such as taking medicines to lower fever,reduce pain,or control loose motions.
$(ii)$ To kill the cause of the disease: This involves administering specific medicines (like antibiotics or antivirals) to kill the specific microbe responsible for the infection.
$(b)$ Two ways by which $HIV$ ($AIDS$ virus) is transmitted:
$(i)$ Through unprotected sexual contact with an infected person.
$(ii)$ Through the exchange of infected blood or blood products (e.g.,sharing needles or blood transfusion).

(N/A) The two ways to treat an infectious disease are:
$(i)$ To reduce the effects of the disease: This involves symptomatic treatment,such as taking medicines to lower fever,reduce pain,or manage inflammation,while the body's immune system fights the infection.
$(ii)$ To kill the cause of the disease: This involves taking specific medicines like antibiotics,antivirals,or antifungals that target and eliminate the specific pathogen (bacteria,virus,or fungus) causing the infection.
$(b)$ Antibiotics work by blocking specific biochemical pathways that are essential for the survival of bacteria. For example,many antibiotics block the bacterial process of building a cell wall. Since human cells do not build cell walls in the same way,these drugs kill the bacteria without harming human cells.

(N/A) Health is defined as a state of complete physical,mental,and social well-being,not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
$(i)$ Classification based on duration:
$1.$ Acute diseases: Diseases that last for a very short period of time.
Example: Common cold.
$2.$ Chronic diseases: Diseases that last for a long time,even as much as a lifetime.
Example: Elephantiasis.
$(ii)$ Classification based on cause:
$1.$ Infectious (Communicable) diseases: Caused by external agents like pathogens (bacteria,viruses,fungi,protozoa).
Example: Malaria (caused by Plasmodium).
$2.$ Non-infectious (Non-communicable) diseases: Caused by internal factors like genetic abnormalities,hormonal imbalances,or nutritional deficiencies.
Example: Diabetes or Rickets (due to Vitamin $D$ deficiency).

(N/A) Health refers to a state of complete physical,mental,and social well-being,not merely the absence of disease. $A$ person may be disease-free but still suffer from poor mental or social health.
$(b)$ Individual health is dependent on the environment. Community health ensures proper sanitation,hygiene,and disease control,which prevents the spread of infectious diseases to individuals.
$(c)$ Cholera is a water-borne disease. In many villages,access to clean,treated drinking water and proper sewage disposal is limited compared to urban areas,leading to a higher incidence of cholera.

(N/A) The statement implies that the site of infection is not always determined by the entry point of the pathogen. Pathogens often travel through the body to reach specific target organs.
Examples:
$(a)$ $AIDS$ causing virus: Enters through sexual contact or blood transfusion,but spreads to lymph nodes throughout the body.
$(b)$ Japanese encephalitis: The virus enters the blood through a mosquito bite but specifically targets and reaches the brain.
$(c)$ Malaria: The protozoan $Plasmodium$ enters the blood through a mosquito bite,travels to the liver,and then infects the $RBCs$ (Red Blood Cells).

(N/A) $(i)$ Educated parents understand the importance of a healthy and balanced diet for their children,which prevents nutritional deficiency disorders and supports the proper functioning of the immune system.
$(ii)$ They are aware of the modes of disease transmission and therefore maintain hygienic conditions at home.
$(iii)$ Parents will ensure the provision of safe,uncontaminated water to prevent water-borne diseases.
$(iv)$ Educated parents can provide initial symptomatic care and promptly seek medical consultation to address the root cause of the disease.
$(v)$ Educated parents can instill a sense of social and moral responsibility in their children to maintain a clean environment,thereby preventing the spread of infections.

(N/A) Yes, this statement is correct.
The immune system requires proper nutrition to function effectively. If an individual does not receive sufficient food and nourishment, the immune system becomes weak and cannot fight off pathogens effectively, making the person more susceptible to infectious diseases.
$(b)$ Yes, this statement is correct.
General ways to prevent exposure include:
$(i)$ For air-borne microbes, we can prevent exposure by avoiding overcrowded living conditions.
$(ii)$ For water-borne microbes, we can prevent exposure by providing safe and clean drinking water.
$(iii)$ For vector-borne diseases, we can prevent exposure by maintaining a clean environment to eliminate breeding grounds for vectors like mosquitoes.

(N/A) Diseases are classified based on whether they can spread from an infected person to a healthy person (communicable) or not (non-communicable).
$(a)$ Cancer: Non-communicable (caused by genetic mutations or environmental factors,not pathogens).
$(b)$ High blood pressure: Non-communicable (a lifestyle or physiological disorder).
$(c)$ Common cold: Communicable (caused by viruses,spreads through droplets).
$(d)$ Diabetes: Non-communicable (a metabolic disorder).
$(e)$ Tuberculosis: Communicable (caused by bacteria,spreads through air).
$(f)$ Night blindness: Non-communicable (caused by Vitamin $A$ deficiency).
$(g)$ $SARS$: Communicable (caused by a virus,spreads through respiratory droplets).
$(h)$ Typhoid: Communicable (caused by bacteria,spreads through contaminated food/water).
$(i)$ Cholera: Communicable (caused by bacteria,spreads through contaminated food/water).
$(j)$ Dengue: Communicable (caused by a virus,transmitted by mosquitoes).

(N/A) The following table lists the diseases and their respective causative agents:

Disease	Causative Agent
$(a)$ Sleeping sickness	$Trypanosoma$ (Protozoan)
$(b)$ $SARS$	Virus
$(c)$ Kala-azar	$Leishmania$ (Protozoan)
$(d)$ Acne	$Staphylococcus$ (Bacteria)
$(e)$ $AIDS$	Virus $(HIV)$
$(f)$ Dengue fever	Virus
$(g)$ Malaria	$Plasmodium$ (Protozoan)
$(h)$ Brain fever	Virus
$(i)$ Chickenpox	Virus
$(j)$ Polio	Virus

(N/A) Three diseases caused by viruses are:
$(a)$ Influenza
$(b)$ Hepatitis
$(c)$ $AIDS$
Detailed account of $AIDS$ (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome):
Cause: It is caused by the retrovirus $HIV$ (Human Immuno Deficiency Virus).
Mode of Transmission:
$(i)$ Blood transfusion.
$(ii)$ Unprotected sexual contact.
$(iii)$ Use of contaminated needles and syringes,sharing razors,or piercing instruments.
$(iv)$ From an infected mother to the developing foetus through the placenta.
Symptoms:
$(i)$ Prolonged fever.
$(ii)$ Swollen lymph glands.
$(iii)$ Significant weight loss and loss of appetite.
$(iv)$ Unexplained bleeding.
$(v)$ Decreased count of blood platelets causing haemorrhage.
$(vi)$ Loss of memory and mental ability.
$(vii)$ The patient becomes highly susceptible to opportunistic infections.
Detection:
It is detected using the $ELISA$ test and the Western Blot test.
Prevention:
$(i)$ Practicing safe sex.
$(ii)$ Use of disposable syringes,needles,and fresh razors.
$(iii)$ Mandatory testing of blood before transfusion.
$(iv)$ Public education through $AIDS$ awareness programmes.
$(v)$ Avoiding pregnancy in $HIV$-infected mothers.
Treatment: There is no permanent cure for $AIDS$ so far; only antiretroviral therapy is used to manage the viral load.

(N/A)

Signs of a disease	Symptoms of a disease
$(i)$ Signs are objective,definite indications of a disease that can be measured or observed by a physician.	$(i)$ Symptoms are subjective experiences reported by the patient,which indicate the presence of a disease.
$(ii)$ Signs are what doctors look for during a physical examination to diagnose a specific condition.	$(ii)$ Symptoms are what the patient feels (e.g.,pain,headache,nausea) and describes to the doctor.

(N/A) In $HIV$ infection:
$(i)$ The virus enters the immune system and damages its function by targeting $T-helper$ cells.
$(ii)$ The body can no longer effectively fight off the many minor infections that it encounters every day.
$(iii)$ $A$ very small cold can progress into severe $Pneumonia$,and minor gut infections can lead to major diarrhea with significant blood loss,eventually leading to the death of the patient.

(N/A) community refers to a group of organisms of different species that interact with each other and their environment within a common habitat.
Our personal health is deeply connected to community issues because:
$1$. We live in a society where we share resources like water,air,and food. If the community environment is not clean,it leads to the spread of diseases (e.g.,improper waste disposal leads to vector-borne diseases).
$2$. Public hygiene and sanitation are community responsibilities. Even if an individual maintains personal hygiene,they can still fall ill if the surrounding community environment is polluted or unhygienic.
$3$. Therefore,both personal health and community health are interdependent; a healthy community environment is essential for maintaining individual well-being.

(N/A) Parents immunize newborn babies to protect them from deadly infectious diseases by providing immunity through the administration of specific vaccines.
$(b)$ Ways to prevent mosquitoes from breeding include:
$1$. Do not allow water to stagnate in surroundings,as stagnant water is a breeding ground for mosquitoes.
$2$. Clean water coolers,flower pots,and tanks regularly.
$3$. Maintain swimming pools with proper care and use appropriate chemicals to prevent larval growth.

(N/A) The disease is $Rabies$ and it is transmitted by the bite of a rabid dog.
The word 'reservoir' here means that the dog acts as a carrier or a source of the pathogen,which can be transmitted to humans.
The government should take the following steps to prevent the spread of the disease:
$1.$ Provide anti-rabies vaccines to patients who have been bitten.
$2.$ Implement compulsory immunization programs for stray dogs and cats. Pet dogs must also be vaccinated with anti-rabies vaccines.
$3.$ Identify and isolate or eliminate animals showing symptoms of rabies,such as excessive salivation and aggressive behavior.

(N/A) The physical symptoms of goitre and hypothyroidism are as follows:
$(i)$ During hypothyroidism,the metabolic rate of the body decreases.
$(ii)$ Increased sleep and lethargy are observed along with increased body weight.
$(iii)$ Swelling of the neck (goitre) and sometimes swelling of the legs is observed.
$(iv)$ During goitre,the thyroid gland enlarges significantly.
$(b)$ Others can be informed about the importance of iodised salt through posters,banners,or by organizing small awareness programs in the locality.
$(c)$ Iodine is a non-metal with the symbol $I$.
$(d)$ Iodine is a non-metal that appears as a metallic grey solid and turns into a violet gas upon heating. It has a boiling point of about $457.4 \ K$ and a density of about $4.933 \ g/cm^3$. Iodine undergoes sublimation when heated.
$(e)$ There is no significant difference in the chemical structure of the base salt. The main difference is that normal salt is primarily $NaCl$,whereas iodised salt has a small amount of iodine compounds (like potassium iodide) added to $NaCl$,which is an essential micronutrient. This is necessary because iodine levels are low in many soils worldwide,leading to a deficiency in crops and subsequently in humans,causing goitre.