Textbook - WHY DO WE FALL ILL? Questions in English

(N/A) Good health of a person depends on the following conditions:
$1$. Social environment: The physical and social surroundings in which a person lives significantly impact their health.
$2$. Public cleanliness: Proper disposal of garbage and clean drinking water are essential to prevent the spread of diseases.
$3$. Good economic conditions and earnings: Adequate income allows for a nutritious diet and access to healthcare.
$4$. Social equality and harmony: $A$ peaceful and equitable society reduces stress and promotes overall well-being.

(A) The conditions essential for being free of diseases are:
$1)$ Having a balanced diet: $A$ nutritious diet provides the body with essential nutrients to maintain a strong immune system.
$2)$ Personal and public hygiene: Maintaining cleanliness in one's surroundings and personal habits prevents the growth and spread of pathogens.

(N/A) Having a balanced diet and maintaining personal and public hygiene are different aspects of health,although both are essential for maintaining good health.
$1$. $A$ balanced diet provides the necessary nutrients for the body to function properly and build immunity.
$2$. Personal and public hygiene involves cleanliness of the body and the environment to prevent the spread of pathogens.
$3$. While they are different in their approach,they are similar in their goal: both are conditions essential for good health.
$4$. If both these conditions are maintained,the risk of contracting infectious diseases is significantly reduced.

(N/A) When there is a disease,its symptoms and signs appear. These symptoms may include headache,cough,loose motions,or a wound with pus. These symptoms indicate the presence of a disease but do not specify the exact nature of the illness. Therefore,it is advisable to consult a doctor to diagnose the disease based on these symptoms. The doctor may recommend laboratory tests,if required,to confirm the specific disease.

(A) The correct answer is $A)$ If you get jaundice.
Lice and acne are minor health issues that do not cause significant long-term damage to the body's vital organs.
Jaundice is a serious condition affecting the liver,which can lead to severe long-term health consequences if not treated properly.
Symptoms of jaundice include:
$a)$ High fever,headache,and joint pain.
$b)$ Persistent nausea and vomiting.
$c)$ Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice) and potential rashes.
The patient suffers from poor health and requires appropriate medical treatment and complete bed rest to recover.

(B) During illness,the normal physiological functions of the body are disturbed,and the metabolic rate may be affected.
Consuming bland and nourishing food is advised because it is easily digestible,which reduces the workload on the digestive system.
Simultaneously,it provides all the essential nutrients required for the immune system to fight the infection and for the body to recover efficiently.
Therefore,a balanced,easily digestible diet is crucial for a quick recovery.

(N/A) Infectious diseases spread through various modes of transmission. These include:
$a)$ Through air: When an infected person sneezes or coughs,they release droplets containing pathogens. These droplets can be inhaled by a healthy person,allowing the microbes to enter a new host.
Examples: $Common$ $cold$,$pneumonia$,and $tuberculosis$.
$b)$ Through water: Consumption of contaminated water can lead to the spread of diseases to many people.
Examples: $Cholera$,$amoebiasis$,and $hepatitis$.
$c)$ Through sexual contact: Certain diseases like $AIDS$ and $syphilis$ are transmitted through sexual contact. Additionally,the $AIDS$ virus can spread through blood transfusion,shared infected syringes,from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy,or through breastfeeding.
$d)$ Through vectors: Some animals act as intermediaries or vectors. These vectors carry pathogens from an infected person to a healthy person.
Example: $Mosquitoes$ spread the malaria-causing organism in humans while sucking their blood.

(N/A) To prevent the incidence of infectious diseases in school,the following precautions can be taken:
$a)$ Avoid contact with students suffering from airborne diseases like the common cold,cough,or flu.
$b)$ Ensure the availability of clean and safe drinking water in the school.
$c)$ Maintain clean surroundings in the school to prevent the breeding and multiplication of disease vectors like mosquitoes.
$d)$ Organize and promote childhood immunization programs within the school.

(B) Immunisation is the process of introducing a vaccine into a healthy person to stimulate the immune system to develop immunity against a specific disease.
Immunity refers to the body's ability to recognize,destroy,and eliminate external disease-causing agents (pathogens) such as bacteria or viruses.

(N/A) The following immunisation programmes are generally available at the nearest health centre:
$a)$ For infants: $BCG$ (Tuberculosis),$OPV$ (Oral Polio Vaccine),$DPT$ (Diphtheria,Pertussis,Tetanus),Measles,and $MMR$ (Measles,Mumps,Rubella).
$b)$ For children: Typhoid,$TT$ (Tetanus Toxoid),$DT$ (Diphtheria,Tetanus),and $TAB$ (Typhoid,Paratyphoid $A$ and $B$).
$c)$ For pregnant women: $TT$ (Tetanus Toxoid) and Hepatitis-$B$.
Diseases like typhoid,polio,measles,and tetanus are considered major health problems in many localities. To prevent these diseases,the government has initiated the Universal Immunisation Programme $(UIP)$ across the country to ensure the health and safety of the population.

(N/A) $I$ fell ill twice in the last one year. The diseases $I$ suffered from were diarrhoea and dengue fever.
$(a)$ The changes $I$ could make in my habits to protect myself in the near future are:
$(i)$ $I$ will always drink clean,filtered or boiled water and wash my hands before eating.
$(ii)$ $I$ will maintain personal hygiene to prevent the entry of pathogens.
$(b)$ The change $I$ would wish for in my surroundings is the proper disposal of garbage and the prevention of stagnant water accumulation to stop the breeding of disease-spreading vectors like mosquitoes.

(N/A) doctor,nurse,or health worker takes the following precautions to avoid becoming sick themselves:
$(i)$ Get immunization done against all infectious diseases.
$(ii)$ Take a balanced diet (especially rich in proteins) to strengthen their immune system.
$(iii)$ Dispose of blood samples,urine,stool,sputum,etc.,carefully.
$(iv)$ Wear masks while diagnosing mouth or chest infections.
$(v)$ Clean their hands and wear gloves even while performing minor surgeries.

(N/A) Based on a typical survey,the three most common diseases are often: $(1)$ Common Cold,$(2)$ Malaria,and $(3)$ Diarrhea.
To reduce the incidence of these diseases,the local authorities should take the following three steps:
$(i)$ Ensure proper sanitation and waste management to prevent the breeding of vectors like mosquitoes and houseflies.
$(ii)$ Provide access to clean and safe drinking water to prevent water-borne diseases like diarrhea and cholera.
$(iii)$ Organize public awareness campaigns regarding personal hygiene,vaccination,and the importance of maintaining clean surroundings.

(N/A) Symptoms that help in identifying that a baby is sick include:
- Redness of eyes
- Drooping of eyes
- Continuous crying
- High body temperature (fever)
$(b)$ Signs that help indicate the specific sickness in a baby:
- High fever,headache,muscular pain,and shivering indicate malaria.
- Loose motions and stomach pain indicate diarrhea.
- Redness and persistent rubbing of eyes indicate eye flu (conjunctivitis).
- Pale skin,yellow urine,and yellowing of eyes indicate jaundice.
- Doctors suggest laboratory tests if there is fever without other clear symptoms to identify the specific nature of the sickness.

(C) The person is most likely to fall sick in condition $(c)$. The reasons are as follows:
$1$. After recovering from malaria,the body is already weak and requires proper nutrition to regain strength. $A$ four-day fast prevents the body from recovering,leading to further weakness.
$2$. Taking care of a patient suffering from chicken-pox exposes the person to the infectious virus. Since her immune system is already compromised due to the recent bout of malaria and lack of nutrition,her body will be unable to fight off the infection,making her highly susceptible to contracting chicken-pox.

(C) The most likely condition to fall sick is $(c)$,when your friend is suffering from measles.
Measles is an infectious viral disease that spreads through droplets released from the nose or throat of an infected person. Being in close contact with a friend suffering from measles increases the risk of exposure to the virus,thereby making you more likely to contract the disease.