Drugs and Medicines Questions in English

(B) $R.D.X.$ (Research Department Explosive) is a well-known high explosive.
$Toluene$ is a hydrocarbon used as a solvent or fuel.
$p-$Nitrophenol is a chemical intermediate.
Therefore,the correct option is $(B)$.

(A) Paracetamol ($N$-acetyl-$p$-aminophenol) is a widely used drug that acts as both an analgesic (pain reliever) and an antipyretic (fever reducer). Therefore,the correct option is $(A)$.

(A) $Aspirin$ is an acetyl derivative of salicylic acid.
It is an analgesic and antipyretic drug.
The chemical reaction is:
$Salicylic \ acid + (CH_3CO)_2O \xrightarrow{\text{Acetylation}} Aspirin$

(A) Aspartame is the most successful and widely used artificial sweetener.
It is roughly $100$ times as sweet as cane sugar.
It is used in cold foods and soft drinks because it is unstable at cooking temperatures.

(A) mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol is commonly known as Dettol,which acts as an antiseptic.

(C) $Novalgin$ (Dipyrone) is a non-narcotic analgesic used as a pain reliever.
$Penicillin$ is an antibiotic used for curing infections.
$Streptomycin$ is an antibiotic drug.
$Chloromycetin$ is an antibiotic drug.

(B) Bithional is added to soaps to impart antiseptic properties. It helps in reducing the odour produced by the bacterial decomposition of organic matter on the skin.

(C) Aspartame is the most successful and widely used artificial sweetener.
It is roughly $180$ times as sweet as cane sugar.
It is unstable at cooking temperatures,which limits its use to cold foods and soft drinks.

(A) Antiseptics and disinfectants both either kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms.
The main difference is that antiseptics are safe for living tissues,whereas disinfectants are not and are used for inanimate objects like floors and tiles.
Phenol at a $0.2 \%$ concentration acts as an antiseptic,while at $1 \%$ it acts as a disinfectant.
Chlorine and iodine are strong disinfectants.
Dilute solutions of boric acid and hydrogen peroxide are mild antiseptics,not strong ones.
Therefore,statement $A$ is incorrect.

(B) Dettol is a well-known antiseptic. It is a mixture of $chloroxylenol$ and $terpineol$ in a suitable solvent.

(D) . Antifertility drugs are used to control pregnancy. These drugs prevent conception or fertilization,e.g.,$Mifepristone$,$norethindrone$,$mestranol$ etc.
$B$. Antihistamines are used for the relief of allergies,e.g.,$diphenhydramine$,$chlorpheniramine$,$promethazine$ etc.
$C$. Antiseptics are used to reduce the number and growth of microorganisms,e.g.,$Dettol$ soap,whereas disinfectants kill bacteria and are used for sterilization of inanimate objects like instruments,utensils,clothes,floors,etc.,e.g.,$phenol$,$dettol$,$iodoform$ etc.
$D$. Broad spectrum antibiotics are such antibiotics that act against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria. They act against both $Gram$-positive and $Gram$-negative bacteria,e.g.,$ampicillin$,$chloramphenicol$ etc.
Therefore,$Chloramphenicol$ is a broad spectrum antibiotic.

(B) An antihistamine is a type of pharmaceutical drug that opposes the activity of histamine receptors in the body.
Diphenylhydramine is employed as an antihistamine.
Omeprazole is used in the treatment of peptic ulcer diseases.
Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic.
Norethindrone is an antifertility drug.
Hence,option $B$ is correct.

(B) Tranquilizers are chemical substances that reduce anxiety and mental tension.
They are often referred to as psychotherapeutic drugs.
Examples of commonly used tranquilizers include $Equanil$,$Valium$,and $Serotonin$.

(D) Tranquilizers are chemical substances that reduce mental tension and anxiety.
They are often referred to as psychotherapeutic drugs.
$Equanil$,$Valium$,and $Serotonin$ are common examples of tranquilizers.
Therefore,$Equanil$ is the correct answer.

(A) Aspirin is chemically known as $2$-acetoxybenzoic acid,which is commonly referred to as $Acetyl \ salicylic \ acid$. It is prepared by the acetylation of salicylic acid.

(D) Anionic detergents are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons.
In anionic detergents,the anionic part of the molecule is involved in the cleansing action.
$Sodium \ lauryl \ sulphate$ $(CH_3(CH_2)_{11}SO_4^-Na^+)$ is an anionic detergent.
$Cetyltrimethylammonium \ bromide$ is a popular cationic detergent used in hair conditioners.
$Glyceryl \ oleate$ is an ester of glycerin and oleic acid.
$Sodium \ stearate$ is a soap,which is the sodium salt of stearic acid.

(D) Antiseptics are chemical substances that prevent the growth of microorganisms or kill them and are applied to living tissues.
$Soframicine$,$Furacine$,and $Iodoform$ are well-known antiseptics.
$Prontosil$ is a drug that was the first sulfonamide antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections,not an antiseptic.
Therefore,the correct answer is $D$.

(D) The synthesis of Veronal involves the following steps:
$1$. Diethyl malonate $(CH_2(CO_2Et)_2)$ reacts with ethyl iodide $(EtI)$ in the presence of a base $(EtO^-)$ twice to undergo double alkylation at the active methylene carbon,forming diethyl diethylmalonate,$(Et)_2C(CO_2Et)_2$.
$2$. This diethyl diethylmalonate then undergoes a condensation reaction with urea $(NH_2CONH_2)$ in the presence of a base to form $5,5-$diethylbarbituric acid,which is known as Veronal.
$3$. The structure of Veronal consists of a pyrimidine ring with two ethyl groups at the $5^{th}$ position and two carbonyl groups at the $4^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ positions,with the $2^{nd}$ position also being a carbonyl group.
$4$. Comparing this with the given options,the structure corresponding to $5,5-$diethylbarbituric acid is represented by option $D$.

(B) The correct matching is as follows:
$A$. Bithional is an antiseptic.
$B$. Morphine is an analgesic.
$C$. Nardil is a tranquilizer.
$D$. Terfenadine is an antihistamine.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $A-S, B-P, C-Q, D-R$.

(C) Paracetamol is a widely used drug that acts as an analgesic (pain reliever) and antipyretic (fever reducer). It is classified as a non-narcotic analgesic because it does not cause addiction or physical dependence. Therefore,the correct classification is $Analgesic \ \& \ \text{non-narcotic}$.

(A) . $Tetracycline$ is a well-known bacteriostatic antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
$B$. $NH_2-NH_2$ (hydrazine) does not contain carbon,so it cannot form $NaCN$ in the Lassaigne test,thus it will not give a Prussian blue color.
$C$. $Cyclooctatetraene$ is a non-planar,tub-shaped molecule,making it non-aromatic,not antiaromatic.
$D$. The structure shown is $Cyclohexanol$,not $Cyclohexanoic$ acid. The $IUPAC$ name is $Cyclohexanol$.

(D) Analgesics are medicines used to relieve pain. They are classified into two types: narcotic and non-narcotic.
$1$. Narcotic analgesics: These are addictive and include drugs like $Morphine$ and $Codeine$.
$2$. Non-narcotic analgesics: These are non-addictive and include drugs like $Aspirin$ and $Paracetamol$.
Therefore,$Aspirin$ is a non-narcotic analgesic.

(C) Analgesics are medicines used for pain relief. They are classified into two types: $1$. Non-narcotic analgesics (e.g.,Aspirin) and $2$. Narcotic analgesics (e.g.,Morphine,Heroin,Codeine).
Heroin is a derivative of morphine and acts as a potent narcotic analgesic.

(D) Antibiotics are classified as bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic based on their action on bacteria.
Bacteriocidal antibiotics kill the bacteria.
Examples of bacteriocidal antibiotics include Penicillin $G$,Aminoglycosides,and Ofloxacin.
Bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit the growth of bacteria.
Examples of bacteriostatic antibiotics include Tetracycline,Erythromycin,and Chloramphenicol.
Therefore,Penicillin $G$ is a bacteriocidal antibiotic.

(D) Equanil is a well-known tranquilizer.
It is used to treat stress,anxiety,depression,and hypertension.

(D) Ofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic agent of the fluoroquinolone class.
It is used to treat a number of bacterial infections.
Therefore,it is classified as an antibiotic.

(A) Antiseptics are chemical substances that prevent the growth of microorganisms or kill them.
$Boric \ acid$ (in dilute aqueous solution) and $Iodoform$ are well-known antiseptics.
$Bithionol$ is added to soaps to impart antiseptic properties.
$Barbiturates$ are derivatives of barbituric acid and act as tranquilizers or hypnotics,not as antiseptics.

(C) Aspartame is the most successful and widely used artificial sweetener. It is roughly $100$ times as sweet as cane sugar. Its use is limited to cold foods and soft drinks because it is unstable at cooking temperatures and decomposes.

(B) Antihistamines are drugs that treat allergic reactions by blocking the action of histamine.
$Terfenadine$ (Seldane) is a well-known antihistamine.
$Chloramphenicol$ is an antibiotic.
$Norethindrone$ is a synthetic progesterone derivative used in birth control pills.
$Novestrol$ (Ethinylestradiol) is an estrogen derivative used in oral contraceptives.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(B) Aspartame is a methyl ester of a dipeptide formed from aspartic acid and phenylalanine. It is unstable at cooking temperatures because it decomposes into its constituent amino acids,losing its sweetness. Therefore,it is limited to use in cold foods and soft drinks. In contrast,saccharin,sucralose,and alitame are stable at cooking temperatures.

(A) Tranquilizers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress,and mild or even severe mental diseases.
$Equanil$ is a well-known tranquilizer used in controlling depression and hypertension.
$Aspirin$ is an analgesic and antipyretic.
$Heroin$ is a narcotic analgesic.
$Erythromycin$ is an antibiotic.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(C) Sulfa drugs,also known as sulfonamides,are a group of synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group. They were the first widely used chemical substances to systematically treat and prevent bacterial infections in humans. Therefore,they are classified as antibiotics.

(D) Antacids are substances that neutralize excess stomach acid.
$Zantac$ is a brand name for $Ranitidine$.
$Cimetidine$ and $Ranitidine$ are both well-known $H_2$-receptor antagonists used as antacids.
Therefore,all the given options are examples of antacids.

(A) Chloroxylenol,also known as para-chloro-meta-xylenol $(PCMX)$,is an antiseptic and disinfectant agent used for skin disinfection and cleaning surgical instruments.
Its $IUPAC$ name is $4-$ Chloro $-3,5-$ dimethylphenol.

(A) Bithional (also known as bithionol) is added to soaps to impart antiseptic properties. It acts as an antiseptic to reduce the odours produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter on the skin. Therefore,it is classified as an antiseptic or disinfectant.

(A) Drugs that reduce fever are known as antipyretics.
Examples include paracetamol and aspirin.
Analgesics are used for pain relief,tranquilizers are used for mental stress,and antibiotics are used to inhibit the growth of or kill microorganisms.

(D) Dettol is a common antiseptic used for minor cuts and wounds.
It is a mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol.
Chloroxylenol acts as the primary antiseptic agent,while terpineol acts as a solvent and also has some antiseptic properties.
Depending on the concentration,it can also be used as a disinfectant (e.g.,for cleaning surfaces).
Therefore,all statements $(A)$,$(B)$,$(C)$,and $(D)$ are correct.

(A) Sodium laurylsulphate is a surfactant with the chemical formula $CH_3(CH_2)_{10}CH_2OSO_3^-Na^+$.
In aqueous solution,it dissociates to form a long-chain alkyl group with a negatively charged sulphate head $(CH_3(CH_2)_{10}CH_2OSO_3^-)$ and a sodium ion $(Na^+)$.
Since the anionic part of the molecule is responsible for the cleansing action,it is classified as an anionic detergent.

(A) Iproniazid and phenelzine are well-known examples of antidepressant drugs.
These drugs act as enzyme inhibitors,specifically inhibiting the enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of noradrenaline,which is a neurotransmitter.
Therefore,they are classified as antidepressants.

(B) The drug that acts as both an antipyretic (reduces fever) and an analgesic (relieves pain) is $2-(\text{Acetoxy}) \text{benzoic acid}$,commonly known as Aspirin.
Chlorpromazine hydrochloride is a tranquilizer.
Chloroquine is an antimalarial drug.
Penicillin is an antibiotic.

(B) Veronal,a derivative of barbituric acid,belongs to the class of drugs known as barbiturates. These compounds act on the central nervous system and are primarily used as sedatives and hypnotics to induce sleep and treat anxiety or depression.

(A) Aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid,which has the chemical structure $CH_3COOC_6H_4COOH$. The structure $HO-C_6H_4-COOH$ represents salicylic acid. Therefore,the match in option $(A)$ is incorrect.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$A$. Phenelzine contains a hydrazine moiety $(r)$.
$B$. Chloroxylenol is a derivative of phenol $(s)$.
$C$. Uracil is a pyrimidine base $(p)$.
$D$. Ranitidine contains a furan ring $(q)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $A-r, B-s, C-p, D-q$.

(C) Enzyme inhibition can be either reversible or irreversible.
In case of irreversible inhibition,the inhibitor dissociates very slowly from its target enzyme because it has become tightly bound to the enzyme,either covalently or non-covalently.
Some irreversible inhibitors are important drugs like $Penicillin$ and $Aspirin$.
Thus,"drug induced poisoning" occurs when a drug binds irreversibly to the active site of the enzyme,permanently blocking its function.

(D) Alitame is a high-potency artificial sweetener that is approximately $2,000$ times as sweet as cane sugar.
It is much sweeter than other common artificial sweeteners like Aspartame ($100$ times),Saccharin ($550$ times),and Sucralose ($600$ times).

(A) Antibiotics are classified as either bactericidal (kill bacteria) or bacteriostatic (inhibit the growth of bacteria).
$Ofloxacin$ is a bactericidal antibiotic.
$Tetracycline$,$Chloramphenicol$,and $Erythromycin$ are examples of bacteriostatic antibiotics.

(A) The structure shown in the image is $2$-acetoxybenzoic acid,commonly known as Aspirin.
Drugs which relieve pain are called analgesics.
Analgesics are of two types: $(i)$ Narcotics and $(ii)$ Non-narcotics.
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a well-known non-narcotic analgesic.

(A) Sucralose is a trichloro derivative of sucrose. Its structure contains three chlorine atoms,as shown in the provided chemical structure. Therefore,it is the artificial sweetener that contains chlorine.

(C) Diphenhydramine is a well-known antihistamine drug used to treat symptoms of allergy,such as itching,runny nose,and sneezing.