Sexually Transmitted Diseases Questions in English

(B) Chancroid is a bacterial infection characterized by painful sores on the genitalia.
It is caused by the gram-negative bacterium $Haemophilus \, ducreyi$.
$Treponema \, pallidum$ causes syphilis, $Neisseria \, gonorrhoeae$ causes gonorrhea, and $Chlamydia \, trachomatis$ causes chlamydia.
Therefore, the correct option is $B$.

(D) Early symptoms of most $STDs$ include itching,fluid discharge,slight pain,and swelling in the genital region.
If these diseases are not treated in a timely and proper manner,they can lead to severe long-term complications.
These complications include Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases $(PID)$,abortions,stillbirths,ectopic pregnancies,infertility,and even cancer of the reproductive tract.
Therefore,all the listed conditions ($I$ to $VI$) are recognized as potential later complications of $STDs$.

(C) The correct matches for the sexually transmitted diseases ($STD$s) and their causative agents are as follows:
$(A)$ Chlamydiasis is caused by the bacterium $Chlamydia$ $trachomatis$.
$(B)$ Gonorrhoea is caused by the bacterium $Neisseria$ $gonorrhoeae$.
$(C)$ Trichomoniasis is caused by the protozoan $Trichomonas$ $vaginalis$.
$(D)$ Genital herpes is caused by the $Herpes$ $simplex$ $virus$.
$(E)$ Syphilis is caused by the bacterium $Treponema$ $pallidum$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $(A)-(1), (B)-(2), (C)-(3), (D)-(4), (E)-(5)$.

(D) Barrier methods like diaphragms, cervical caps, and vaults are designed primarily to prevent pregnancy by blocking the cervix. They do not cover the entire genital area and do not provide a barrier against the exchange of bodily fluids that transmit $HIV$. Only condoms and female condoms (fem shields) provide protection against sexually transmitted infections like $AIDS$.

(D) Sexually transmitted diseases $(STDs)$ are infections transmitted through sexual contact.
Barrier methods like condoms are the only contraceptive methods that provide protection against $STDs$ and $AIDS$ by preventing the exchange of genital fluids between partners.
Diaphragms,cervical caps,and birth control pills are contraceptive methods that prevent pregnancy but do not provide protection against $STDs$.

(D) $Chlamydia$, $Gonorrhoea$, and $Syphilis$ are all bacterial infections caused by $Chlamydia\,trachomatis$, $Neisseria\,gonorrhoeae$, and $Treponema\,pallidum$, respectively.
Genital Herpes is a viral infection caused by the $Herpes\,Simplex\,Virus$ $(HSV-2)$.
Therefore, it is not caused by a bacterium.

(A) Genital warts is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the Human Papilloma Virus $(HPV)$.
Haemophilus ducreyi is the causative agent of Chancroid,not Genital warts.
Therefore,option $A$ is incorrectly matched.

(B) Gonorrhoea is caused by the bacterium $Neisseria$ $gonorrhoeae$.
Syphilis is caused by the bacterium $Treponema$ $pallidum$.
Chlamydiasis is caused by the bacterium $Chlamydia$ $trachomatis$.
Trichomoniasis is caused by $Trichomonas$ $vaginalis$,which is a flagellated protozoan.

(A) Antibiotics are medications used to treat bacterial infections.
$1.$ Gonorrhoea is caused by the bacterium $Neisseria$ $gonorrhoeae$.
$2.$ Syphilis is caused by the bacterium $Treponema$ $pallidum$.
$3.$ Chlamydia is caused by the bacterium $Chlamydia$ $trachomatis$.
$4.$ Genital herpes is caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus $(HSV)$.
Since antibiotics are ineffective against viruses,Genital herpes cannot be treated with antibiotics. Therefore,the correct option is $D$ only.

(B) - Genital warts are caused by the human papilloma virus $(HPV)$.
- Genital herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus $(HSV-2)$.
- $AIDS$ is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus $(HIV)$.
- Chlamydia is caused by the bacterium $Chlamydia \text{ } trachomatis$.
- Therefore, the correct answer is genital warts.

(D) Most sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are curable if detected early. However,certain viral infections like Hepatitis-$B$,Genital herpes,and $HIV$ infections are not completely curable. Once a person is infected with these viruses,they remain in the body for life,although their symptoms can be managed with medication.

(C) Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium $Treponema \text{ } pallidum$.
$VDRL$ stands for $Venereal \text{ } Disease \text{ } Research \text{ } Laboratory$ test.
It is a non-treponemal serological test that detects antibodies produced by the body in response to antigens released by cells damaged by the syphilis bacterium.
Therefore, antibody detection using $VDRL$ is a standard diagnostic technique for syphilis.

(D) The placenta acts as a selective barrier, but it is not impermeable to all pathogens.
Certain causative agents of Sexually Transmitted Diseases $(STDs)$ are known to cross the placental barrier from the mother to the foetus.
$HIV$ (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), the causative agent of $AIDS$, can be transmitted vertically from mother to child across the placenta.
Syphilis, caused by the bacterium $Treponema \text{ } pallidum$, can also cross the placenta, leading to congenital syphilis.
Hepatitis-$B$ virus can also be transmitted from an infected mother to her foetus.
Therefore, all the listed agents have the potential to cross the placenta.

(A) In males,$urethritis$ is the principal result,while in females,$cervicitis$ is the most common manifestation.
The primary site of infection for $Chlamydia$ $trachomatis$ in females is the cervix.
Although the female urethra may also become infected due to its proximity to the vagina,the cervix remains the most frequent site of infection.

(D) Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium $Chlamydia \text{ } trachomatis$.
It primarily infects the epithelial cells of the reproductive tract, including the cervix and uterine tubes.
Due to the anatomical proximity of the female urethra to the vagina, the urethra can also become infected.
However, the urinary bladder is generally not a primary site of infection for $Chlamydia \text{ } trachomatis$ in females.

(A) Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease $(STD)$ caused by the bacterium $Neisseria$ $gonorrhoeae$.
In females,the infection often affects the reproductive tract,leading to symptoms such as vaginal discharge (often purulent),inflammation of the fallopian tubes (salpingitis),and potentially the spread of infection to the pelvic cavity causing peritonitis.
Enlargement of the uterus is not a characteristic symptom of gonorrhea; it is more commonly associated with conditions like fibroids,adenomyosis,or pregnancy.
Therefore,the correct answer is $A$.

(A) Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium $Treponema \text{ } pallidum$.
The disease progresses in stages.
The primary stage is characterized by the appearance of a chancre, which is a painless, firm, and round open sore at the site of infection.
Therefore, chancre formation is the hallmark of the primary stage of syphilis.

(D) The latent period in syphilis occurs after the secondary stage.
During this phase,the visible symptoms disappear and the disease is generally not considered infectious through casual contact.
However,the patient remains infected,and serological blood tests for the presence of the bacterium $Treponema \ pallidum$ typically remain positive.
This period can last for many years,potentially leading to tertiary syphilis if left untreated.

(C) Hepatitis-$B$ is caused by the hepatitis-$B$ virus $(HBV)$,which is a member of the Hepadnaviridae family. The genetic material of the hepatitis-$B$ virus is partially double-stranded $DNA$ $(dsDNA)$,not $ss-RNA$. Therefore,the statement in option $C$ is incorrect.

(C) Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium $Treponema\ pallidum$.
$1.$ Primary stage $(First)$: Characterized by the appearance of a chancre, which is an infectious, painless ulcer on the genitals.
$2.$ Secondary stage $(Second)$: Characterized by systemic symptoms such as skin lesions (rashes), hair loss, and swollen joints.
$3.$ Tertiary stage $(Third)$: This is the late stage involving severe complications such as blindness, heart trouble, and aortic impairment due to organ degeneration.
Therefore, the correct match is $(A)-(i),\; (B)-(iii),\; (C)-(ii)$.

(D) Sexually Transmitted Diseases $(STDs)$ are infections transmitted through sexual contact. If $STDs$ are not detected and treated in time,they can lead to severe complications.
$1.$ Pelvic inflammatory disease $(PID)$ is a common complication where the reproductive organs become inflamed.
$2.$ Stillbirths refer to the birth of a dead fetus.
$3.$ Infertility or even cancer of the reproductive tract can occur due to chronic infections.
$4.$ Ectopic pregnancies occur when the blastocyst implants outside the uterus,often due to damage caused by $STDs$.
Therefore,all the listed conditions ($A, B, C,$ and $D$) are potential complications of untreated $STDs$.

(A) The Assertion is correct because diseases or infections transmitted through sexual intercourse are indeed known as sexually transmitted diseases $(STDs)$ or venereal diseases $(VD)$ or reproductive tract infections $(RTI)$.
The Reason is also correct because $STDs$ are a major health threat. If they are not detected and treated early,they can lead to serious complications such as pelvic inflammatory diseases $(PID)$,abortions,stillbirths,ectopic pregnancies,infertility,and in some cases,cancer of the reproductive tract.
Therefore,the Reason provides a valid explanation for the severity and significance of $STDs$ mentioned in the Assertion.

(B) Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease $(STD)$.
It is caused by the spirochaete bacterium $Treponema pallidum$.
It affects the mucous membranes in the genital, rectal, and oral regions and causes lesions.

(A) Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium $Treponema$ $pallidum$, which is a spirochaete.
It is primarily spread through sexual contact.
The characteristic symptoms include the development of sores or painless ulcers on the genitals, lips, fingers, nipples, and other areas.
It is highly infectious and requires medical treatment.

(C) Venereal diseases or Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are primarily transmitted through sexual contact.
However,some infections (like $HIV$,which can be sexually transmitted) can also spread through other routes:
$1$. $(b)$ Transfusion of blood from an infected person: This is a known mode of transmission for blood-borne pathogens.
$2$. $(c)$ Infected mother to foetus: Vertical transmission occurs during pregnancy or childbirth.
Using sterile needles $(a)$ prevents the spread of infection,so it is not a mode of transmission. Kissing $(d)$ and inheritance $(e)$ are not standard modes of transmission for these diseases.
Therefore,the correct options are $(b)$ and $(c)$.

(D) Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual intercourse are collectively called Sexually Transmitted Infections $(STI)$ or Venereal Diseases $(VD)$ or Reproductive Tract Infections $(RTI)$.
These include diseases like syphilis,gonorrhea,genital herpes,chlamydiasis,genital warts,trichomoniasis,hepatitis-$B$,and $HIV$ leading to $AIDS$.
Therefore,all the given terms are used to describe these infections.

(B) According to the $NCERT$ textbook,sexually transmitted infections $(STIs)$ like Gonorrhoea $(I)$,Syphilis $(II)$,Chlamydiasis $(IV)$,and Trichomoniasis $(VI)$ are completely curable if detected early and treated properly.
Genital herpes $(III)$,Genital warts $(V)$,Hepatitis-$B$ $(VII)$,and $AIDS$ $(VIII)$ are not completely curable.
Therefore,the correct set of diseases that are completely curable is $I, II, IV, VI$.

(D) To prevent Sexually Transmitted Infections $(STIs)$,the following principles are recommended:
$1$. Avoid sex with unknown partners or multiple partners,as this significantly increases the risk of exposure.
$2$. Always use condoms during coitus,as they act as a physical barrier against pathogens.
$3$. In case of any doubt,one should consult a qualified doctor for early detection and ensure complete treatment if an infection is diagnosed.
Since all these measures are correct,the correct option is $D$.

(D) If sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are not diagnosed and treated in time,they can lead to severe complications.
These complications include:
$I -$ Pelvic Inflammatory Disease $(PID)$
$II -$ Abortions
$III -$ Stillbirths
$IV -$ Ectopic pregnancies (pregnancy outside the uterus)
$V -$ Infertility
$VI -$ Cancer of the reproductive tract
Therefore,all the listed conditions $(I, II, III, IV, V, VI)$ are potential complications of untreated STDs.

(A) Early symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are often mild and may include itching,fluid discharge,slight pain,and swelling in the genital region.
$I -$ Itching in the genital area (Early symptom)
$II -$ Abortion (Complication of untreated STDs)
$III -$ Fluid discharge in the genital area (Early symptom)
$IV -$ Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases $(PID)$ (Complication of untreated STDs)
$V -$ Slight pain in the genital area (Early symptom)
$VI -$ Swelling in the genital area (Early symptom)
Therefore,the early symptoms are $I, III, V,$ and $VI$.

(C) The correct answer is option $C$ because,among the options provided,$HIV$ infection,genital herpes,and hepatitis-$B$ are viral infections that are generally considered incurable or chronic.
Gonorrhoea is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium $Neisseria$ $gonorrhoeae$. It can be completely cured if detected early and treated properly with appropriate antibiotics.

(C) Sexually Transmitted Infections $(\text{STIs})$ are considered a major threat to a healthy society.
These infections are transmitted through sexual contact and can lead to serious health complications if left untreated,such as pelvic inflammatory disease,infertility,ectopic pregnancy,and even cancer.
Public awareness and preventive measures are essential to control their spread.

(A) Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium $Treponema \text{ } pallidum$.
It primarily affects mucous membranes in the genital region, oral cavity, and rectum.
The conjunctiva of the eye is not a typical site for the primary infection of syphilis.
Therefore, the correct answer is $A$.

(D) $Treponema \text{ } pallidum$ is the bacterium responsible for causing syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection.
The incubation period, which is the time between exposure to the pathogen and the appearance of the first symptoms (typically a primary chancre), generally ranges from $10$ to $90$ days, with an average of about $3$ to $4$ weeks ($21$ to $28$ days).
Therefore, among the given options, $3$ to $4$ weeks is the most accurate representation of the average incubation period.

(D) Among the options provided, $Gonorrhoea$, $Syphilis$, and $Trichomoniasis$ are caused by bacteria or protozoa and can be completely cured if detected early and treated with appropriate antibiotics or medications.
However, $Hepatitis-B$ is a viral infection. While vaccines are available for prevention, there is no definitive cure for chronic $Hepatitis-B$ infection, as the virus can persist in the body. Therefore, it is considered not completely curable.

(D) $Hepatitis B$ is a viral infection that can be transmitted not only through sexual contact but also through the sharing of infected needles,syringes,blood transfusions,and from an infected mother to her fetus. In contrast,$Gonorrhoea$,$Chlamydiasis$,and $Syphilis$ are primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse.

(A) Chlamydia,trichomoniasis,and syphilis are all examples of Sexually Transmitted Infections ($STI$s).
$STI$s are diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual intercourse with an infected person.
$MTP$ stands for Medical Termination of Pregnancy,which is a procedure,not a disease.
$IUI$ stands for Intrauterine Insemination,which is an assisted reproductive technology.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(C) The correct answer is $C$.
Chancre (a painless ulcer) and rashes all over the body are characteristic symptoms of syphilis, which is caused by the bacterium $Treponema pallidum$.
$A$. Gonorrhoea is caused by $Neisseria gonorrhoeae$ and typically presents with genital discharge and pain during urination.
$B$. $AIDS$ is caused by the $HIV$ virus and primarily weakens the immune system, leading to various opportunistic infections.
$D$. Fever is a general clinical sign or symptom associated with many conditions and is not a specific disease characterized by chancres.

(C) Gonorrhoea.
$Gonorrhoea$ is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium $Neisseria$ $gonorrhoeae$.
It affects the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract in both males and females.
If a pregnant woman is infected with $gonorrhoea$,the bacteria can be transmitted to the baby during childbirth,leading to $ophthalmia$ $neonatorum$ (a severe eye infection in newborns) which can cause blindness if left untreated.
$AIDS$ is caused by $HIV$ and affects the immune system.
$Syphilis$ is caused by $Treponema$ $pallidum$ and affects various organs but is not the primary cause of neonatal eye damage compared to $gonorrhoea$.
$Hepatitis$ primarily affects the liver.

(B) Among the options provided,Hepatitis-$B$,Genital herpes,and $HIV$ are viral infections.
While treatments exist to manage these conditions and reduce transmission,there is currently no cure to completely eliminate the virus from the body for these specific infections.