Diseases caused by Fungi Questions in English

(A) Coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley Fever, is a fungal infection caused by the inhalation of spores of the genus $Coccidioides$.
Specifically, the species $Coccidioides$ $\text{immitis}$ and $Coccidioides$ $\text{posadasii}$ are the primary causative agents.
These fungi are typically found in the soil of arid and semi-arid regions.

(C) The correct option is $C$.
Covered smut of barley is caused by the fungus $Ustilago \ hordei$,not $Ustilago \ nuda$.
$Ustilago \ nuda$ is responsible for the loose smut of barley.
Therefore,the pair in option $C$ is incorrectly matched.

(B) $Aspergillus$ is a genus of fungi that can cause diseases in humans,such as aspergillosis.
Furthermore,certain species of $Aspergillus$ produce toxic secondary metabolites known as aflatoxins,which are potent carcinogens and can lead to cancer in human beings.

(B) The covered smut of Sorghum is a seed-borne disease caused by the fungus $Sphacelotheca$ $sorghi$.
This pathogen infects the ovaries of the host plant,replacing the grain with a mass of dark spores enclosed within a persistent membrane,which is why it is referred to as 'covered' smut.

(D) The fungi belonging to the genus $Ustilago$ are commonly known as smut fungi.
They are called 'smuts' because they produce a large,dark,powdery,sooty mass of spores (teliospores) on the infected parts of the host plant,such as the grains or inflorescence.
These spores give the affected plant parts a charred or burnt appearance,resembling soot.

(B) $Mucor$ species,such as $Mucor$ $pusillus$ and $Mucor$ $ramosissimus$,are known to cause a fungal infection in humans known as Mucormycosis. This infection can affect various internal organs,including the lungs,the alimentary canal,and the nervous system.

(C) $Rhizopus$ species are saprophytic fungi that commonly cause post-harvest diseases. Specifically,$Rhizopus$ $stolonifer$ is known to cause soft rot in sweet potatoes,strawberries,and apples by secreting enzymes that break down plant cell walls,leading to the softening and decay of the tissue.

(D) The correct answer is $D$. Loose smut of wheat is caused by the fungus $Ustilago$ $tritici$. This disease is internally seed-borne, where the pathogen infects the developing ovary of the flower, remains dormant in the seed, and manifests when the infected seed is planted in the next season.

(A) Ringworm is a common fungal infection of the skin,scalp,and nails.
It is caused by fungi belonging to the genera $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$.
Specifically,$Microsporum$ species are frequently associated with ringworm of the scalp (tinea capitis).
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(D) Ringworm is a common fungal infection of the skin in humans.
It is caused by fungi belonging to the genera $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$.
Cholera,Plague,and Typhoid are bacterial diseases.

(C) Aspergillosis is a disease caused by the inhalation of spores of the fungus $Aspergillus$.
It primarily affects the respiratory system,particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying lung conditions.
Since $Aspergillus$ belongs to the kingdom Fungi,the correct answer is Fungi.

(C) Ringworm is a common infectious disease in humans. It is caused by fungi belonging to the genera $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$. These fungi thrive in warm and moist areas of the skin,such as the folds of the skin,groin,or between the toes,leading to dry,scaly lesions on various parts of the body like the skin,nails,and scalp.

(B) The disease known as 'Orange rot' (also referred to as 'Orange rust' in some contexts,though specifically 'Orange rot' in citrus) is primarily caused by fungal pathogens. In the context of plant pathology,many rot-related diseases in fruits are attributed to fungal infections such as $Penicillium$ species. Therefore,the correct answer is $B$ (Fungi).

(B) $Trichophyton$,$Microsporum$,and $Epidermophyton$ are the genera of fungi responsible for ringworm infections in humans. These fungi infect the skin,nails,and scalp,causing dry,scaly lesions. Elephantiasis is caused by filarial worms like $Wuchereria$ $bancrofti$. The stage of $Plasmodium$ that enters red blood cells is the merozoite.

(C) Ringworm is a common infectious disease in humans caused by fungi belonging to the genera $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$. It is characterized by dry,scaly lesions on various parts of the body such as the skin,nails,and scalp. $Filariasis$ is caused by helminths ($Wuchereria$ $bancrofti$),$Trichophyton$ is a genus of fungi (not a disease),and $Haemolysis$ is the breakdown of red blood cells.

(C) Ringworm is a fungal infection caused by genera such as $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$.
It spreads primarily through contact with infected skin,or by sharing contaminated items like towels,clothes,or combs.
It is not a blood-borne disease; therefore,it is not transmitted through the blood of an infected person.

(B) Ringworm is a common infectious disease in humans caused by fungi belonging to the genera $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$.
$Aspergillus$ is a genus of fungi that can cause aspergillosis (a respiratory infection) but is not a causative agent of ringworm (dermatophytosis).
Therefore,$Aspergillus$ is the correct answer.

(B) Ringworm is a common infectious disease in humans caused by fungi belonging to the genera $Microsporum$, $Trichophyton$, and $Epidermophyton$.
$Microfilaria$ is the larval stage of the filarial worm $Wuchereria \text{ } bancrofti$, which causes filariasis (elephantiasis), not ringworm.
Therefore, $Microfilaria$ is not a fungus and is not responsible for ringworm.

(A) $Microsporum$ is a genus of fungi that causes ringworm infections in humans and animals. These fungi are dermatophytes,which means they infect the skin,hair,and nails by utilizing keratin as a nutrient source. Therefore,it is classified as a fungus.

(C) Ringworm is a common infectious disease in humans. It is caused by fungi belonging to the genera $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$. These fungi infect the skin,nails,and scalp,leading to dry,scaly lesions characterized by intense itching.

(B) The figure shows Ringworm,a fungal infection of the skin.
Ringworm is caused by fungi belonging to the genera $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$.
Among the given options,both $Microsporum$ and $Trichophyton$ are causative agents of ringworm. However,in standard $NCERT$ diagrams,this specific representation of ringworm is often associated with $Trichophyton$ or $Microsporum$. Given the options,$Trichophyton$ is a primary causative agent for such skin infections.
Therefore,the most appropriate answer is $B$.

(B) Ringworm is a common infectious disease in humans caused by fungi belonging to the genera $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$.
The primary symptoms include the appearance of dry,scaly lesions on various parts of the body such as the skin,nails,and scalp.
These lesions are accompanied by intense itching.
Heat and moisture help these fungi to grow,which makes them thrive in skin folds such as those in the groin or between the toes.

(A) Ringworm is a common fungal infection of the skin caused by fungi belonging to the genera Microsporum,Trichophyton,and Epidermophyton.
These fungi are highly contagious and spread primarily through direct contact with an infected person or by sharing personal items such as towels,clothes,or combs used by an infected individual.
Therefore,option $A$ is the correct answer.

(C) $S$ is true: Ringworm is a fungal infection caused by genera like $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$. It is highly contagious and spreads through contact with contaminated items like towels,clothes,or combs used by an infected individual.
$R$ is false: Ringworm is caused by fungi,not filarial worms. Filarial worms (e.g.,$Wuchereria$ $bancrofti$) cause Filariasis (Elephantiasis),which is a completely different disease.

(A) Ringworm is a common fungal infection of the skin.
It is caused by fungi belonging to the genera $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$.
These fungi thrive in warm and moist areas of the body,such as the skin folds,groin,or between the toes,and cause dry,scaly lesions on various parts of the body such as the skin,nails,and scalp.

(A) Ringworm is a common infectious fungal disease in humans. It is caused by fungi belonging to the genera $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$. Among the given options,$Microsporum$ is a well-known genus of fungi responsible for causing ringworm infections. $Micrococcus$ and $Streptococcus$ are bacteria,and $Trichomonas$ is a protozoan parasite.

(A) The figure shows a characteristic scaly,itchy lesion on the skin,which is a classic symptom of Ringworm (Dermatophytosis).
Ringworm is caused by fungi belonging to the genera Microsporum,Trichophyton,and Epidermophyton.
These infections are generally acquired from soil or by using towels,clothes,or even the comb of infected individuals.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(A) The loose smut of wheat,caused by the fungus $Ustilago$ $tritici$,is a seed-borne disease. The fungus infects the flowers of the wheat plant,and the spores are carried within the seed. When these infected seeds are planted,the fungus grows systemically within the plant,eventually producing spores in the ear of the wheat,which then spread to other plants.

(C) Fungicides are chemical agents or biological organisms used to kill or inhibit the growth of fungi and their spores.
$A$. Weedicides are used to control weeds.
$B$. Pesticides are a broad category of chemicals used to control various pests.
$C$. Fungicides are specifically used to control fungal infections in crops and other organisms.
$D$. Insecticides are used to control insects.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(B) : Ringworm (tinea) is a fungal infection of the skin,scalp,or nails. It is caused by dermatophyte fungi,specifically species of $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$. These fungi can also affect animals,which act as a source of infection for humans. The disease spreads through direct contact or via contaminated materials. Lesions often form partial or complete rings and cause intense itching. The condition is treated using antifungal agents administered orally or applied topically.

(C) $1$. Malaria is transmitted by the bite of an infected female $Anopheles$ mosquito.
$2$. Chikungunya is a viral disease transmitted by the bite of infected $Aedes$ mosquitoes ($Aedes \text{ aegypti}$ and $Aedes \text{ albopictus}$).
$3$. Filariasis (Elephantiasis) is caused by filarial worms ($Wuchereria \text{ bancrofti}$ and $Wuchereria \text{ malayi}$) and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected $Culex$ mosquitoes.
$4$. Ringworm is a fungal infection caused by fungi belonging to the genera $Microsporum$, $Trichophyton$, and $Epidermophyton$. It is spread through contact with infected individuals or contaminated soil, clothes, or combs, not by mosquitoes.

(A) The correct answer is $A$.
$Microsporum$,$Trychophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$ are genera of fungi responsible for ringworm infections in humans.
$Ascariasis$ is a disease caused by the helminth parasite $Ascaris$ $lumbricoides$.
Therefore,$Ascariasis$ is the odd one out as it is a helminthic disease,while the others are fungal diseases.

(C) Ringworm is a common skin infection caused by a group of fungi known as dermatophytes,which include genera such as $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$. These fungi thrive in warm,moist areas of the skin and feed on keratin,the protein found in skin,hair,and nails. Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(A) The fungi belonging to the genera $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$ are responsible for ringworm,which is one of the most common infectious diseases in humans.
These fungi infect the skin,nails,and scalp,leading to dry,scaly lesions on various parts of the body.
These lesions are accompanied by intense itching.
Heat and moisture help these fungi grow,which explains why they often develop in skin folds such as those in the groin or between the toes.

(B) $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$ are genera of fungi responsible for causing ringworm infections in humans. These are dermatophytes that infect the skin,hair,and nails. $Retrovirus$ is a type of virus (e.g.,$HIV$) and is not a fungus. Therefore,$Retrovirus$ is the odd one out.

(C) The correct answer is $C$.
$1$. Root knot disease is caused by the nematode $Meloidogyne$ $javanica$.
$2$. Smut of pearl millet is caused by $Tolyposporium$ $penicillariae$.
$3$. Covered smut of sorghum is caused by $Sphacelotheca$ $sorghi$,whereas $Ustilago$ $nuda$ causes loose smut of wheat. Therefore,this pair is incorrectly matched.
$4$. Late blight of potato is caused by $Phytophthora$ $infestans$.

(A) The loose smut of wheat,caused by the fungus $Ustilago$ $tritici$,is a seed-borne disease. The fungus infects the flowers of the wheat plant during the flowering stage. The spores are carried by the wind to the stigma of healthy flowers,where they germinate and infect the developing ovary. The fungus then remains dormant within the seed until it is planted,at which point it grows systemically with the plant.

(B) Ringworm is a common infectious disease in humans caused by fungi.
It is primarily caused by genera of fungi such as $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$.
These fungi infect the skin,nails,and scalp,leading to dry,scaly lesions characterized by intense itching.

(N/A) Fungi are significant plant pathogens that cause various diseases,leading to substantial agricultural losses. Some common examples include:
$1$. $Wheat$ $rust$: Caused by $Puccinia$ $graminis$ $tritici$.
$2$. $White$ $rust$ $of$ $crucifers$: Caused by $Albugo$ $candida$.
$3$. $Late$ $blight$ $of$ $potato$: Caused by $Phytophthora$ $infestans$.
$4$. $Red$ $rot$ $of$ $sugarcane$: Caused by $Colletotrichum$ $falcatum$.
$5$. $Loose$ $smut$ $of$ $wheat$: Caused by $Ustilago$ $nuda$ $tritici$.

(N/A) Ringworm is one of the most common infectious diseases in humans caused by fungi belonging to the genera $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$.
These fungi appear as dry,scaly lesions on various parts of the body such as the skin,nails,and scalp.
These lesions are characterized by intense itching.
Heat and moisture help these fungi grow,which makes them thrive in skin folds such as those in the groin or between the toes.
Ringworm is generally acquired from soil or by using towels,clothes,or even the comb of infected individuals.

(B) In patients suffering from $AIDS$,the immune system is severely compromised due to the depletion of $CD4^+$ $T$-helper cells.
This makes the body highly susceptible to opportunistic infections.
$Pneumocystis$ $jirovecii$ (formerly known as $Pneumocystis$ $carinii$) is a type of fungus that causes pneumonia in $AIDS$ patients.
Since this infection occurs only when the host's immune system is weakened,it is classified as an opportunistic fungal infection.

(B) The image displays a ringworm infection (dermatophytosis) on the skin,which is characterized by dry,scaly lesions.
Ringworm is a common infectious disease in humans caused by fungi belonging to the genera Microsporum,Trichophyton,and Epidermophyton.
These fungi thrive in warm and moist areas of the body,such as the skin folds,groin,or between the toes.
Therefore,the correct pathogen type is fungi.

(C) Black rot of crucifers is a bacterial disease caused by the pathogen $Xanthomonas$ $campestris$.
Rust of wheat is caused by $Puccinia$ $graminis$ (fungus).
Smut of bajra is caused by $Tolysporium$ $penicillariae$ (fungus).
Red rot of sugar cane is caused by $Colletotrichum$ $falcate$ (fungus).
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(C) $Microsporum$ is a genus of fungi that causes ringworm,tinea capitis,tinea corporis,and other dermatophytoses,which are fungal infections of the skin,nails,and hair.

(B) Ringworm is an infectious disease.
It is a common skin infection caused by fungi such as $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$.
These fungi can affect various parts of the body,including the scalp,skin,fingers,toes,nails,or feet,and are transmitted through contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects.

(A) Fungi belonging to the genera $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$ are responsible for ringworm,which is one of the most common infectious diseases in humans.
These fungi are known as dermatophytes because they infect the skin,hair,and nails.
They thrive in warm and moist conditions,leading to the appearance of dry,scaly lesions on various parts of the body such as the skin,nails,and scalp.

(C) The genera $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$ are fungi that cause a common infectious disease known as Ringworm.
Botulism is a severe form of food poisoning caused by the bacterium $Clostridium$ $botulinum$.
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva,which can be caused by viral or bacterial infections,or allergic reactions.
Skin allergy is a hypersensitive reaction of the immune system to various environmental allergens.

(N/A) Causes: Many fungi belonging to the genera $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$,collectively called Dermatophytes,are responsible for ringworms.
Symptoms: The appearance of dry,scaly lesions on various parts of the body such as the skin,nails,and scalp are the main symptoms of the disease. These lesions are accompanied by intense itching.
Transmission: Heat and moisture help these fungi to grow,which makes them thrive in skin folds such as those in the groin or between the toes. Ringworms are generally acquired from the soil or by using towels,clothes,or even the comb of infected individuals.

(D) Ringworm is a common infectious disease in humans caused by fungi belonging to the genera $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$.
These fungi thrive in warm and moist conditions,not cold and dry conditions.
Therefore,the statement that 'cold and dry conditions promote the growth of fungi' is incorrect.
Symptoms include the appearance of dry,scaly lesions on various parts of the body such as the skin,nails,and scalp,accompanied by intense itching.

(B) The symptoms described,such as dry,scaly lesions on the skin,nails,and scalp,are characteristic of $Ringworm$ (Dermatophytosis).
These infections are caused by fungi belonging to the genera $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$.
These fungi thrive in warm and moist conditions,which is why they often appear in skin folds.
$Roundworm$ and $Ascariasis$ refer to the same helminthic infection caused by $Ascaris$ $lumbricoides$,which affects the intestine.
$Elephantiasis$ (Filariasis) is caused by $Wuchereria$ $bancrofti$ and is characterized by chronic inflammation of the organs,usually the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs.