Mix Examples - Human Health and Disease Questions in English

(C) The housefly $(Musca \text{ } domestica)$ acts as a mechanical vector for several pathogens causing diseases like cholera, dysentery, and typhoid by carrying them from contaminated surfaces to food.
Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted primarily by the bite of infected mosquitoes, specifically the $Aedes \text{ } aegypti$ mosquito, not by the housefly.

(C) Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. Their primary function is to recognize pathogens,form specific antibodies,and provide immunological memory. During inflammation,the body recruits these cells to the site of infection or injury to neutralize pathogens and initiate the adaptive immune response.

(C) During an inflammatory response to a pathogen infection,white blood cells (specifically neutrophils and macrophages) migrate to the site of infection to engulf the pathogens.
As these white blood cells die after phagocytosis,they accumulate along with the dead pathogens and tissue debris,forming a thick,yellowish-white fluid known as pus.
Therefore,the correct answer is $C$ (Pus).

(B) Blood transfusion is a process of transferring blood or blood components from one person to another.
Diseases that are blood-borne can be transmitted through this process if the donor's blood is infected.
$Hepatitis$ (specifically $Hepatitis B$ and $C$) and $AIDS$ (caused by $HIV$) are both known to be transmitted through the exchange of infected blood or blood products.
Cholera is a water-borne disease, $Diabetes mellitus$ is a metabolic disorder, and $Hay fever$ is an allergic reaction, none of which are transmitted via blood transfusion.

(C) The correct answer is $C$.
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease $(STD)$ caused by the bacterium $Treponema \text{ } pallidum$.
$Trichuris \text{ } trichiura$ is a whipworm that causes trichuriasis, not syphilis.

(D) The primary reason antibiotics have not eliminated bacterial diseases is the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
Bacteria undergo genetic mutations that allow them to survive in the presence of antibiotics.
These mutant strains,which possess resistance genes,multiply and pass these traits to subsequent generations,rendering the antibiotics ineffective against them.
While bacterial enzymes can also inactivate antibiotics,the widespread development of resistant mutant strains is the most significant global challenge.

(B) The question asks to identify the incorrect pair among the given vectors and the diseases they transmit:
$1$. $Xenopsylla$ (Rat flea) is the vector for Plague $(Yersinia \text{ pestis})$.
$2$. $Pediculus$ (Louse) is the vector for Epidemic Typhus, not Typhoid. Typhoid is caused by $Salmonella \text{ typhi}$ and is transmitted through contaminated food and water, not by $Pediculus$.
$3$. $Culex$ is a vector for Filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti), not Malaria. Malaria is transmitted by the female $Anopheles$ mosquito.
$4$. $Stegomyia$ (formerly $Aedes$) is the vector for Yellow fever.
Since both $B$ and $C$ represent incorrect pairings, in the context of standard biology MCQs, $Pediculus$ is commonly cited as the incorrect vector for Typhoid, and $Culex$ is the incorrect vector for Malaria. However, $Pediculus$ is specifically associated with Typhus, making $B$ a classic incorrect pair.

(A) Psychosis results from mental or physical illness or any other trauma due to which thoughts and emotions are affected to such an extent that contact is lost with reality.
People suffering from psychosis interpret the things around them in a different way.
Hallucinations and delusions are common symptoms in the affected person.
The person becomes distressed and may hear voices that are not actually there.
Therefore,the primary characteristic of psychosis is the loss of touch with reality.

(C) Social therapy is a crucial component in the management of mental health disorders. It is primarily required for the rehabilitation of mentally ill persons,helping them reintegrate into society,improve their social functioning,and maintain a stable life after clinical treatment.

(B) Neurosis is a class of functional mental disorders involving distress but neither delusions nor hallucinations,where behavior is not outside socially acceptable norms. Tetanus is a bacterial infection,while drug dependence and alcoholism are classified as substance use disorders.

(A) mentally sick person often exhibits a tendency to get upset with any change in their daily routine.
This is because individuals with mental health challenges may rely on rigid patterns to cope with their environment.
Other common characteristics include an apprehensive nature,irritability,and difficulty in managing social interactions or stress.

(B) Mental health refers to a state of well-being in which an individual realizes their own abilities,can cope with the normal stresses of life,can work productively,and is able to make a contribution to their community.
Conditions like Bipolar Disorder,characterized by mood swings between depression and elation (mania),are recognized as forms of mental illness.
While being worried,excessively happy,or talkative can be temporary emotional states,persistent and severe fluctuations in mood that interfere with daily functioning are clinical indicators of mental illness.

(D) Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
It often manifests as recurrent seizures,which can involve jerking movements,stiffening of muscles,and loss of consciousness.
While it affects brain function,it is clinically classified as a neurological disorder rather than a primary psychiatric or mental disability like $Psychosis$,$Neurosis$,or $Schizophrenia$.

(C) Psychoanalysis is a set of psychological theories and therapeutic techniques that have their origin in the work and theories of $Sigmund \ Freud$.
It is a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.
Therefore,the correct answer is $Freud$.

(D) Pests develop resistance to insecticides through various physiological and biochemical mechanisms.
$1$. Less permeable cuticles: This reduces the rate of absorption of the insecticide into the pest's body.
$2$. Faster storage of toxin in fat: This sequesters the toxin away from the target site,preventing immediate harm.
$3$. Enzymes for metabolising toxin: Many resistant pests possess specific enzymes (like cytochrome $P450$ monooxygenases) that break down the insecticide into non-toxic metabolites.
Since all these mechanisms contribute to insecticide resistance,the correct answer is $D$.

(C) Mosquito-repelling coils typically contain pyrethroids as the active ingredient. Pyrethrins are a class of organic compounds derived from the flowers of the Chrysanthemum plant,which act as natural insecticides. When the coil is burned,these compounds are released into the air,effectively repelling or killing mosquitoes.

(D) $ELISA$ stands for Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.
It is a diagnostic technique used to detect the presence of specific antigens or antibodies in a sample.
$ELISA$ is widely used for the detection of various infectious diseases,including $HIV$ $(AIDS)$,Hepatitis-$B$,Syphilis,and Gonorrhea,by identifying specific viral or bacterial antigens or the host's immune response to them.
Therefore,all the listed options are correct.

(C) The correct matching is as follows:
$(a)$ Amoebiasis is caused by Entamoeba histolytica, and its prevention involves the use of sterile food and water $(ii)$.
$(b)$ Diphtheria is prevented by the administration of the $DT$ (Diphtheria-Tetanus) vaccine $(iii)$.
$(c)$ Cholera is treated by the use of Oral Rehydration Therapy $(ORT)$ to manage fluid loss $(iv)$.
$(d)$ Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum $(i)$.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $a-ii, b-iii, c-iv, d-i$.

(C) The correct match for each disease is as follows:
$1$. Dengue fever is caused by the $Arbovirus$ (transmitted by $Aedes$ mosquitoes).
$2$. Plague is caused by the bacterium $Yersinia$ $pestis$.
$3$. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium $Treponema$ $pallidum$,not $Trichuris$. $Trichuris$ (whipworm) causes trichuriasis.
$4$. Sleeping sickness is caused by the protozoan $Trypanosoma$ $brucei$.
Therefore,the incorrect match is Syphilis - $Trichuris$.

(D) Smoking is a major risk factor for various health conditions.
$(1)$ Lung cancer is directly linked to smoking.
$(2)$ Bronchitis is often caused or exacerbated by smoking.
$(3)$ Emphysema is a chronic lung disease primarily caused by smoking.
$(4)$ Coronary heart disease risk increases significantly with smoking.
$(5)$ Gastric ulcers are associated with smoking as it impairs the mucosal defense.
$(6)$ Bladder cancer risk is higher in smokers due to the excretion of carcinogens in urine.
$(7)$ Throat cancer is strongly associated with tobacco use.
Since all the listed conditions are related to smoking,the correct answer is that none of the options represent diseases 'not' related to smoking.

(C) During a malaria infection,the $Plasmodium$ parasite infects and destroys red blood cells $(RBCs)$.
The spleen is responsible for filtering the blood and removing old or damaged $RBCs$.
Due to the massive destruction of $RBCs$ by the parasite,the spleen has to process a significantly higher volume of cellular debris (dead $RBCs$).
Additionally,the immune system responds by increasing the production of lymphocytes to fight the infection.
Consequently,the accumulation of dead $RBCs$ and the proliferation of immune cells lead to the enlargement of the spleen,a condition known as splenomegaly.

(D) Eosinophilia is a condition characterized by an increased number of eosinophils in the blood.
$1$. $Taeniasis$ is an infection caused by tapeworms, which triggers an immune response leading to eosinophilia.
$2$. $Ascariasis$ is an infection caused by the roundworm $Ascaris$ $lumbricoides$, which also causes a significant rise in eosinophil counts.
$3$. $Hay$ $fever$ (allergic rhinitis) is an allergic reaction that often results in elevated eosinophil levels.
Therefore, all the mentioned conditions can lead to eosinophilia.

(D) Insects develop resistance to insecticides through various physiological and biochemical mechanisms.
$1$. $A$ less permeable cuticle reduces the rate of absorption of the insecticide into the insect's body.
$2$. Some insects possess the ability to sequester or store toxins in their fat bodies,preventing them from reaching vital organs.
$3$. Insects often evolve or upregulate specific enzymes (such as cytochrome $P450$ monooxygenases) that metabolize and detoxify the insecticide before it can cause harm.
Since all these mechanisms contribute to resistance,the correct answer is $D$.

(B) The correct answer is $B$. Quinine is an alkaloid derived from the bark of the Cinchona tree. Historically,it has been used to treat malaria. In some medical contexts,it has been studied for its potential to help maintain pregnancy in specific conditions,although its primary use remains antimalarial. Other options like Reserpine (antihypertensive),Morphine (analgesic),and Pinene (terpene) do not serve this purpose.

(D) Vaccines are biological preparations that provide active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease.
$1$. Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection caused by $Corynebacterium$ $diphtheriae$,which is prevented by the $DPT$ vaccine.
$2$. Tetanus is caused by $Clostridium$ $tetani$ and is also prevented by the $DPT$ vaccine.
$3$. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria like $Streptococcus$ $pneumoniae$,and vaccines (like the pneumococcal vaccine) are available to prevent it.
Therefore,all the listed diseases can be controlled or prevented through vaccination.

(B) Personal health maintenance involves hygiene,vaccination,and vector control.
$A$,$C$,and $D$ are correct practices for maintaining health.
$B$ is incorrect because malaria and filariasis are vector-borne diseases (transmitted by mosquitoes),not contagious diseases spread through direct contact with an infected person. Therefore,avoiding contact with the patient does not prevent the transmission of these diseases; rather,controlling the vector (mosquito) is essential.

(B) In the life cycle of Plasmodium within the female Anopheles mosquito,fertilization occurs in the mosquito's gut. The fusion of male and female gametes results in the formation of a diploid zygote. In the provided diagram,'$A$' points to the structure formed after the fusion of gametes,which is the zygote. This zygote then transforms into a motile ookinete,which penetrates the gut wall to form an oocyst.

(B) Assertion $A$ is true because the common cold is indeed caused by a group of viruses known as rhinoviruses,which infect the nose and respiratory passage but not the lungs.
Reason $R$ is also true because the symptoms of the common cold typically persist for a duration of $3$ to $7$ days.
However,the duration of the illness $(R)$ does not explain why the disease is caused by rhinoviruses $(A)$. Therefore,$R$ is not the correct explanation for $A$.

(A) Autoimmunity is a condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own healthy cells.
$A$. Ringworm is a fungal infection caused by fungi like $Microsporum$,$Trichophyton$,and $Epidermophyton$,not by an autoimmune response.
$B$. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers.
$C$. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the joints.
$D$. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type $1$ diabetes) is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
Therefore,Ringworm is the correct answer.

(A) The correct matching is as follows:
$1$. Bone marrow $(b)$: It is the primary lymphoid organ where all blood cells,including lymphocytes,are produced.
$2$. Thymus $(a)$: It is a primary lymphoid organ that is quite large at the time of birth but keeps reducing in size with age and becomes very small by the time of puberty.
$3$. Spleen $(d)$: It is a large bean-shaped organ which acts as a filter for the blood by trapping blood-borne microorganisms.
$4$. Lymph nodes $(c)$: These are small solid structures located at different points along the lymphatic system that trap microorganisms or other antigens present in the lymph and tissue fluid.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c$.

(C) The odd one out is $HIV$ (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).
Malaria is caused by a protozoan $(Plasmodium)$.
Filariasis is caused by a helminth $(Wuchereria)$.
Typhoid is caused by a bacterium $(Salmonella \text{ } typhi)$.
All three (Malaria, Filariasis, and Typhoid) are caused by pathogens that are cellular organisms (protozoa, helminths, and bacteria).
$HIV$ is a virus, which is an acellular infectious agent, making it the odd one out.

(C) Analysis of the given statements:
$1$. $A$ Pap smear is a histological test used for the diagnosis of cervical cancer,which is true.
$2$. Blood and urine tests are commonly used in laboratory diagnosis,which is true.
$3$. $A$ $C.T.$ (Computed Tomography) scan uses $X$-rays to create three-dimensional images of internal organs,whereas sound waves are used in ultrasound. Therefore,this statement is false.
$4$. $MRI$ (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) uses strong magnetic fields and non-ionizing radio waves,which is true.
Thus,the correct answer is $C$.

(D) The figure shows the fruit (capsule) of the poppy plant, $Papaver$ $somniferum$.
This plant is the source of opiates like morphine and heroin.
$Claviceps$ $purpurea$ is a fungus, $Erythroxylum$ $coca$ is the source of cocaine, and $Cannabis$ $indica$ is the source of cannabinoids.

(A) Figure $A$ represents the leaves of the Cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa),from which cannabinoids like Bhang,Ganja,and Charas are obtained.
Figure $B$ represents the leaves of the Coca plant (Erythroxylum coca),from which the drug Cocaine (also known as coke or crack) is obtained.
Therefore,the correct identification is $i-$ Bhang (or Cannabis products) and $ii-$ Coke (Cocaine).

(A) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. Opium poppy $(a)$ produces latex $(iii)$ which is processed to obtain Opium $(s)$.
$2$. Cannabis indica $(b)$ uses flowering tops $(iv)$ to produce Ganja $(r)$.
$3$. Ergot fungus $(c)$ is used to derive $LSD$ $(q)$,though it is not a fruit,the column association in the context of the question implies the source-product relationship.
$4$. Erythroxylum coca $(d)$ uses dried leaves $(ii)$ to extract Cocaine $(p)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(a-iii-s), (b-iv-r), (c-i-q), (d-ii-p)$.

(C) The correct answer is $C$.
$1$. Opium is obtained from the dried latex of the unripe capsules of the poppy plant,$Papaver$ $somniferum$.
$2$. $Claviceps$ $purpurea$ is a fungus that infects the ovaries of rye and other grasses,producing sclerotia (ergot),which are often mistaken for grains or fruits.
$3$. $Erythroxylum$ $coca$ (coca plant) yields cocaine,which is extracted from its leaves,not its flowers. Therefore,the pair $Erythroxylum$ – Flowers is mismatched.
$4$. $Cannabis$ $sativa$ yields cannabinoids,which are obtained from the inflorescences,leaves,and resin of the plant.

(A) The correct answer is $A$.
$1$. Ergot is a fungus $(Claviceps purpurea)$ that produces alkaloids like ergotamine and $LSD$, whereas Marijuana is derived from the Cannabis plant. Thus, this pair is mismatched.
$2$. Opium poppy $(Papaver somniferum)$ is the source of opiates like Codeine and Morphine.
$3$. Cannabis sativa is the source of Charas, Ganja, and Hashish.
$4$. Erythroxylum coca is the source of Cocaine, and 'Crack' is a potent form of cocaine.

(D) Intravenous drug abuse involves the use of shared needles or syringes.
If these needles are contaminated with blood from an infected person,they can transmit blood-borne pathogens.
$AIDS$ (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) is caused by the $HIV$ virus,which spreads through infected blood and shared needles.
$Hepatitis B$ is also a viral infection that is highly transmissible through contact with infected blood,including the use of shared needles.
Therefore,both $AIDS$ and $Hepatitis B$ can be transmitted through this practice.

(D) The correct matches are as follows:
$1.$ Pneumococci (Streptococcus pneumoniae) infect the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs, causing pneumonia. Thus, $1-b$.
$2.$ Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, infects liver cells and red blood cells in humans. Thus, $2-d$.
$3.$ Filarial worms (Wuchereria bancrofti) infect the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, causing filariasis (elephantiasis). Thus, $3-a$.
$4.$ Retrovirus $(HIV)$ attacks macrophages and helper $T$ cells, leading to a decline in immunity. Thus, $4-c$.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $(1-b), (2-d), (3-a), (4-c)$.

(D) The diseases spread by mosquito bites are as follows:
$1$. Malaria is caused by $Plasmodium$ and transmitted by the female $Anopheles$ mosquito.
$2$. Filariasis (Elephantiasis) is caused by $Wuchereria$ $bancrofti$ and $Wuchereria$ $malayi$,transmitted by the $Culex$ mosquito.
$3$. Dengue is a viral disease transmitted by the $Aedes$ $aegypti$ mosquito.
$4$. Chikungunya is a viral disease transmitted by the $Aedes$ $aegypti$ and $Aedes$ $albopictus$ mosquitoes.
$AIDS$ is caused by the $HIV$ virus and is transmitted through sexual contact,blood transfusion,or from mother to child,not by mosquitoes. Ringworm is a fungal infection spread through contact or contaminated objects.

(B) The correct matching is as follows:
$1$. Common Cold $(a)$: Caused by Rhinovirus $(ii)$,characterized by nasal congestion and discharge $(r)$. Thus,$(a-ii-r)$.
$2$. Pneumonia $(b)$: Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae $(i)$,characterized by lips and fingernails turning gray to bluish $(s)$. Thus,$(b-i-s)$.
$3$. $AIDS$ $(c)$: Caused by Retrovirus $(iii)$,which leads to various symptoms including skin lesions or opportunistic infections $(q)$. Thus,$(c-iii-q)$.
$4$. Filariasis $(d)$: Caused by Filarial worm $(iv)$,characterized by chronic inflammation and swelling in lower limbs $(p)$. Thus,$(d-iv-p)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(a-ii-r), (b-i-s), (c-iii-q), (d-iv-p)$.

(A) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. Allergy: During an allergic reaction, mast cells release chemicals like histamine and serotonin. Thus, $1-b$.
$2$. Autoimmunity: Multiple sclerosis is a classic example of an autoimmune disease where the body attacks its own myelin sheath. Thus, $2-d$.
$3$. $AIDS$: Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome is caused by $HIV$, which leads to immunodeficiency. Thus, $3-a$.
$4$. Colostrum: The yellowish fluid secreted by the mother during the initial days of lactation is rich in antibodies, specifically $IgA$. Thus, $4-c$.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c$.

(C) Diseases that spread through the air are known as airborne diseases.
$1$. Pneumonia is caused by bacteria like $Streptococcus$ $\text{pneumoniae}$ and $Haemophilus$ $\text{influenzae}$, which spread through droplets released by an infected person.
$2$. The common cold is caused by rhinoviruses, which also spread through droplets resulting from coughs or sneezes of an infected person.
$3$. Typhoid is water-borne, Malaria is vector-borne (mosquito), and Dysentery is typically water-borne or food-borne.
Therefore, the correct pair is Pneumonia and Common Cold.

(A) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. Typhoid is caused by the bacterium $Salmonella \, typhi$.
$2$. Pneumonia is caused by $Streptococcus \, pneumoniae$ or $Haemophilus \, influenzae$.
$3$. Common cold is caused by $Rhinovirus$.
$4$. Ringworm is a fungal infection caused by genera like $Trichophyton$, $Microsporum$, and $Epidermophyton$.
Therefore, the correct matching is $(1-d), (2-c), (3-b), (4-a)$.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. Typhoid $(a)$ is caused by the bacterium Salmonella $(r)$ and spreads through contaminated food/water,often found in the patient's feces $(x)$. Thus,$a-r-x$.
$2$. Pneumonia $(b)$ is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae $(p)$ and affects the lungs,leading to the production of sputum $(z)$. Thus,$b-p-z$.
$3$. Common cold $(c)$ is caused by Rhinovirus $(q)$ and is transmitted through contaminated objects like pens $(y)$. Thus,$c-q-y$.
$4$. Filariasis $(d)$ is caused by the Filarial worm $(s)$ (Wuchereria bancrofti),which affects the lymphatic system and can manifest in the skin/tissues $(w)$. Thus,$d-s-w$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $a-r-x; b-p-z; c-q-y; d-s-w$.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. $(a)$ $Streptococcus$ $pneumoniae$ causes $(y)$ Pneumonia,and its incubation period is $(r)$ $1-3$ days.
$2$. $(b)$ $Salmonella$ $typhi$ causes $(x)$ Typhoid,and its incubation period is $(q)$ $1-3$ weeks.
$3$. $(c)$ $Rhinovirus$ causes $(z)$ Common cold,and its incubation period is $(p)$ $3-7$ days.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $a-r-y; b-q-x; c-p-z$.

(D) $S -$ Statement is false because cancer is a non-infectious disease caused by uncontrolled cell division,not by pathogens.
$R -$ Reason is false because $AIDS$ was first reported in the $USA$ in $1981$,not $1986$.

(D) Statement $S$ is false because mature seeds of opium (poppy seeds) are not used to prevent stomach cramps; rather,opium derivatives like morphine are used as analgesics.
Statement $R$ is false because anticancer drugs (chemotherapy) are generally non-specific,meaning they target rapidly dividing cells,which can include both cancerous and healthy cells,but they are not 'non-specific to a particular tumor' in the sense that they are designed to treat specific types of cancer. However,in the context of standard biology curriculum,anticancer drugs are often described as having side effects because they affect healthy cells,but the statement as phrased is scientifically inaccurate or misleading. Both statements are considered false in the context of standard medical biology.

(D) The correct answer is $D$.
$1$. Typhoid is caused by the bacterium $Salmonella$ $typhi$.
$2$. Pneumonia is caused by $Streptococcus$ $pneumoniae$ and $Haemophilus$ $influenzae$.
$3$. The common cold is caused by $Rhino$ $viruses$.
$4$. Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus $Plasmodium$ (e.g.,$P. vivax$,$P. falciparum$).
$5$. $Microsporum$ is a genus of fungi that causes ringworm,not malaria. Therefore,the pair $Malaria – Microsporum$ is mismatched.

(C) The correct match is $C$.
$1$. Typhoid is caused by the bacterium $Salmonella \text{ } typhi$, characterized by high fever and intestinal perforation, not fluid in the lungs.
$2$. Pneumonia is caused by $Streptococcus \text{ } pneumoniae$ and $Haemophilus \text{ } influenzae$, leading to fluid accumulation in the alveoli, not reduced smell.
$3$. Filariasis (Elephantiasis) is caused by $Wuchereria \text{ } bancrofti$ and $Wuchereria \text{ } malayi$, which cause chronic inflammation and swelling in organs like the scrotum and mammary glands.
$4$. Ringworm is caused by fungi like $Microsporum$, $Trichophyton$, and $Epidermophyton$, not protozoa.